International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
IRJET- Ameliorate Rwandan Unlawful Justice through Forensic DNA ProofIRJET Journal
This document discusses the use of forensic DNA evidence in improving criminal justice in Rwanda. It notes that while DNA technology has been widely used around the world to help solve complex crimes, it has not been fully utilized in Rwanda's criminal justice system due to several factors. These include DNA and its use not being included in legal education curricula, a lack of DNA legislation, and insufficient forensic infrastructure like modern DNA labs. The document argues that introducing DNA topics to legal education, enacting DNA laws, and improving forensic facilities would help the criminal justice system in Rwanda make better use of DNA evidence to further fairness and accuracy in crime solving.
DNA analysis is a technique used to identify individuals by examining unique DNA sequences in their genomes. DNA profiles are created by scanning 13 specific regions of DNA and comparing samples from crime scenes to those of suspects. If the profiles match, it suggests the suspect was likely involved in the crime. DNA evidence has helped convict many criminals but also exonerate innocent people wrongly accused. Its use has prompted new laws regarding DNA collection and databases to solve crimes.
DNA analysis is a cornerstone technique in forensic science, used to identify individuals and establish genetic relationships. It involves extracting DNA from biological samples found at crime scenes, such as blood, hair, saliva, or skin cells, and comparing it to known samples, like those from suspects or victims.
The methods for producing a DNA profile were developed by Alec Jeffreys and his team in 1985. Jefferys discovered that an unknown sample of DNA such as blood, hair, saliva, or semen could be analyzed and a unique DNA pattern/profile could be developed.
DNA analysis was first discovered, a process called Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) was used to analyze
The document discusses DNA forensic studies and DNA databases. It summarizes that experts conclude DNA forensic expertise should be extended beyond specialists to all law enforcement and the public. DNA can help solve cases but more evidence is sometimes needed to secure a conviction. DNA databases can help solve crimes but also raise privacy concerns as innocent people's DNA could be tracked. The pros and cons of DNA databanks are debated as they could help solve crimes but may invade privacy.
InstructionsW4 Nightingale Case A & B – 35 points - Individual A.docxdirkrplav
Instructions
W4 Nightingale Case A & B – 35 points - Individual Assignment
As indicated in the syllabus, it is important to demonstrate knowledge of MS Project. Week 4 includes using the software and interpreting the results as follows:
1. Read the Nightingale Project - LG textbook pg 333-335
2. Review MS Project Video Tutorials (Lessons/Course Materials/Support Videos) and complete the Case for both Part A and Case Part B.
3. Submit two separate MS Project .mpp files (one for part A and one for part B). Remember to submit the appropriate “view” reflecting all applicable columns and content information.
4. Submit MS Word file to specifically answer all questions for both parts (part A questions 1-3 & part B questions 1-4).
5. Ensure you document the version of MS Project you are using in the submission comments field.
Hints:
You should read ALL instructions in the case and case technical details before you start the Project file.
You may want to set up the Project file ex: start date, holidays, work days, etc. before entering in any tasks.
Ensure the project name is on the first line of the Project file and all other tasks as detailed in the case are indented just once.
The predecessor numbers for all subtasks will then be one higher than in the text as the first line (main task) is now the Project name.
The lag mentioned in the case A section is plus lag.
analyze certain bodily substances and compare them widi a sample from a suspect.
Forensic science consultant Richard Saferstein tells us that portions of the DNA structure are as unique to each individual as fingerprints. He writes that inside each of the 60 trillion cells in the human body are strands of genetic material called chromosomes. Arranged along the chromosomes, like beads on a thread, are nearly 100,000 genes. Genes are the fundamental unit of heredity. They instruct the body cells to make proteins drat determine everydiing from hair color to susceptibility to diseases. Each gene is actually composed of DNA specifically designed to carry out a single body function. Scientists have determined that DNA is die substance by which genetic instructions are passed from one generation to the next. (Saferstein 353-394)
DNA profiling has helped investigators solve crimes and ensure that diose guilty of crimes are convicted in court. Profiling is the examination of DNA samples from a body substance or fluid to determine whether they came from a particular subject. For example, semen on a rape victim's clothing can be positively or negatively compared with a suspect's semen.
police laboratories. Smaller departments may contract with large county crime labs or state police crime labs. Some departments use die services of the FBI lab. (Durose 1)
Private (nongovernment) labs are taking on greater importance in the U.S. legal system. Their analyses are increasingly being introduced into criminal and civil trials, often not only as evidence but also to contradict evidence presented by .
