1) Uncontrolled urbanization, insufficient waste and water management, and climate change have contributed to the re-emergence of vector-borne diseases like dengue by increasing mosquito breeding sites.
2) Present Aedes mosquito control programs face obstacles like limited community participation, weak behavioral change strategies, and lack of intersectoral coordination between health and other sectors.
3) Effective long-term control requires strengthening environmental management, surveillance, community engagement, behavioral change communication, and multi-sectoral collaboration between health and other sectors like urban planning, waste and water management.
A global overview of potable water resources availability andAlexander Decker
This document provides an overview of potable water resources availability and accessibility in Southern Africa. It discusses that while there is sufficient freshwater globally, lack of infrastructure and inequitable distribution limit people's access, especially in rural and low-income urban areas. Water shortages are often due to mismanagement, corruption, and lack of prioritization of water and sanitation projects and budgets. Ensuring equitable access to potable water requires improved governance and allocation of resources.
The document discusses issues related to water and health, including the hydrologic cycle, water scarcity, water contaminants, and regulations. It notes that over 97% of the world's water is salty and located in oceans, while the remaining 3% of freshwater is mostly locked in ice caps. Freshwater supplies are limited and many regions currently face or will face water stress due to population growth and climate change effects. Contaminants from human and agricultural activities threaten water quality and safety. Regulations like the Safe Drinking Water Act aim to protect public health by regulating contaminants in drinking water.
Early civilizations like Mesopotamia, Indus Valley, and Rome demonstrated how water management impacted population and the environment. In Mesopotamia, overuse of irrigation led to soil salinization and decreased crop yields, forcing population decline. The Indus Valley implemented basic sanitation to reduce malaria, but did not sufficiently manage rivers. Rome grew to over 1 million people through engineering projects but also overused resources, requiring its capital to move. Integrated water resource management provides a framework to sustainably manage water, but must be tailored to each community.
This is a presentation given at a stakeholder meeting to discuss community views of watershed management in the Wappinger Creek Watershed in the Hudson Valley, New York, May 2010.
The document discusses the threats posed by invasive plant species, or noxious weeds, to ecosystems and the economy. It notes that while issues like global warming and ozone depletion can be reversed, the effects of widespread noxious weeds on the environment are virtually permanent once established. The document outlines characteristics that make some non-native plants invasive, the various ways they were introduced, and their negative impacts including reducing biodiversity and altering habitats. It advocates an integrated approach to weed management focusing on prevention, early detection, control methods, coordination across land owners, and ongoing monitoring.
The invasive species challenge in estuarine and coastal (2)chechiasp
The document discusses introduced aquatic species in coastal environments. It covers several topics:
1) Introduced species are those transported outside their native range by human activities, with invasive species causing economic or ecological harm. Coastal areas are particularly at risk due to shipping and other vectors.
2) Australia and New Zealand have taken proactive approaches to prevention, eradication, and control, based strongly on science. The US lacks centralized management and federal leadership.
3) Case studies of the invasive algae Caulerpa taxifolia and cordgrass Spartina alterniflora showed the importance of early detection and action for successful eradication when populations are small.
This document is a case study examining accessibility to water supply and waste disposal facilities in Oworonshoki slum area of Lagos, Nigeria. It finds that private individuals provide 64% of daily water while public provision is only 36%. The slum area faces serious problems with sanitation and hygiene due to lack of facilities and open defecation. The study evaluates accessibility and usefulness of water and waste services for improved living standards through surveys and analysis of the local population. Key issues identified include water scarcity, overflowing drains, infrequent waste collection contributing to unhygienic conditions and health risks for residents.
Oxitec Overview March 2008 V3 (Pdf) [Modo De Compatibilidade]Joaquim Leao
Oxitec has developed an environmentally-friendly genetic technology called RIDL to control insect pests like mosquitoes. RIDL can help address the growing global threat of dengue fever by controlling the mosquito that spreads the disease. Oxitec has collaborations with the governments of the USA and Malaysia and is working to develop and commercialize its technology globally with partners to help control agricultural insect pests as well.
A global overview of potable water resources availability andAlexander Decker
This document provides an overview of potable water resources availability and accessibility in Southern Africa. It discusses that while there is sufficient freshwater globally, lack of infrastructure and inequitable distribution limit people's access, especially in rural and low-income urban areas. Water shortages are often due to mismanagement, corruption, and lack of prioritization of water and sanitation projects and budgets. Ensuring equitable access to potable water requires improved governance and allocation of resources.
The document discusses issues related to water and health, including the hydrologic cycle, water scarcity, water contaminants, and regulations. It notes that over 97% of the world's water is salty and located in oceans, while the remaining 3% of freshwater is mostly locked in ice caps. Freshwater supplies are limited and many regions currently face or will face water stress due to population growth and climate change effects. Contaminants from human and agricultural activities threaten water quality and safety. Regulations like the Safe Drinking Water Act aim to protect public health by regulating contaminants in drinking water.
Early civilizations like Mesopotamia, Indus Valley, and Rome demonstrated how water management impacted population and the environment. In Mesopotamia, overuse of irrigation led to soil salinization and decreased crop yields, forcing population decline. The Indus Valley implemented basic sanitation to reduce malaria, but did not sufficiently manage rivers. Rome grew to over 1 million people through engineering projects but also overused resources, requiring its capital to move. Integrated water resource management provides a framework to sustainably manage water, but must be tailored to each community.
This is a presentation given at a stakeholder meeting to discuss community views of watershed management in the Wappinger Creek Watershed in the Hudson Valley, New York, May 2010.
