This document discusses features of the peri-urban interface in metropolitan areas. It notes that the PUI is where urban and rural activities meet and it is often subject to rapid change. In environmental terms, the PUI contains a mosaic of natural, agrarian and urban ecosystems affected by flows from rural and urban systems. Politically and institutionally, the PUI can experience fragmentation or vacuums due to ill-defined roles and conflicts over land and resource rights. The document provides several examples and studies on these characteristics of the peri-urban interface.
Decision Support for Urban Environmental Planningurbanmetabolism
Presented by Dr. Vishal K. Mehta, Invited speaker at the 6th International Public Policy and Management Conference held at the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India.
Market Research Report : Waste Management Market in india 2011Netscribes, Inc.
For the complete report, get in touch with us at : info@netscribes.com
Waste Management market in India is growing steadily as new laws are coming into place and existing ones are being implemented. Additionally, the government and NGOs are creating awareness regarding the nuances of ineffective waste management. Municipalities and corporate are becoming more aware of their responsibilities and they are taking effective steps from their end.
Decision Support for Urban Environmental Planningurbanmetabolism
Presented by Dr. Vishal K. Mehta, Invited speaker at the 6th International Public Policy and Management Conference held at the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India.
Market Research Report : Waste Management Market in india 2011Netscribes, Inc.
For the complete report, get in touch with us at : info@netscribes.com
Waste Management market in India is growing steadily as new laws are coming into place and existing ones are being implemented. Additionally, the government and NGOs are creating awareness regarding the nuances of ineffective waste management. Municipalities and corporate are becoming more aware of their responsibilities and they are taking effective steps from their end.
Adriana Allen: A PERIscope on the PERI-urbanSTEPS Centre
Presentation at the STEPS Conference 2010 - Pathways to Sustainability: Agendas for a new politics of environment, development and social justice
http://www.steps-centre.org/events/stepsconference2010.html
A lot of discussion has revolved around LEED standards for new construction and whether or not LEED has gone far enough to promote indoor air quality. Others are focused on the cost benefits of LEED and LID. LEED does have cost savings and benefits to the builders and the consumers.
Sentinel Landscapes and Component 3: links in the CRP6CIFOR-ICRAF
Component 3 of the CGIAR Research Programme on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (CRP6) focuses on landscape management for environmental services (ES), biodiversity conservation and livelihoods. This presentation explores the links between the various themes of CRP6 Component 3 and the cross-cutting CRP6 research theme of sentinel landscapes. How these links fit into a broader context of the CGIAR’s strategic results framework is also discussed.
This presentation formed part of the CRP6 Sentinel Landscape planning workshop held on 30 September – 1 October 2011 at CIFOR’s headquarters in Bogor, Indonesia. Further information on CRP6 and Sentinel Landscapes can be accessed from http://www.cifor.org/crp6/ and http://www.cifor.org/fileadmin/subsites/crp/CRP6-Sentinel-Landscape-workplan_2011-2014.pdf respectively.
Presentation by Sara Namirembe,World Agroforestry Centre, at the 2012 Agriculture and Rural Development Day in Rio de Janiero, Learning Event No. 1, Session 3: A case of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. http://www.agricultureday.org
Looks at the barriers to implementation of LID and LEED - The benefits and perceived cost associated with LID. Also includes slides to answer questions.
LID LEED and Policy Barriers to Implementation December 2010 v3Jon Barsanti
A presentation I made to the NCLID training group. Opening slides referenced some questions raised during class.
* All development occurs in a watershed
* All Land Uses have a water profile
* LID can improve water quality/water quantity
* A paradigm shift is needed with regard to water as a reusable/valuable resource rather than as a discharge.
EDF2013: Selected Talk: Michael Lutz: Data interoperability across sectors an...European Data Forum
Selected Talk by Michael Lutz, at the European Data Forum 2013, 10 April 2013 in Dublin, Ireland: Data interoperability across sectors and borders – INSPIRE and beyond
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Adriana Allen: A PERIscope on the PERI-urbanSTEPS Centre
Presentation at the STEPS Conference 2010 - Pathways to Sustainability: Agendas for a new politics of environment, development and social justice
http://www.steps-centre.org/events/stepsconference2010.html
A lot of discussion has revolved around LEED standards for new construction and whether or not LEED has gone far enough to promote indoor air quality. Others are focused on the cost benefits of LEED and LID. LEED does have cost savings and benefits to the builders and the consumers.