Running head RESEARCH REPORT TOPIC OUTLINERESEARCH REPORT TOPIC.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: RESEARCH REPORT TOPIC OUTLINE
RESEARCH REPORT TOPIC OUTLINE 5
Research report topic outline
Name of student
Course
Name of professor
Date of submission
Part 1A
Real or physical evidence
Physical evidence refers to anything that can be used as prove to a crime that happened and is connected to the criminal. Some examples of physical evidence include a knife that has blood on it, shoe impression, fingerprints, DNA, weapons, documents or glass. Real evidence describes evidence that is tangible and is often used interchangeably with physical evidence.
It is used to describe the items that are collected as prove arguments at a trial or hearing. Physical evidence has a wide variety of issues. This research report will focus on exploring fingerprints and DNA as aspects of physical evidence. The report will also examine the strategies, advancements and innovations in the criminal evidence regarding to fingerprints and DNA.
A search for fingerprints is usually done on a body before it is moved to the mortuary since it is also a source of physical evidence. The technology used in collecting the fingerprints and analyzing them has been refined from one decade to the other. Fingerprints are necessary as individualizing evidence since they can link an individual to crime due to their uniqueness. There are no people who have the same fingerprints.
Identification is made when a fingerprint from a crime scene is linked to another one from a suspect or a database. DNA is a new technology that allows the crime investigators to match the biological samples acquired from a crime scene to a criminal. DNA evidence is admissible in court and therefore is frequently used. The evidence is linked to DNA profiles of offenders through national, state and local DNA databases known as the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS).
Part 1B- Tier 1
Selected topic name
Real or physical evidence
Definition of key terms
Physical evidence -Involves objects that are found at the scene of a crime.
Real evidence-Describes evidence that is tangible and is often used interchangeably with physical evidence
Fingerprints- used as individualizing evidence since they can link an individual to crime due to their uniqueness.
DNA-A new technology that allows the crime investigators to match the biological samples acquired from a crime scene to a criminal.
Crime scene-A place that is under investigation because a crime took place at that location
A criminal-An individual who is guilty of a crime
History
During the late 1980’s and early 90’s, States started passing laws that required offenders convicted of several offenses to give their DNA samples. The DNA samples could be used to identify the criminal and their link with the offense they have been convicted of committing. Currently, all States and federal government have passed laws that require the provision of DNA samples for some categories of criminals. Fingerprint identification was developed for offender’s ...
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
IRJET- Ameliorate Rwandan Unlawful Justice through Forensic DNA ProofIRJET Journal
This document discusses the use of forensic DNA evidence in improving criminal justice in Rwanda. It notes that while DNA technology has been widely used around the world to help solve complex crimes, it has not been fully utilized in Rwanda's criminal justice system due to several factors. These include DNA and its use not being included in legal education curricula, a lack of DNA legislation, and insufficient forensic infrastructure like modern DNA labs. The document argues that introducing DNA topics to legal education, enacting DNA laws, and improving forensic facilities would help the criminal justice system in Rwanda make better use of DNA evidence to further fairness and accuracy in crime solving.
DNA analysis is a technique used to identify individuals by examining unique DNA sequences in their genomes. DNA profiles are created by scanning 13 specific regions of DNA and comparing samples from crime scenes to those of suspects. If the profiles match, it suggests the suspect was likely involved in the crime. DNA evidence has helped convict many criminals but also exonerate innocent people wrongly accused. Its use has prompted new laws regarding DNA collection and databases to solve crimes.
DNA analysis is a cornerstone technique in forensic science, used to identify individuals and establish genetic relationships. It involves extracting DNA from biological samples found at crime scenes, such as blood, hair, saliva, or skin cells, and comparing it to known samples, like those from suspects or victims.
The methods for producing a DNA profile were developed by Alec Jeffreys and his team in 1985. Jefferys discovered that an unknown sample of DNA such as blood, hair, saliva, or semen could be analyzed and a unique DNA pattern/profile could be developed.