The document discusses the threats posed by invasive plant species, or noxious weeds, to ecosystems and the economy. It notes that while issues like global warming and ozone depletion can be reversed, the effects of widespread noxious weeds on the environment are virtually permanent once established. The document outlines characteristics that make some non-native plants invasive, the various ways they were introduced, and their negative impacts including reducing biodiversity and altering habitats. It advocates an integrated approach to weed management focusing on prevention, early detection, control methods, coordination across land owners, and ongoing monitoring.
The invasive species challenge in estuarine and coastal (2)chechiasp
The document discusses introduced aquatic species in coastal environments. It covers several topics:
1) Introduced species are those transported outside their native range by human activities, with invasive species causing economic or ecological harm. Coastal areas are particularly at risk due to shipping and other vectors.
2) Australia and New Zealand have taken proactive approaches to prevention, eradication, and control, based strongly on science. The US lacks centralized management and federal leadership.
3) Case studies of the invasive algae Caulerpa taxifolia and cordgrass Spartina alterniflora showed the importance of early detection and action for successful eradication when populations are small.
This document is a case study examining accessibility to water supply and waste disposal facilities in Oworonshoki slum area of Lagos, Nigeria. It finds that private individuals provide 64% of daily water while public provision is only 36%. The slum area faces serious problems with sanitation and hygiene due to lack of facilities and open defecation. The study evaluates accessibility and usefulness of water and waste services for improved living standards through surveys and analysis of the local population. Key issues identified include water scarcity, overflowing drains, infrequent waste collection contributing to unhygienic conditions and health risks for residents.
Oxitec Overview March 2008 V3 (Pdf) [Modo De Compatibilidade]Joaquim Leao
Oxitec has developed an environmentally-friendly genetic technology called RIDL to control insect pests like mosquitoes. RIDL can help address the growing global threat of dengue fever by controlling the mosquito that spreads the disease. Oxitec has collaborations with the governments of the USA and Malaysia and is working to develop and commercialize its technology globally with partners to help control agricultural insect pests as well.
Describes various aspect of community participation in aedes mosquito control and throws light on various reasons for re-emergence of vector borne diseases like Dengue,Chikungunya etc.
Anopheles stephensi: The emerging vector of malaria in the Republic of Djibou...Open Access Research Paper
The present study investigated mosquito species composition and phenotypic insecticide resistance profile to support decision-making in vector control in the Republic of Djibouti at the Horn of Africa. Adult mosquitoes were collected between December 2016 and December 2017 across 20 sentinel sites established in the 6 regions of the country using both Centers for Disease Control (CDC) miniature light traps and pyrethrum spray catches (PSC). Female mosquitoes were kept aside, for morphological identification to species by an expert entomologist using appropriate taxonomic keys by Gillies & Coetzee and Glick. Bioassays were also conducted in An. stephensi from Djibouti-ville against nine insecticides used in public health. A total number of 12,538 host-seeking mosquitoes belonging to four genera (Anopheles, Culex, Aedes, Uranotaenia) comprising 12 species were collected. Among these, A. gambiae S.L. and A. stephensi were the two major malaria vectors identified while secondary malaria vectors such as A. nili somalicus, A. dthali and A. azaniae were also collected. Culex quinquefasciatus was the most abundant mosquito species in the 6 regions. WHO susceptibility tests performed on A. stephensi population from Djibouti-ville showed resistance to pyrethroids, organophosphates, carbamates and DDT. The resistance intensity bioassays indicated low to moderate intensity of resistance with pyrethroid insecticides and the organophosphate pirimiphos methyl. Meanwhile pre-exposure to PBO suggested involvement of P450 detoxification enzymes in pyrethroid resistance. These findings revealed the urgent need to develop and implement a programme for monitoring and managing insecticide resistance in local vector populations with efficient control strategies in Djibouti.
The document discusses the Ocean Health Index, which assigns the world's oceans an overall score of 60 out of 100 based on their ability to sustainably deliver benefits to people now and in the future. It also describes how more than 60 experts from around the world collaborated to develop the Index by analyzing over 200 data sets related to ocean health. The Index is intended to provide a comprehensive baseline for measuring trends in ocean sustainability over time and guide conservation and policy efforts.
Who topic a, topic b, and committee backgroundGera Morton
WHO is responsible for providing leadership on global health matters and setting standards. It aims to ensure equitable access to healthcare and collective defense against disease threats. The document discusses obstacles to delivering vaccines and medicines in developing countries, including diverging standards between developed and developing nations. It also notes opportunities like increased funding from organizations like the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and public-private partnerships. Pollution is discussed as a threat to water quality and cause of water-borne diseases. Groundwater contamination has various sources and impacts health. Air pollution from industry and transport also damages health, crops and structures.