Sentinel Landscapes and Component 3: links in the CRP6CIFOR-ICRAF
Component 3 of the CGIAR Research Programme on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (CRP6) focuses on landscape management for environmental services (ES), biodiversity conservation and livelihoods. This presentation explores the links between the various themes of CRP6 Component 3 and the cross-cutting CRP6 research theme of sentinel landscapes. How these links fit into a broader context of the CGIAR’s strategic results framework is also discussed.
This presentation formed part of the CRP6 Sentinel Landscape planning workshop held on 30 September – 1 October 2011 at CIFOR’s headquarters in Bogor, Indonesia. Further information on CRP6 and Sentinel Landscapes can be accessed from http://www.cifor.org/crp6/ and http://www.cifor.org/fileadmin/subsites/crp/CRP6-Sentinel-Landscape-workplan_2011-2014.pdf respectively.
Presentation by Sara Namirembe,World Agroforestry Centre, at the 2012 Agriculture and Rural Development Day in Rio de Janiero, Learning Event No. 1, Session 3: A case of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. http://www.agricultureday.org
Looks at the barriers to implementation of LID and LEED - The benefits and perceived cost associated with LID. Also includes slides to answer questions.
LID LEED and Policy Barriers to Implementation December 2010 v3Jon Barsanti
A presentation I made to the NCLID training group. Opening slides referenced some questions raised during class.
* All development occurs in a watershed
* All Land Uses have a water profile
* LID can improve water quality/water quantity
* A paradigm shift is needed with regard to water as a reusable/valuable resource rather than as a discharge.
EDF2013: Selected Talk: Michael Lutz: Data interoperability across sectors an...European Data Forum
Selected Talk by Michael Lutz, at the European Data Forum 2013, 10 April 2013 in Dublin, Ireland: Data interoperability across sectors and borders – INSPIRE and beyond
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
1. DPU, UCL
Module DA1 – Session 14
Development, environment and
the peri-urban interface
Julio D Dávila
Development Planning Unit
University College London
J.Dávila, DPU, UCL
2. Some features of the peri-urban interface
in metropolitan areas 1
A. The PUI is where urban and rural activities meet:
• Definition of ‘urban’, ‘rural’, ‘peri-urban’ (or ‘semi-urban’): often
vague, shifting, subject to perceptions
• Implications of political and administrative definitions and changes
in these (e.g. upgrading or degrading of townships; creation or
abolition of metropolitan areas): fiscal and human resource;
electoral; managerial
J.Dávila, DPU, UCL
3. Some features of the peri-urban interface
in metropolitan areas 2
B. In environmental terms:
• A heterogeneous ‘mosaic’ of ‘natural’, ‘agrarian’ and ‘urban’ eco-
systems
• Affected by material and energy flows demanded both by rural and
urban systems
• Close relationship between socio-economic and environmental
processes
J.Dávila, DPU, UCL
4. Some features of the peri-urban interface
in metropolitan areas 3
C. Dynamic and socially & economically heterogeneous
• Often subject to rapid change (e.g. land use, population)
• Co-existence of groups with different and often competing
interests, as well as different practices
• Constant change makes it difficult to create stable and legitimate
long-term institutional structures
J.Dávila, DPU, UCL
5. Some features of the peri-urban interface
in metropolitan areas 4
D. Political and institutional fragmentation or even
vacuum
• Issues of definition and perception have administrative, fiscal and
human resource implications
• Roles are often ill-defined or non-existent
• Conflict between customary and non-customary land tenure and
water rights
• Private appropriation of large (and environmentally valuable)
spaces without adequate state regulation (gated communities, golf
courses, quarries, forests)
• All this requires a new conceptual and methodological framework
J.Dávila, DPU, UCL
6. Rural systems Rural – Urban Flows Urban systems
Structural changes Functions/role
People
Non-agricultural
employment
Socio-economic
Production Urban services
structure and
relations Production supplies
Commodities Non-durable and
Rural economy durable goods
(sectors) Capital/income Markets for selling
rural products
Rural production Information Processing /
regimes manufacturing
Information on
Natural resources
employment,
production, prices,
W aste and pollution welfare services
Source: Based on Douglass, M. 1998, ‘A Regional Network Strategy for Reciprocal Rural-Urban Linkages’,
Third W orld Planning Review, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp 1-33.