DNA analysis was first discovered, a process called Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) was used to analyze
The document discusses DNA forensic studies and DNA databases. It summarizes that experts conclude DNA forensic expertise should be extended beyond specialists to all law enforcement and the public. DNA can help solve cases but more evidence is sometimes needed to secure a conviction. DNA databases can help solve crimes but also raise privacy concerns as innocent people's DNA could be tracked. The pros and cons of DNA databanks are debated as they could help solve crimes but may invade privacy.
InstructionsW4 Nightingale Case A & B – 35 points - Individual A.docxdirkrplav
Instructions
W4 Nightingale Case A & B – 35 points - Individual Assignment
As indicated in the syllabus, it is important to demonstrate knowledge of MS Project. Week 4 includes using the software and interpreting the results as follows:
1. Read the Nightingale Project - LG textbook pg 333-335
2. Review MS Project Video Tutorials (Lessons/Course Materials/Support Videos) and complete the Case for both Part A and Case Part B.
3. Submit two separate MS Project .mpp files (one for part A and one for part B). Remember to submit the appropriate “view” reflecting all applicable columns and content information.
4. Submit MS Word file to specifically answer all questions for both parts (part A questions 1-3 & part B questions 1-4).
5. Ensure you document the version of MS Project you are using in the submission comments field.
Hints:
You should read ALL instructions in the case and case technical details before you start the Project file.
You may want to set up the Project file ex: start date, holidays, work days, etc. before entering in any tasks.
Ensure the project name is on the first line of the Project file and all other tasks as detailed in the case are indented just once.
The predecessor numbers for all subtasks will then be one higher than in the text as the first line (main task) is now the Project name.
The lag mentioned in the case A section is plus lag.
analyze certain bodily substances and compare them widi a sample from a suspect.
Forensic science consultant Richard Saferstein tells us that portions of the DNA structure are as unique to each individual as fingerprints. He writes that inside each of the 60 trillion cells in the human body are strands of genetic material called chromosomes. Arranged along the chromosomes, like beads on a thread, are nearly 100,000 genes. Genes are the fundamental unit of heredity. They instruct the body cells to make proteins drat determine everydiing from hair color to susceptibility to diseases. Each gene is actually composed of DNA specifically designed to carry out a single body function. Scientists have determined that DNA is die substance by which genetic instructions are passed from one generation to the next. (Saferstein 353-394)
DNA profiling has helped investigators solve crimes and ensure that diose guilty of crimes are convicted in court. Profiling is the examination of DNA samples from a body substance or fluid to determine whether they came from a particular subject. For example, semen on a rape victim's clothing can be positively or negatively compared with a suspect's semen.
police laboratories. Smaller departments may contract with large county crime labs or state police crime labs. Some departments use die services of the FBI lab. (Durose 1)
Private (nongovernment) labs are taking on greater importance in the U.S. legal system. Their analyses are increasingly being introduced into criminal and civil trials, often not only as evidence but also to contradict evidence presented by .
Running head RESEARCH REPORT TOPIC OUTLINERESEARCH REPORT TOPIC.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: RESEARCH REPORT TOPIC OUTLINE
RESEARCH REPORT TOPIC OUTLINE 5
Research report topic outline
Name of student
Course
Name of professor
Date of submission
Part 1A
Real or physical evidence
Physical evidence refers to anything that can be used as prove to a crime that happened and is connected to the criminal. Some examples of physical evidence include a knife that has blood on it, shoe impression, fingerprints, DNA, weapons, documents or glass. Real evidence describes evidence that is tangible and is often used interchangeably with physical evidence.
It is used to describe the items that are collected as prove arguments at a trial or hearing. Physical evidence has a wide variety of issues. This research report will focus on exploring fingerprints and DNA as aspects of physical evidence. The report will also examine the strategies, advancements and innovations in the criminal evidence regarding to fingerprints and DNA.
A search for fingerprints is usually done on a body before it is moved to the mortuary since it is also a source of physical evidence. The technology used in collecting the fingerprints and analyzing them has been refined from one decade to the other. Fingerprints are necessary as individualizing evidence since they can link an individual to crime due to their uniqueness. There are no people who have the same fingerprints.
Identification is made when a fingerprint from a crime scene is linked to another one from a suspect or a database. DNA is a new technology that allows the crime investigators to match the biological samples acquired from a crime scene to a criminal. DNA evidence is admissible in court and therefore is frequently used. The evidence is linked to DNA profiles of offenders through national, state and local DNA databases known as the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS).