Determinants of Full Dose of Oral Cholera Vaccine Uptake in Tiko and Limbe He...ijtsrd
Cholera is an acute, profuse watery diarrhea “rice water stools” resulting from the consumption of food or water contaminated by toxigenic strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Due to frequent outbreaks of cholera in Cameroon, the government of Cameroon introduced the oral cholera vaccine OCV in 2015. The objective of this study was to assess the determinants of the full dose of OCV uptake in Tiko and Limbe Health Districts HDs . A cross sectional household based survey study was conducted in which a multistage sampling technique and simple random sampling SRS were used to select Health Areas Has , quarters and households respectively. In every household selected, data were collected on socio demographic characteristics and information about OCV, from a randomly selected household member of age 21 years and above. Data on socio demographic characteristics and information about OCV were collected using a modified standardized questionnaire. Oral cholera vaccine uptake was compared among different socio demographic characteristics using Chi squared test with significance level set at P 0.05. Overall, coverage rate of OCV was low, 48.6 180 370 , and it was based on those who were aware of OCV 85.1 435 370 and had their vaccination cards. The main source of information was health worker 62.2 . Some of the determinants of non acceptance of the first and second doses of OCV were respondents thought OCV was Covid 19 vaccine absent when the vaccination team visited the house no faith in the vaccine vaccination team did not visit households and no faith in Cameroon’s health system and government. The main determinants for OCV acceptance were the fact that participants considered cholera to be a serious disease, and their willingness to prevent it. The adverse events for the first and second doses were palpable, 18 and 11 respectively. Conclusively, determinants that contributed to the low uptake of OCV were identified and the most peculiar one was the fact that community members perceived the cholera vaccine to be a cover up for the coronavirus vaccine. Lepasia Arnold Fonge | Akoachere Jane-Francis | Esemu Seraphine "Determinants of Full Dose of Oral Cholera Vaccine Uptake in Tiko and Limbe Health Districts" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd60062.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/immunobiology/60062/determinants-of-full-dose-of-oral-cholera-vaccine-uptake-in-tiko-and-limbe-health-districts/lepasia-arnold-fonge
The Directorate of Public Works Environmental Division at Fort Buchanan oversees an integrated pest management program to control mosquitoes that can transmit diseases like Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika. The program monitors mosquito populations, reduces breeding sites, and applies larval and adult mosquito control when needed. It educates the community on preventing transmission by eliminating standing water and using protective clothing, repellent and screens. There is no vaccine for these diseases, so prevention is important.
This document proposes a bill to place a temporary moratorium on the cultivation of genetically engineered organisms in Maui County. It finds that GE operations pose risks to the environment, public health, cultural heritage, and economy. It calls for an environmental and public health impacts study to evaluate these risks before considering amendments to lift the moratorium. The moratorium would prohibit GE cultivation until the study is completed and reviewed by the county council.
1) Two cross-sectional surveys were conducted in Madeira, Portugal to study Aedes aegypti breeding sites and community perceptions of dengue prevention.
2) The entomological survey found that flower pot dishes were the most common breeding sites, unlike typical waste sites.
3) The epidemiological survey assessed knowledge of dengue prevention using a score, finding households with breeding sites had lower scores than those without.
The COVID-19 pandemic positively and negatively impacted both wildlife and domestic animals. Positively, animals benefited from reduced human activity, pollution, and noise. Wildlife relaxed in human habitats with less roadkill. However, some pets and zoo animals contracted COVID-19 from humans. The pandemic also highlighted the health risks of human exploitation of wild animals. Both humans and animals suffered psychological and physical impacts from the pandemic. Moving forward, experts recommend fundamentally changing relationships with wildlife and farm animals to prevent future pandemics.
The document discusses three main topics:
1) A severe locust outbreak in East Africa that is putting 5 million people at risk of starvation and is exacerbating existing food insecurity caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. A single square kilometer of locusts can consume as much food as 35,000 people.
2) A study finding that coronavirus antibodies may only last 2-3 months in people after infection, suggesting potential limited immunity. Antibodies decreased to undetectable levels in 40% of asymptomatic people compared to 12.9% of symptomatic people within 8 weeks.
3) An article about how the Italian denim brand Replay has set a new sustainability standard by upgrading best-selling jeans designs to
This document proposes assessing lifestyles, public health measures, and their impact on containing COVID-19 transmission in communities in Horo Guduru Wollega, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study will survey 768 individuals across 4 districts on risk factors and prevention practices. Data will be analyzed to identify associations between exposures and infections. The study aims to increase awareness and limit rapid spread in the region through understanding transmission routes and improving prevention measures.
50 breakthroughs: inspiration for FoED SymposiumAlice Marks
The 50 Breakthroughs from LIGTT represent breakthroughs that with have significant impact on the lives of those in developing countries. I turned the list into illustrated slides designed to provide inspiration for attendees of the RAEng Frontiers of Engineering for Development Symposium, November 2016.
This project highlights the importance of quarry management plans which have to integrate the establishment of invasive species populations. The researchers focused their research on the invasive species Buddleja davidii, also called Butterfly bush, which show a very strong potential for dispersion and rapidly dominate new ecosystems which strongly hamper the settlement of native species in early successions. Methods to eliminate and to control the species were also studied.
The project won the 1st Prize in National Quarry Life Award in 2012 in Benelux.
Read more: http://www.quarrylifeaward.com/project/invasive-species-treat-local-biodiversity-integrated-approach-buddleja-davidii-and-cyprinus
The nature of the waste disposal has caused environmental health threat to Yelwa Tsakani communities. the
effect of siting waste dumpsite closer to residential buildings causes health challenges such as malaria,
diarrhoea, and respiratory diseases, skin, nose, and eye irritation, gastrointestinal issues, fatigue, headaches,
and psychological issues, as well as allergies. Geospatial techniques were used to determine the proximity
of the dumpsite to residential buildings and how spatially distributed are the dumpsite locations; the study
used the field survey and questionnaire to gather the spatial and non-spatial data. The spatial data were
obtained using remote sensing and ground survey method. Nonspatial data were obtained using
questionnaires analyzed accordingly and the finding shows the impact of the waste disposal to residence;
86% of the dumpsite poses health threat such as pollution and sickness. | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
The document discusses sanitation, wastewater management, and water quality targets and indicators for the UN Sustainable Development Goals. It proposes indicators for measuring access to sanitation (Target 6.2) and wastewater treatment (Target 6.3), but notes challenges in monitoring these at a national scale in developing countries. These include lack of data on aspects like fecal sludge management and actual wastewater reuse. Studies in countries like Ghana found that official data overestimates the proportion of wastewater treatment plants that are operating properly.
