Crucifixion was a form of execution invented by Persians and perfected by Romans during the time of Jesus Christ. It involved scourging, crowning with thorns, carrying a crossbar, and being nailed to a cross. The document discusses various passages from Isaiah and other books of the Bible that prophesy the suffering and death of Jesus Christ. It explains that Jesus died to pay the penalty for humanity's sins and redeem people so that they may be justified by faith in him rather than works of the law. His death accomplished propitiation or payment for sins, as symbolized by the scapegoat ritual in Leviticus that bore the sins of Israel into the wilderness.