Part 1B- Tier 1
Selected topic name
Real or physical evidence
Definition of key terms
Physical evidence -Involves objects that are found at the scene of a crime.
Real evidence-Describes evidence that is tangible and is often used interchangeably with physical evidence
Fingerprints- used as individualizing evidence since they can link an individual to crime due to their uniqueness.
DNA-A new technology that allows the crime investigators to match the biological samples acquired from a crime scene to a criminal.
Crime scene-A place that is under investigation because a crime took place at that location
A criminal-An individual who is guilty of a crime
History
During the late 1980’s and early 90’s, States started passing laws that required offenders convicted of several offenses to give their DNA samples. The DNA samples could be used to identify the criminal and their link with the offense they have been convicted of committing. Currently, all States and federal government have passed laws that require the provision of DNA samples for some categories of criminals. Fingerprint identification was developed for offender’s ...
Rapid dna -_disruptive new technology for criminal justice_rbjrbjamieson
Rapid DNA technology promises to dramatically reduce DNA analysis turnaround times from days or weeks to just 90 minutes, allowing law enforcement to apply DNA analysis to more cases. Current DNA analysis backlogs prevent expanding use to more crimes. Rapid DNA meets the FBI vision of processing arrestee DNA during booking. Initial pilots show Rapid DNA's potential to identify refugees and check family relationships, as well as link suspects to property crimes and reduce crime rates. Early adopters are working to integrate Rapid DNA and determine best uses.
The document discusses DNA evidence and its role in crime investigation and solving cases. It provides details on how DNA profiling works, including how short tandem repeats are used to generate DNA profiles that can identify individuals. The use of DNA databases like CODIS is also discussed, as they allow law enforcement to match crime scene DNA to profiles of suspects and help solve more cases. Advancements in DNA technology and growing DNA databases have helped exonerate innocent individuals and identify criminals in many cases over the years.
This document discusses compulsory DNA testing in the UK and arguments in its favor. It explains that DNA is unique to each individual and can be extracted from blood or saliva to create a profile. Currently, the UK has the largest DNA database in the world, containing profiles from arrested individuals whether relevant to the crime or not. Supporters argue that widespread DNA testing dramatically improves law enforcement's ability to solve crimes and exonerate the innocent.
This document summarizes the use of DNA in forensic medicine. It discusses how DNA analysis has helped solve crimes and identify victims. It reviews routine uses of DNA like criminal identification, paternity testing, and victim identification. It also discusses new applications like low copy number DNA, touch DNA, and rapid DNA devices. Finally, it discusses limitations, ethical issues, and the future potential of DNA in forensic analysis and databases.
Rapid DNA Technology: A Boon to Forensic DNA Typing
The FBI defines Rapid DNA as
“the fully automated (hands free) process of developing a CODIS Core Loci STR profile from a reference sample swab. The swab in - profile out process consists of automated extraction, amplification, separation, detection, and allele calling without human intervention”.
Modified Rapid DNA analysis describes the automated (hands-free) process of developing a CODIS Core STR profile from a known reference sample. This “swab in – profile out” process consists of automated extraction, amplification, separation, and detection without human intervention but requires human interpretation and technical review.
Approval by : Formal approval not required if validated in accordance with the FBI Director’s Quality Assurance Standards
Department in Pakistan
Faizana Naeem 13004065107
Mohammad Awais 13004065105
Mashal Khalid 13004065093
AbdulRehman Asghar 13004065074
Univerisety of management and technology Lhr.
Introduction
Crime is world phenomena and with course of time it is going to be a complicated one.
All over the world especially in technically developed countries, criminologists, detectives are adopting new methods to beat the crime through latest criminal investigation techniques.
But in the country like Pakistan the sources of criminal investigation are mostly the same as were in the past.
History
forensic” comes from the Latin word “forensis” meaning the “forum”
Centuries back the forensic science has been derived by solving mysterious cases.
It has many definitions but it has a blind definition that the application of scientific methodology to solve legal problems, in other words it bring many fields of science
NFSA
NFSA is the latest and well equipped lab in the history of Pakistan to facility criminal justice system
It intend to provide quality and standard forensic services under one roof
Keeping in view the importance of forensic sciences in criminal investigation and criminal justice, Punjab Government established the forensic Laboratory in Lahore which meets the international standards.