This document provides an updated action plan for global COVID-19 vaccination from The Rockefeller Foundation. It summarizes the current unequal distribution of vaccines, with only a small percentage of people in Africa, Asia, and South America receiving doses compared to half in North America and a quarter in Europe. The plan calls for wealthy countries to share more of their surplus vaccine doses sooner to help address this inequity. It also recommends accelerating support for vaccine delivery systems in developing countries, closing the $18.5 billion funding gap for the ACT-A initiative including the $9.3 billion needed for COVAX, and establishing vaccine production capacity in Africa, Asia, and South America to ensure equitable access to vaccines and prepare for future pandem
Entomological Monitoring, Environmental Compliance, and Vector Control Capaci...HFG Project
The first case of local, vector-borne transmission of the Zika virus in the Americas was identified in May 2015 in Brazil. By July 2016, the virus had spread to nearly all Zika-suitable transmission zones in the Americas, including the majority of countries and territories in the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region. Governments in the region face a formidable challenge to minimize Zika transmission and limit the impact of Zika on their populations.
The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) supports efforts to strengthen the region’s Zika response through targeted technical assistance, stakeholder coordination, and implementation of key interventions. In Honduras, the USAID-funded Health Finance and Governance project assessed country capacity to conduct vector control and entomological monitoring of Aedes mosquitoes, the primary vector of the virus. The assessment was conducted from June 29 to July 8, 2016, and sought to appraise current capacities, identify strengths and weaknesses in these capacities, and recommend countermeasures, i.e., specific strategies to minimize the impact of Zika virus transmission.
After acknowledging the presence of the disease in the country, the Government of Honduras formed a national-level Zika Command Team (ZCT) composed of members of Health Surveillance Units and Health Services Integrated Networks (HSINs), including Environmental Health Technicians (vector surveillance and control), Communications Unit, Promotion Unit, Epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory, and medical providers (under Hospitals and HSIN). The ZCT meets every week to review the latest information available and decide on responses that have national and department application. Thus far, however, focus has been on diagnosis and awareness through activities such as procuring laboratory reagents for diagnosis, epidemiological reporting, and production of communication materials to advise on Zika prevention. Unlike with earlier responses to other arboviral diseases, like dengue and chikungunya, Honduras has not taken any specific measures on vector surveillance and control related to Zika.
Burden of diarrheal diseases from biogas wastewater exposure among smallholde...ILRI
Poster by Phuc Pham-Duc, Toan Luu-Quoc, Huong Nguyen-Mai, Tuyet-Hanh Tran Thi, Tung Dinh-Xuan, Hang Tran-Minh and Hung Nguyen-Viet presented at at the 4th International One Health Congress and 6th Biennial Congress of the International Association for Ecology and Health (One Health EcoHealth 2016), Melbourne, Australia, 3–7 December 2016.
This document discusses engaging global civil society organizations (CSOs) to address antimicrobial resistance (ABR) within child and maternal health. The goal is to coordinate regional sub-projects and link their results to global CSOs. Activities will include overall project coordination, linking partner CSOs to ongoing work with global partners, arranging partner meetings, and monitoring and evaluation. Expected results are establishing a global CSO network to address ABR and informing/connecting global CSOs to this network. Exploratory activities in 2012 involve identifying relevant global CSOs and planning 2013 strategy and activities.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Describes various aspect of community participation in aedes mosquito control and throws light on various reasons for re-emergence of vector borne diseases like Dengue,Chikungunya etc.
Anopheles stephensi: The emerging vector of malaria in the Republic of Djibou...Open Access Research Paper
The present study investigated mosquito species composition and phenotypic insecticide resistance profile to support decision-making in vector control in the Republic of Djibouti at the Horn of Africa. Adult mosquitoes were collected between December 2016 and December 2017 across 20 sentinel sites established in the 6 regions of the country using both Centers for Disease Control (CDC) miniature light traps and pyrethrum spray catches (PSC). Female mosquitoes were kept aside, for morphological identification to species by an expert entomologist using appropriate taxonomic keys by Gillies & Coetzee and Glick. Bioassays were also conducted in An. stephensi from Djibouti-ville against nine insecticides used in public health. A total number of 12,538 host-seeking mosquitoes belonging to four genera (Anopheles, Culex, Aedes, Uranotaenia) comprising 12 species were collected. Among these, A. gambiae S.L. and A. stephensi were the two major malaria vectors identified while secondary malaria vectors such as A. nili somalicus, A. dthali and A. azaniae were also collected. Culex quinquefasciatus was the most abundant mosquito species in the 6 regions. WHO susceptibility tests performed on A. stephensi population from Djibouti-ville showed resistance to pyrethroids, organophosphates, carbamates and DDT. The resistance intensity bioassays indicated low to moderate intensity of resistance with pyrethroid insecticides and the organophosphate pirimiphos methyl. Meanwhile pre-exposure to PBO suggested involvement of P450 detoxification enzymes in pyrethroid resistance. These findings revealed the urgent need to develop and implement a programme for monitoring and managing insecticide resistance in local vector populations with efficient control strategies in Djibouti.
The document discusses the Ocean Health Index, which assigns the world's oceans an overall score of 60 out of 100 based on their ability to sustainably deliver benefits to people now and in the future. It also describes how more than 60 experts from around the world collaborated to develop the Index by analyzing over 200 data sets related to ocean health. The Index is intended to provide a comprehensive baseline for measuring trends in ocean sustainability over time and guide conservation and policy efforts.
