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Documenting education 1
This document discusses how mass media documents and reports on education through various means such as documentary films. It examines different types of documentaries that have focused on education such as government information films from the 1940s-1950s that sought to explain and promote education reforms. The document also discusses how news values and narrative structures shape the reporting and framing of education in media. It argues that media representations are socially constructed and can empower or marginalize certain groups.
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Documenting education 1
- 1. Documenting Education 1 Massmedia accounts of education and the documentary film 2014
- 2. Reflection so far ✤ Powerof the media to manufacture consent! ✤ Representations of Education! ✤ Considerations of language used in reporting
- 3. Documenting Education ✤ Mass mediadocuments, or gives an account of, education in a variety of ways! ✤ Produces an archive (see Herman and Chomsky, 1995)! ✤ Focused on ways of arranging or ordering the facts! ✤ Documentary Film is one means of documenting education
- 4. Documenting ✤ Various forms ofdocumentaries, but media documents education in other ways! ✤ Wallace (1997: p. 148) “The output of the mass media is a key resource”! ✤ Variety of news values informs reporting! ✤ Selective & sensational reporting empower and marginalise interest groups
- 5. What is Documentary? ✤ Aufderheide(2007):! ✤ A documentary is not a movie - except when it is! ✤ A documentary is not fun - except when it is! ✤ About real life - but not real life
- 6. Documentary Storytelling ✤ “…factuality alonedoes not define documentary films” (Bernard, 2011: p.2)! ✤ Facts are arranged via a story (ibid)! ✤ Need to understand the narrative of a documentary how is the story being told?
- 7. What should documentariesdo? “At their best, documentaries should do more than help viewers pass the time; they should demand their active engagement, challenging them to think about what they know, how they know it, and what more they might want to learn” (Bernard, ibid: p.3)
- 8. Forms of documentary ✤ Publicaffairs documentary - host & narration! ✤ Public information films (Government propaganda)! ✤ Advocacy! ✤ Historical! ✤ Ethnographic
- 9. Examples of Documentary ✤ Governmentinformation films (e.g. Tomorrow is theirs)! ✤ Investigative documentaries! ✤ ✤ ✤ Policy analysis (e.g Panorama, Dispatches)! Features of education systems ! Fly on the wall documentaries
- 10. Tomorrow is Theirs -1940 ✤ Ministry of Information! ✤ Examines the provisions for secondary school education during WWII 01
- 11. Learning to Live -1941 ✤ Originally British Children at School! ✤ “For in Britain every child however poor carries a university education in its satchel.”! 01
- 12. Charley Junior’s Schooldays -1949 ✤ Central Office of Information for Ministry of Education! ✤ Sought to explain details of education reform! ✤ Mood of post war optimism ! ✤ More opportunities for the next generation 01
- 13. Media Representations ✤ “all mediastories elicit socially constructed meanings between text and reader/ viewer” (Goldstein, 2011: p. 545)! ✤ Text and images are not neutral but news is reported as uncontestable and uncontested ! ✤ The educator needs to enter the debate, and challenge assumptions made about education (Goldstein)
- 14. News Values ✤ Galthung &Ruge (1965)! ✤ “how do ‘events’ become ‘news’?” (p. 65)! ✤ 12 factors relating to newsworthyness
- 15. Discourse of Derision(Wallace, 1993) ✤ Media inform public opinion & inform politics! ✤ ‘canker of progressive education’! ✤ Myth Creation! ✤ Context Stripping! ✤ Media Production Process
- 16. References ✤ Aufderheide, P. (2007)Documentary Film: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press! ✤ Bernard, S.C (2011) Documentary Storytelling: Creative Nonfiction on Screen, London: Focal! ✤ Galtung, Ruge (1965) ‘The Structure of Foreign News: The Presentation of the Congo, Cuba and Cyprus Crises in Four Norwegian Newspapers’, Journal of Peace Research, 2(1):64-90! ✤ Goldstein, R. A (2011) ‘Imaging the Frame: Media Representations of Teachers, Their Unions, NCLB, and Education Reform’, Educational Policy, 25(4): 543-576! ✤ Herman, E.S and Chomsky, N (1995) Manufacturing Consent: the political economy of the mass media, London: Vintage! ✤ Wallace, M (1993) ‘Discourse of derision: the role of the mass media within the education policy process’, Journal of Education Policy, 8(4): 321-337! ✤ Wallace, M. (1997) ‘Guided by an Unseen Hand: The Mass Media and Education Policy’, in Watson, K; Modgil, C; Modgil, S (eds) Power and Responsibility in Education, London: Cassell, Chapter 14