Source: Allen & Dávila (2002)
J.Dávila, DPU, UCL
7. Processes of change in the PUI
Pressures Processes of Problems
Change Loss of
agricultural land,
Local leading to a
e.g. land competition Changes in land use loss of livelihoods
for urban expansion e.g. from agricultural to for poor farmers
& agricultural industrial or and shortages
production residential uses in food production
Regional &
national Changes in the use
e.g. promotion of on natural resources Opportunities
decentralised e.g. deforestation, New sources of
industrialisation, water depletion and Employment
Privatisation of pollution Land for low-cost
natural resources Housing
Better transport links
International Changes in the Improved access to
e.g. Falling prices of infrastructure and
generation of waste
export crops social facilities
e.g. increased solid
and liquid waste
Source: Allen & Dávila (2002)
J.Dávila, DPU, UCL
8. Lessons from international
program m es and projects
W ater & Sanitation Progra m mes C FP/C ID A, U PA/F AO , U N C H S/U M P , SC P, L A21,
Who?
U N D P/W ord Ban k, W H O ,U N IC EF N R S P/D F ID , C AR E, M E IP, U N D P, IC L E I L A21 &
U S A ID , C ID A, C AR E, O XFAM SA V E, U N D P M odel C o m mun ities
Built-up areas R ural V illages an d C ity and bu ilt-up surroundings
Conceptualisation
Poor inform al urban periphery Peri-U rban fring e
settle ments R ural-urban links Particular PU prob le ms
Peri-urban fring e
H ealth - Education Peri-urban H orticu lture
Infrastructure PU Agriculture U rban Env ironm enta l
PU F orestry Pla nnin g and
Themes
Safety nets
M icro-credit N atural R esources M anage me nt
Source: Budds & Minaya (1999)
J.Dávila, DPU, UCL
9. Rural-urban linkages and poverty
How is poverty conceptualised:
Poverty is the result of a complex process of social, juridical, spatial,
economic, and political exclusion
Poverty cannot be reduced to income alone
‘The poor’ are not a homogeneous group; neither are the different
members of the same household
This supposes access to a diversity of livelihood assets (social, natural,
financial, physical, human)
Rural-urban linkages can become important in a survival strategy for the
very poor
This will depend on the physical location of different household
members (which changes over time), as well as other factors such as
gender, migrant status, political affiliation, ethnicity, religion
J.Dávila, DPU, UCL
10. n In the processes described above, different groups will be affected
differently from rural-urban linkages
n This will depend on the degree of access to factors such as proximity
to urban centres, access to land, access to natural resources and
participation in political processes
n Hence, legal, political, social, spatial, environmental and economic
policies and frameworks of intervention will play a crucial role in
guaranteeing or blocking access to such factors
J.Dávila, DPU, UCL
11. Rural-urban and peri-urban processes of change
Land:
The most visible dimension of urban growth
Shifts from rural to urban use will affect some groups more than
other (e.g. Older women in Kumasi, Ghana)
With growth, and without a legal framework to protect them,
landless farmers and small farmers are forced to move away
from urban centres
Land use conversion are facilitated by national (e.g.
industrialization) & local (e.g. exclusion of rural dimensions in
metropolitan or urban plans) policies
J.Dávila, DPU, UCL
12. Rural-urban and peri-urban processes of change
Natural resources:
Peri-urban poor tend to depend more on access to natural
resources than those who are more urban-based and those with
higher incomes
They therefore suffer more from degradation or loss or resources
Peri-urban environmental services (forests, lakes) provide
recreation to urban & peri-urban poor; when degraded, higher
income households can afford to travel further afield to enjoy
these
Use of natural resources by peri-urban poor varies from one
region to another in the world: fuel (wood) in Asia and Africa;
forest resources in SE Asia; construction materials in Latin
America
J.Dávila, DPU, UCL
13. Rural-urban and peri-urban processes of change
Changes in farming practices:
With urban expansion, peri-urban farming land that is not lost to
traditional urban uses can lose farming potential through
pesticides & water over-extraction and extensive irrigation (eg.