Who topic a, topic b, and committee backgroundGera Morton
WHO is responsible for providing leadership on global health matters and setting standards. It aims to ensure equitable access to healthcare and collective defense against disease threats. The document discusses obstacles to delivering vaccines and medicines in developing countries, including diverging standards between developed and developing nations. It also notes opportunities like increased funding from organizations like the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and public-private partnerships. Pollution is discussed as a threat to water quality and cause of water-borne diseases. Groundwater contamination has various sources and impacts health. Air pollution from industry and transport also damages health, crops and structures.
Determinants of Full Dose of Oral Cholera Vaccine Uptake in Tiko and Limbe He...ijtsrd
Cholera is an acute, profuse watery diarrhea “rice water stools” resulting from the consumption of food or water contaminated by toxigenic strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Due to frequent outbreaks of cholera in Cameroon, the government of Cameroon introduced the oral cholera vaccine OCV in 2015. The objective of this study was to assess the determinants of the full dose of OCV uptake in Tiko and Limbe Health Districts HDs . A cross sectional household based survey study was conducted in which a multistage sampling technique and simple random sampling SRS were used to select Health Areas Has , quarters and households respectively. In every household selected, data were collected on socio demographic characteristics and information about OCV, from a randomly selected household member of age 21 years and above. Data on socio demographic characteristics and information about OCV were collected using a modified standardized questionnaire. Oral cholera vaccine uptake was compared among different socio demographic characteristics using Chi squared test with significance level set at P 0.05. Overall, coverage rate of OCV was low, 48.6 180 370 , and it was based on those who were aware of OCV 85.1 435 370 and had their vaccination cards. The main source of information was health worker 62.2 . Some of the determinants of non acceptance of the first and second doses of OCV were respondents thought OCV was Covid 19 vaccine absent when the vaccination team visited the house no faith in the vaccine vaccination team did not visit households and no faith in Cameroon’s health system and government. The main determinants for OCV acceptance were the fact that participants considered cholera to be a serious disease, and their willingness to prevent it. The adverse events for the first and second doses were palpable, 18 and 11 respectively. Conclusively, determinants that contributed to the low uptake of OCV were identified and the most peculiar one was the fact that community members perceived the cholera vaccine to be a cover up for the coronavirus vaccine. Lepasia Arnold Fonge | Akoachere Jane-Francis | Esemu Seraphine "Determinants of Full Dose of Oral Cholera Vaccine Uptake in Tiko and Limbe Health Districts" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd60062.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/immunobiology/60062/determinants-of-full-dose-of-oral-cholera-vaccine-uptake-in-tiko-and-limbe-health-districts/lepasia-arnold-fonge
The Directorate of Public Works Environmental Division at Fort Buchanan oversees an integrated pest management program to control mosquitoes that can transmit diseases like Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika. The program monitors mosquito populations, reduces breeding sites, and applies larval and adult mosquito control when needed. It educates the community on preventing transmission by eliminating standing water and using protective clothing, repellent and screens. There is no vaccine for these diseases, so prevention is important.
This document proposes a bill to place a temporary moratorium on the cultivation of genetically engineered organisms in Maui County. It finds that GE operations pose risks to the environment, public health, cultural heritage, and economy. It calls for an environmental and public health impacts study to evaluate these risks before considering amendments to lift the moratorium. The moratorium would prohibit GE cultivation until the study is completed and reviewed by the county council.
1) Two cross-sectional surveys were conducted in Madeira, Portugal to study Aedes aegypti breeding sites and community perceptions of dengue prevention.
2) The entomological survey found that flower pot dishes were the most common breeding sites, unlike typical waste sites.
3) The epidemiological survey assessed knowledge of dengue prevention using a score, finding households with breeding sites had lower scores than those without.
The COVID-19 pandemic positively and negatively impacted both wildlife and domestic animals. Positively, animals benefited from reduced human activity, pollution, and noise. Wildlife relaxed in human habitats with less roadkill. However, some pets and zoo animals contracted COVID-19 from humans. The pandemic also highlighted the health risks of human exploitation of wild animals. Both humans and animals suffered psychological and physical impacts from the pandemic. Moving forward, experts recommend fundamentally changing relationships with wildlife and farm animals to prevent future pandemics.
The document discusses three main topics:
1) A severe locust outbreak in East Africa that is putting 5 million people at risk of starvation and is exacerbating existing food insecurity caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. A single square kilometer of locusts can consume as much food as 35,000 people.
2) A study finding that coronavirus antibodies may only last 2-3 months in people after infection, suggesting potential limited immunity. Antibodies decreased to undetectable levels in 40% of asymptomatic people compared to 12.9% of symptomatic people within 8 weeks.
3) An article about how the Italian denim brand Replay has set a new sustainability standard by upgrading best-selling jeans designs to
This document proposes assessing lifestyles, public health measures, and their impact on containing COVID-19 transmission in communities in Horo Guduru Wollega, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study will survey 768 individuals across 4 districts on risk factors and prevention practices. Data will be analyzed to identify associations between exposures and infections. The study aims to increase awareness and limit rapid spread in the region through understanding transmission routes and improving prevention measures.
50 breakthroughs: inspiration for FoED SymposiumAlice Marks
The 50 Breakthroughs from LIGTT represent breakthroughs that with have significant impact on the lives of those in developing countries. I turned the list into illustrated slides designed to provide inspiration for attendees of the RAEng Frontiers of Engineering for Development Symposium, November 2016.
This project highlights the importance of quarry management plans which have to integrate the establishment of invasive species populations. The researchers focused their research on the invasive species Buddleja davidii, also called Butterfly bush, which show a very strong potential for dispersion and rapidly dominate new ecosystems which strongly hamper the settlement of native species in early successions. Methods to eliminate and to control the species were also studied.
The project won the 1st Prize in National Quarry Life Award in 2012 in Benelux.