The actual cost of the project RS.2448.469 million.
In Sindh criminal investigation department came in to being as a small branch.
The laboratory will work under the forensic science agency within the framework of the Punjab Forensic Science Agency Act.2007
Sub-Departments
Crime Scene Investigation
Computer Forensic Department
Forensic Pathology
Questioned Documents Department
DNA & Serology Department
Audio Visual Analysis Department
Forensic Toxicology Department
Trace Evidence Department
Firearms & Tool Marks Department
Crime Scene Investigation
“The collection of information and evidence for
identifying, apprehending, and convicting suspected
offenders ”
maintain the integrity of the evidence.
The first police officer to arrive at a crime scene must take certain steps to preserve the evidence. Only after this duty is performed, analysis of the scene may begin.
The steps include: ·
Personal safety
Organization of thoughts.
Evaluate the severity of the situation.
Identify all involved and uninvolved individuals in the area
Be aware of weapons and hazards.
Be aware of potential evidence
Don’t touch anything unless necessary.
Investigation Facilities in Pakistan
National Forensic Science Agency, Islamabad
Forensic Science Laboratory, Islamabad
Forensic Science Laboratory, Lahore
Chief Chemical Examiner, (Punjab), Lahore
Chemical Examiner, Multan
Chemical Examiner, Rawalpindi
Forensic Science Laboratory, Karachi
DNA and Serology
Biological evidence, which contains DNA, can connect an offender
The document discusses forensic science facilities and departments in Pakistan. It describes the National Forensic Science Agency (NFSA) in Lahore, which was established to provide standardized forensic services. The NFSA contains several sub-departments, including crime scene investigation, computer forensics, forensic pathology, questioned documents, DNA analysis, and others. It also discusses challenges like lack of experts, funding, and outdated facilities and methods. Overall, the document analyzes the current state of forensic science in Pakistan and its potential role in addressing the country's crime issues.
Biotechnology is one of the branch that is contributing in forensic science. There are many tools in biotechnology that helps in solving cases in forensic.
Trends of crime in pakistan and investigation by forensic and analytical appr...Narjis Shahid
This document discusses trends in crime in Pakistan and the use of forensic analytical approaches for criminal investigation. It notes that crime rates are influenced by factors like urbanization, unemployment, inflation, and education levels. Various forensic science disciplines are explored, including fingerprint analysis, fiber analysis, forensic document examination, and brain fingerprinting technology. Fingerprints, fibers, documents, and brain wave responses can provide objective evidence for criminal investigations. The document also outlines criminal investigation departments in Pakistan and highlights the need for modern forensic analytical techniques to help resolve crimes.
The document discusses the National Forensic Science Agency of Pakistan, which operates several forensic science laboratories across Pakistan. It provides forensic services and training to law enforcement. Forensic science uses scientific methods to solve crimes. The document then outlines several types of forensic investigations conducted, including digital forensics, narcotics analysis, toxicology, DNA analysis, pathology, fingerprint analysis, trace chemistry, and forensic photography.
concept real evidence and criminal investigationwadani388098
Real evidence consists of physical items involved in a criminal case that a jury can examine, such as fingerprints, blood samples, weapons, or other objects related to the crime. To be admitted in court, real evidence must be relevant, material, and authenticated through establishing a clear chain of custody. Fingerprint evidence can play an important role by linking suspects to crime scenes or ruling them out through fingerprint database matching. DNA fingerprinting reveals an individual's unique genetic makeup and is used for criminal identification, determining biological relationships, and medical purposes such as matching organ donors.
Bioinformatics can help solve crimes by analyzing DNA evidence. DNA found at crime scenes can be used to identify suspects by matching their DNA profiles. It can also be used to exonerate the innocent. Family relationship testing using DNA can also provide evidence by determining relationships like paternity. Law enforcement now uses complex DNA analysis techniques as well as large DNA databases to solve crimes.