Flowers & horticulture)
Capital-intensive practices can displace the peri-urban poor who
lack capital for these activities (e.g. Asunción, Paraguay)
Intensive farming carry higher health risks (pesticides)
J.Dávila, DPU, UCL
14. Rural-urban and peri-urban processes of change
Livelihood diversification:
As rural-urban linkages intensify through the flow of people, capital,
goods, information, their relevance for livelihoods increases
Temporary or permanent migration of household members (usually
gender-differentiated) of rural households is an old mechanism to
increase the household income and reduce vulnerability: multi-spatial
households and enterprises
At times of economic crisis (e.g. high unemployment among men due to
restructuring through SAP), proximity to urban markets can benefit
some more than others (e.g. rural women in Mali)
An efficient transport infrastructure allows the daily commuting to urban
centres to look for work
Some proximity but a relative isolation can open new opportunities
especially if there are high concentrations of labour (e.g. Tuy Valley,
Caracas)
J.Dávila, DPU, UCL
15. The diversity of non-urban livelihoods:
Primary occupation of rural non-agricultural working
population in Northeast Brazil (%), 1996
Primary Extensao Povoado/2 Núcleo/3 Exclusive/4
occupation urbana/1
Mining 1.2 3.1 n.d. 2.3
Manufacturing 16.9 24.2 n.d. 34.2
Sales 21.7 20.3 n.d. 14.2
Services 60.2 52.4 n.d. 49.3
Total working 317.289 1.083.146 23.796 6.504.428
population
Note: 21.8 % of rural workers in the Northeast region are engaged in non-agricultural primary occupations
Key (based on IBGE classification):
1. Urbanised areas within 1 km of the urban perimeter but not formally incorporated into it
2. Agglomerations in rural areas with some permanent structures
3. Isolated rural agglomeration with between 10 and 51 households, usually attached to some commercial activity
4. Areas which do not meet any of the criteria definingJ.Dávila, DPU, UCL
an agglomeration
Source: Ferreira & Lanjouw (2001)
16. Rural-urban and peri-urban processes of change
Access to services and urban waste:
Urban expansion & infrastructure improvements can facilitate
access to basic services for rural and peri-urban groups (health,
education)
Child mortality & morbidity tend to be lower in urban & peri-urban
areas, partly due to better access to services, and partly
because urban food tends to be more diverse and rich in energy
and micro-nutrients
For many peri-urban poor, access to solid and liquid waste is an
important source of income and fertilisers
J.Dávila, DPU, UCL
17. Rural-urban and peri-urban processes of change
Access to information and power:
Access to political power and information on prices, legal rights,
livelihood opportunities and so on, tend to be better represented
in urban than in rural or peri-urban areas
The intensity in flows of people, goods and information
contributes to increase knowledge horizons to isolated
populations, thus improving chances of increasing incomes and
livelihood options
J.Dávila, DPU, UCL
18. Much of DPU’s peri-urban interface work
is downloadable: www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu/pui
J.Dávila, DPU, UCL
19. Additional bibliography
Brook, R, Purushothaman, S and Hunshal, C, 2001, Changing frontiers. The Peri-urban interface, Hubli-
Dharwad, India, Books for Change, Bangalore, India.
Budds, J and Minaya, A, 1999, “Overview of initiatives regarding the management of the peri-Urban
interface”, Development Planning Unit, UCL.
Ferreira, F and Lanjouw, P, 2001, “Rural Nonfarm Activities and Poverty in the Brazilian Northeast”, World
Development, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 509-528.
Tacoli, C, 1999, “Understanding the opportunities and constraints for low-income groups in the peri-urban
interface: the contribution of livelihood frameworks”, Development Planning Unit, UCL.
Wiggins, S and Holt, G, 2000, “Literature review: Poverty, urban poverty and forest and tree goods and
services”, Report to Forestry Research Programme: Researchable constraints to the use of forest and tree
resources by poor urban and peri-urban households in developing countries, University of Reading.
J.Dávila, DPU, UCL