Read more: http://www.quarrylifeaward.com/project/invasive-species-treat-local-biodiversity-integrated-approach-buddleja-davidii-and-cyprinus
The nature of the waste disposal has caused environmental health threat to Yelwa Tsakani communities. the
effect of siting waste dumpsite closer to residential buildings causes health challenges such as malaria,
diarrhoea, and respiratory diseases, skin, nose, and eye irritation, gastrointestinal issues, fatigue, headaches,
and psychological issues, as well as allergies. Geospatial techniques were used to determine the proximity
of the dumpsite to residential buildings and how spatially distributed are the dumpsite locations; the study
used the field survey and questionnaire to gather the spatial and non-spatial data. The spatial data were
obtained using remote sensing and ground survey method. Nonspatial data were obtained using
questionnaires analyzed accordingly and the finding shows the impact of the waste disposal to residence;
86% of the dumpsite poses health threat such as pollution and sickness. | INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
The document discusses sanitation, wastewater management, and water quality targets and indicators for the UN Sustainable Development Goals. It proposes indicators for measuring access to sanitation (Target 6.2) and wastewater treatment (Target 6.3), but notes challenges in monitoring these at a national scale in developing countries. These include lack of data on aspects like fecal sludge management and actual wastewater reuse. Studies in countries like Ghana found that official data overestimates the proportion of wastewater treatment plants that are operating properly.
This document provides an updated action plan for global COVID-19 vaccination from The Rockefeller Foundation. It summarizes the current unequal distribution of vaccines, with only a small percentage of people in Africa, Asia, and South America receiving doses compared to half in North America and a quarter in Europe. The plan calls for wealthy countries to share more of their surplus vaccine doses sooner to help address this inequity. It also recommends accelerating support for vaccine delivery systems in developing countries, closing the $18.5 billion funding gap for the ACT-A initiative including the $9.3 billion needed for COVAX, and establishing vaccine production capacity in Africa, Asia, and South America to ensure equitable access to vaccines and prepare for future pandem
Entomological Monitoring, Environmental Compliance, and Vector Control Capaci...HFG Project
The first case of local, vector-borne transmission of the Zika virus in the Americas was identified in May 2015 in Brazil. By July 2016, the virus had spread to nearly all Zika-suitable transmission zones in the Americas, including the majority of countries and territories in the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region. Governments in the region face a formidable challenge to minimize Zika transmission and limit the impact of Zika on their populations.
The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) supports efforts to strengthen the region’s Zika response through targeted technical assistance, stakeholder coordination, and implementation of key interventions. In Honduras, the USAID-funded Health Finance and Governance project assessed country capacity to conduct vector control and entomological monitoring of Aedes mosquitoes, the primary vector of the virus. The assessment was conducted from June 29 to July 8, 2016, and sought to appraise current capacities, identify strengths and weaknesses in these capacities, and recommend countermeasures, i.e., specific strategies to minimize the impact of Zika virus transmission.
After acknowledging the presence of the disease in the country, the Government of Honduras formed a national-level Zika Command Team (ZCT) composed of members of Health Surveillance Units and Health Services Integrated Networks (HSINs), including Environmental Health Technicians (vector surveillance and control), Communications Unit, Promotion Unit, Epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory, and medical providers (under Hospitals and HSIN). The ZCT meets every week to review the latest information available and decide on responses that have national and department application. Thus far, however, focus has been on diagnosis and awareness through activities such as procuring laboratory reagents for diagnosis, epidemiological reporting, and production of communication materials to advise on Zika prevention. Unlike with earlier responses to other arboviral diseases, like dengue and chikungunya, Honduras has not taken any specific measures on vector surveillance and control related to Zika.
Burden of diarrheal diseases from biogas wastewater exposure among smallholde...ILRI
Poster by Phuc Pham-Duc, Toan Luu-Quoc, Huong Nguyen-Mai, Tuyet-Hanh Tran Thi, Tung Dinh-Xuan, Hang Tran-Minh and Hung Nguyen-Viet presented at at the 4th International One Health Congress and 6th Biennial Congress of the International Association for Ecology and Health (One Health EcoHealth 2016), Melbourne, Australia, 3–7 December 2016.
This document discusses engaging global civil society organizations (CSOs) to address antimicrobial resistance (ABR) within child and maternal health. The goal is to coordinate regional sub-projects and link their results to global CSOs. Activities will include overall project coordination, linking partner CSOs to ongoing work with global partners, arranging partner meetings, and monitoring and evaluation. Expected results are establishing a global CSO network to address ABR and informing/connecting global CSOs to this network. Exploratory activities in 2012 involve identifying relevant global CSOs and planning 2013 strategy and activities.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
Dr.G.C.Sahu -- Dengue
1. Community Participation In
y p
Aedes Mosquito Control.
DR.G.C.SAHU
Regional Director
g
ROH&FW;GoI;
Ahmedabad.
1 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
2. Re-emergence of Vector Borne Diseases
Uncontrolled Urbanization
The unrestrained
production and use of
non-
non-biodegradable food
and drink packaging, and
drums and other water
storage vessels that often
become larval habitats;
Non-
Non-existent,
inconsistent, or
fragmented national
f t d ti l
programmes…in
urban areas
2 Sources: Gubler, 1998; PAHO, 1997.
Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
3. Re-emergence of Vector Borne Diseases
Inadequate Environmental Management
Insufficient waste Insufficient and
collection and inadequate water
management. distribution.
Non-biodegradable
N bi d d bl Increased number of
I d b f
containers. water storage containers.
Improper tyre disposal. Inadequate septic
system conditions.