DNA fingerprinting was developed in 1984 by Alec J. Jeffrey at the University of Leicester. It is a technique used to distinguish individuals using DNA samples. It has many applications including identifying criminals, determining paternity, and diagnosing genetic diseases. The process involves isolating DNA from samples, cutting the DNA into fragments of different sizes with restriction enzymes, separating the fragments by size, and comparing fragment patterns to determine matches. DNA fingerprinting revolutionized identification and has been used to solve many criminal cases and identify remains.
The document discusses forensic DNA typing. It begins by explaining that forensic DNA typing identifies individuals by their DNA profiles and is a powerful investigative tool used to solve crimes. It then provides details on the history and science of DNA, including its structure, how it is inherited, different DNA tests used, and challenges in DNA analysis. The document also outlines best practices for collecting, packaging, transporting, and documenting DNA evidence at crime scenes.
DNA fingerprinting was developed in 1984 by Alec J. Jeffrey at the University of Leicester. It involves analyzing variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTRs) in DNA to generate unique genetic profiles for identification purposes. DNA fingerprinting is now used for paternity testing, criminal investigations by comparing crime scene DNA to suspects' DNA, and identifying people or inherited health conditions through their DNA profile. While very accurate, DNA evidence requires careful analysis of potential random matches or errors and does not necessarily prove guilt on its own.
This document provides an outline of a course on Forensic Serology and DNA Typing. The course will consist of 14 lectures covering topics like biological fluid analysis, DNA extraction, population genetics, and forensic DNA typing methods. It will also include quizzes, presentations, assignments, and exams. The first lecture provides an introduction and overview of various forensic science disciplines like forensic pathology, odontology, toxicology, and their roles in the criminal justice system.
The document discusses India's internal security challenges and how advances in forensic science can help address them. It outlines issues such as tensions with Pakistan, communal and secessionist movements, and the rise of left-wing extremism. It then describes how various forensic science techniques, including digital forensics, explosives analysis, drug identification, firearms analysis, DNA testing, fingerprint analysis and biometrics can provide evidence to investigate these security threats and link criminal cases. The use of forensic science is presented as a valuable tool to help law enforcement address India's complex internal security environment.
Rapid dna -_disruptive new technology for criminal justice_rbjrbjamieson
Rapid DNA technology promises to dramatically reduce DNA analysis turnaround times from days or weeks to just 90 minutes, allowing law enforcement to apply DNA analysis to more cases. Current DNA analysis backlogs prevent expanding use to more crimes. Rapid DNA meets the FBI vision of processing arrestee DNA during booking. Initial pilots show Rapid DNA's potential to identify refugees and check family relationships, as well as link suspects to property crimes and reduce crime rates. Early adopters are working to integrate Rapid DNA and determine best uses.
The document discusses DNA evidence and its role in crime investigation and solving cases. It provides details on how DNA profiling works, including how short tandem repeats are used to generate DNA profiles that can identify individuals. The use of DNA databases like CODIS is also discussed, as they allow law enforcement to match crime scene DNA to profiles of suspects and help solve more cases. Advancements in DNA technology and growing DNA databases have helped exonerate innocent individuals and identify criminals in many cases over the years.
This document discusses compulsory DNA testing in the UK and arguments in its favor. It explains that DNA is unique to each individual and can be extracted from blood or saliva to create a profile. Currently, the UK has the largest DNA database in the world, containing profiles from arrested individuals whether relevant to the crime or not. Supporters argue that widespread DNA testing dramatically improves law enforcement's ability to solve crimes and exonerate the innocent.
This document summarizes the use of DNA in forensic medicine. It discusses how DNA analysis has helped solve crimes and identify victims. It reviews routine uses of DNA like criminal identification, paternity testing, and victim identification. It also discusses new applications like low copy number DNA, touch DNA, and rapid DNA devices. Finally, it discusses limitations, ethical issues, and the future potential of DNA in forensic analysis and databases.
Rapid DNA Technology: A Boon to Forensic DNA Typing
The FBI defines Rapid DNA as
“the fully automated (hands free) process of developing a CODIS Core Loci STR profile from a reference sample swab. The swab in - profile out process consists of automated extraction, amplification, separation, detection, and allele calling without human intervention”.
Modified Rapid DNA analysis describes the automated (hands-free) process of developing a CODIS Core STR profile from a known reference sample. This “swab in – profile out” process consists of automated extraction, amplification, separation, and detection without human intervention but requires human interpretation and technical review.