Increase in breeding sites for the vector
3 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
4. Re-emergence of Vector Borne Diseases
Population Movements
p p
More than 750 million people
Migration annually cross international borders.
Increase in rural migration into
urban areas.
1.4 billion international travelers
annualy.
697 million international tourist
International arrivals in 2007 and 715 million in
tourism 2008 (up 3.1%).
Source: OMT data.
Traffic of microorganisms
4 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
5. Effects of Climate change
on A d Mosquito
Aedes M it
Speed up viral incubation in mosquito
Shorten mosquito breeding cycle
Increase mosquito feeding frequency
More efficient t
M ffi i t transmission of dengue virus
i i fd i
from mosquito to human
5 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
11. Urban:
Both
posh
&
Slums
Areas.
11 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
12. Typical water containers in Urban/Rural that can be potential
breeding place for Aedes mosquitoes.
12 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
13. Typical water containers in Rural/Urban that can be potential
breeding place for Aedes mosquitoes.
14. The obstacles for Aedes
Mosquito control.
14 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
15. ……….obstacles for Aedes Mosquito control.
Present-
Present-day Aedes Mosquito control
programs are not progressing because:
Community participation in dengue
prevention and control is limited to official
demands and never attains community
ownership;
15 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
16. ……….obstacles for Aedes Mosquito control.
Local health services, now politically and
administratively responsible for the
d i i t ti l ibl f th
prevention and control programs are not
sufficiently established;
16 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
17. ……….obstacles for Aedes Mosquito control.
Individual and community
behavioral change strategies are
b h i l h t t i
weak and are not incorporated into
the programs;
17 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
18. ……….obstacles for Aedes Mosquito control.
Water
W t supply and solid waste
l d lid t
management are limited in high-risk areas;
high-
18 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
19. ……….obstacles for Aedes Mosquito control.
Sustainability and continuity of control
actions are constantly compromised by
other health demands and policies that
compete with them;
19 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
20. ……….obstacles for Aedes Mosquito control.
Little capacity for intersectoral
coordination…
The VBDCP/Mosquito
problem is not the
sole responsibility of the
p y
Dept of Health.
20 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
21. ……….obstacles for Aedes Mosquito control.
Operational research on individual or
community-based strategies have
community-y g
not been sufficient.
21 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
22. The Global Strategy for Mosquito/ VBD control
Surveillance for planning
and response
Reduction of Behavioral
disease burden change
22 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
23. This is what you
can do to help…
d t h l
23 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
24. What we should be doing…….
Maintenance of water supply systems
Leakage in water supply pipe line
While augmenting water supply scheme in urban areas, sewage
system with sewage treatment should also be installed
simultaneously in these towns for proper collection,
treatment and waste water generated.
generated.
24 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
25. What we should be doing…….
Establishing proper drainage system
Open sluice-valve chambers with leakage
sluice-
Municipal Corporations shall formulate an integrated approach/ programme for water
supply, sewerage, drainage and solid waste management so as to keep the environment
free from th risks of vector breeding / growth.
f f the i k f t b di th
Storm water drains should invariably be covered and maintain them properly by
way of regular cleaning, de-silting etc. to prevent stagnation of water.
de- etc. water.
Larger storm water drains may be suitably channeled to facilitate adequate velocity for
g y y q y
flow of waste water.
water.
25 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
26. What we should be doing…….
Implementation of bye laws at construction sites can take care of
p y
mosquito breeding.
Construction sites Open overhead tanks
Water stagnation in constructional areas should be prevented.
Overflow of water from the water tanks (i di id l and
O fl f t f th t t k (individual d
community) shall be controlled through proper floating valves.
Proper drainage system should be provided around all Public
Stand Posts to facilitate smooth drain of used water.
26 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
27. What we should be doing…….
Model Civic Byelaws:
Standard design for the lids of
Bad Design Overhead Tanks and Cisterns
X Check nut
Over flow
Pipe protected
with perforation
Not exceed 45nm
MS Plate 50 mmx
Hinge 5mm
27 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
28. What we should be doing…….
Elimination of intra domestic breeding sources very essential
Leaking water tanks, sprinkler systems, coolers etc that cause water
stagnation, should be repaired and reinstalled.
g p
28 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
29. What we should be doing…….
Elimination of intra domestic breeding sources very essential
The vent pipe of septic tanks shall be covered with
pp p
mosquito nets so that the mosquito grown, if any, in the
septic tanks may not be find way to come out.
29 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
30. What we should be doing…….
Prevent mosquito from Breeding!
Remove ALL sources of
R f
stagnant water.
g
Deny the mosquitoes of any chance to
breed.
30 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
31. What we should be doing…….
Easy Steps
Steps..
•Change water in vases/
bowls
b l every other d .
th day
day.
•Add sand granular
insecticide to water.
31 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
32. What we should be doing…….
Easy Steps
Steps…
•Remove water from
flower pot plates every
other d .
th dayday.
32 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
33. What we should be doing…….
Easy Steps
Steps….
•Turn over all storage
containers
33 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
34. What we should be doing…….
Easy Steps…..
E St
•clear blockages and put
Bti insecticide in roof
gutters at least once a
month
34 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
35. What we should be doing…….
If citizens going on a holiday or keep their houses closed for a long time…..
•Seal off all floor and •Cover all toilet bowls
gully traps
Leave your contact number
with your neighbor so that the
corporation authorities c n
c rp r ti n uth riti s can
contact you should there be a
need to inspect your premises
35 urgently. Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
36. What we should be doing…….
Adult vector control in urban areas.
Chemical fogging shall be periodically carried out in the urban areas where
there is a potential risk for the transmission of the diseases..
Proper sanitation including community toilets and drainage facilities
should be provided in the slum areas.
Bio-
Bio-environment control shall be carried out in urban areas to control
mosquito menace.
36 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
37. What we should be doing…….
Promoting the use of larvae eating fishes
for control of mosquito breeding.
Introducing larvae eating fishes Larvae eating fish
Gambusia fish, which eats larva of the mosquito, shall be grown
in all water bodies/ lakes/ ponds / over head tanks
37 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
38. What we should be doing…….
Creating awareness among
school and college going students.
Importance of vector control and vector control measure
shall be inducted in the course curriculum of primary and
secondary level of education for dissemination of
knowledge on vector control among student community (
schools as well as colleges)
38 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
39. ELIMINATION
OF AEDES
EGYPTI
BREEDING
SITES---
SITES---
THE INITIATIVE
MOSTLY LIES
WITH
INDIVIDUALS
39 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
40. What we should be doing…….
Main Types of Adaptive Strategies
• Public education and awareness
• Early-
Early-alert systems: impending weather extremes, heatwaves; infectious
y y p g , ;
disease outbreaks
• Community-
Community-based neighbour-support/care schemes
neighbour-
• Mosquito-
Mosquito-proofed housing design … and ‘cooler’ urban layout
• Disaster preparedness, incl. health-system ‘surge’ capacity
health-
• Enhanced infectious disease control programs
• vaccines, vector control, case detection and treatment
• Improved surveillance:
• Risk indicators (e.g. mosquito numbers, aeroallergen concentration)
• Health outcomes (e.g. inf dis outbreaks, rural suicide rates, seasonal asthma peaks)
• Rural health services, counselling and community strengthening
, g y g g
• Appropriate (esp. health) workforce training, mid-career development
mid-
40 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
41. What we should be doing…….
Strengthening the implementation of the
g g p
social-
social-communication component in the
state/national program.
Promote the behavioral change focus
so that it will be more than just
dissemination of information.
41 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
42. What we should be doing…….
Solid Waste Management.
Management.
All the municipal waste should be collected from dust
bins etc., and transported to the composting/land fill sites
etc. p p g
for treatment and disposal in order to avoid breeding of
flies, mosquito etc.
etc.
The solid waste should be transported in covered
vehicles so as to prevent littering of the waste on streets,
roads etc.
etc.
Likewise, hospital
Lik i h i l waste and bi -medical waste should b
d bio
bio- di l h ld be
separately collected, treated and disposed in order to
prevent breeding of mosquitoes, flies etc.
p g q , etc.
43. What we should be doing…….
Dead animals, carcasses should be removed
immediately and buried under land fill sites
and properly covered with soil to prevent
breeding of mosquitoes and flies.
flies.
Public
P bli awareness on environmental cleanliness
i t l l li
may be created through IEC and mass media.
media.
Under JNNURM there is provision to
formulate schemes, drainage and solid waste
management simultaneously and incorporate
g y p
the same in the City development Plan (CDP)
(CDP)
to make the environment free from vector
menace.
menace.
44. What we should be doing…….
Social-
Social-Communication Component
Dissemination of the
behavioral change strategy.
strategy.
Social d
S i l advocacy i fin favor of
f
intra-
intra- and intersectoral actions to
minimize environmental health problems
(water and solid waste management).
44 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
45. What we should be doing…….
Social-
Social-Communication Component
It is not a “magic bullet” that can
g
stop Aedes mosquito breeding.
A person achieves behavioral
changes in steps. There is a need
steps.
to go from one phase to another
sequentially.
sequentially.
45 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
46. What we should be doing
doing…….
46 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
47. What we should be doing…….
Road and Buildings Department
Proper
p
maintenance of
public buildings
and roads f
d d for
prevention of
mosquito
breeding.
47 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
48. What we should be doing…….
g
Industrial Sector
Sensitizing the industrial
work force and to
open centers for
distribution of drugs/
f g
collection of blood
smears and also to
initiate source
reduction activities i
d ti ti iti in
each of the industrial
unit.
48 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
49. What we should be doing…….
Education Department
Propagating
P ti
messages for
community
awareness
through school
children.
49 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
50. What we should be doing…….
Indian Medical Association
Sensitizing the
private
practioners
about drug
policy,
policy case
management and
treatment.
treatment
50 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
51. What we should be doing…….
Water supply Department
Maintenance of
M i t f
water supply
schemes and
prevention of
mosquito breeding
breeding.
51 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
52. Integrated Strategy.
IV.
IV Environmental management and addressing
basic services such as water supply,
disposal of used water, solid waste management and
disposal of used tires.
di l f d ti
V. Patient care within and outside of the health system.
VI. Case reporting (clinical cases, confirmed cases, DHF
and deaths due to DHF, circulating serotypes).
52 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
53. What we should be doing…….
Integrated Strategy
I. Integrated epidemiological and entomological
surveillance.
surveillance.
II. Advocacy and implementation of intersectoral
actions between health, environment and
education as well as other sectors such as
industry and commerce for new materials
materials,
tourism, legislation and judiciary.
III. Effective
III Eff ti community participation.
it participation.
ti i ti
53 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
55. OK That s All
OK, That’s
55 Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad
56. GOVT
EFFORTS
COUPLED WITH
THE PUBLIC
PARTICIPATION….
PARTICIPATION….
IS THE KEY.
Acknowledgements:
Acknowledgements:
• WHO
• CDC
• NVBDCP
• NICD
• JD(NVBDCP),G.nagar.
• Dy.Director(Epidemic),G.nagar
• MHO, A M C, Ahmedabad
MHO C
56
…….. THANKS
Dr.G.C.Sahu/ROH&FW/GoI/A'bad