Approval by : Formal approval not required if validated in accordance with the FBI Director’s Quality Assurance Standards
Department in Pakistan
Faizana Naeem 13004065107
Mohammad Awais 13004065105
Mashal Khalid 13004065093
AbdulRehman Asghar 13004065074
Univerisety of management and technology Lhr.
Introduction
Crime is world phenomena and with course of time it is going to be a complicated one.
All over the world especially in technically developed countries, criminologists, detectives are adopting new methods to beat the crime through latest criminal investigation techniques.
But in the country like Pakistan the sources of criminal investigation are mostly the same as were in the past.
History
forensic” comes from the Latin word “forensis” meaning the “forum”
Centuries back the forensic science has been derived by solving mysterious cases.
It has many definitions but it has a blind definition that the application of scientific methodology to solve legal problems, in other words it bring many fields of science
NFSA
NFSA is the latest and well equipped lab in the history of Pakistan to facility criminal justice system
It intend to provide quality and standard forensic services under one roof
Keeping in view the importance of forensic sciences in criminal investigation and criminal justice, Punjab Government established the forensic Laboratory in Lahore which meets the international standards.
The actual cost of the project RS.2448.469 million.
In Sindh criminal investigation department came in to being as a small branch.
The laboratory will work under the forensic science agency within the framework of the Punjab Forensic Science Agency Act.2007
Sub-Departments
Crime Scene Investigation
Computer Forensic Department
Forensic Pathology
Questioned Documents Department
DNA & Serology Department
Audio Visual Analysis Department
Forensic Toxicology Department
Trace Evidence Department
Firearms & Tool Marks Department
Crime Scene Investigation
“The collection of information and evidence for
identifying, apprehending, and convicting suspected
offenders ”
maintain the integrity of the evidence.
The first police officer to arrive at a crime scene must take certain steps to preserve the evidence. Only after this duty is performed, analysis of the scene may begin.
The steps include: ·
Personal safety
Organization of thoughts.
Evaluate the severity of the situation.
Identify all involved and uninvolved individuals in the area
Be aware of weapons and hazards.
Be aware of potential evidence
Don’t touch anything unless necessary.
Investigation Facilities in Pakistan
National Forensic Science Agency, Islamabad
Forensic Science Laboratory, Islamabad
Forensic Science Laboratory, Lahore
Chief Chemical Examiner, (Punjab), Lahore
Chemical Examiner, Multan
Chemical Examiner, Rawalpindi
Forensic Science Laboratory, Karachi
DNA and Serology
Biological evidence, which contains DNA, can connect an offender
The document discusses forensic science facilities and departments in Pakistan. It describes the National Forensic Science Agency (NFSA) in Lahore, which was established to provide standardized forensic services. The NFSA contains several sub-departments, including crime scene investigation, computer forensics, forensic pathology, questioned documents, DNA analysis, and others. It also discusses challenges like lack of experts, funding, and outdated facilities and methods. Overall, the document analyzes the current state of forensic science in Pakistan and its potential role in addressing the country's crime issues.
Biotechnology is one of the branch that is contributing in forensic science. There are many tools in biotechnology that helps in solving cases in forensic.
Trends of crime in pakistan and investigation by forensic and analytical appr...Narjis Shahid
This document discusses trends in crime in Pakistan and the use of forensic analytical approaches for criminal investigation. It notes that crime rates are influenced by factors like urbanization, unemployment, inflation, and education levels. Various forensic science disciplines are explored, including fingerprint analysis, fiber analysis, forensic document examination, and brain fingerprinting technology. Fingerprints, fibers, documents, and brain wave responses can provide objective evidence for criminal investigations. The document also outlines criminal investigation departments in Pakistan and highlights the need for modern forensic analytical techniques to help resolve crimes.
The document discusses the National Forensic Science Agency of Pakistan, which operates several forensic science laboratories across Pakistan. It provides forensic services and training to law enforcement. Forensic science uses scientific methods to solve crimes. The document then outlines several types of forensic investigations conducted, including digital forensics, narcotics analysis, toxicology, DNA analysis, pathology, fingerprint analysis, trace chemistry, and forensic photography.
concept real evidence and criminal investigationwadani388098
Real evidence consists of physical items involved in a criminal case that a jury can examine, such as fingerprints, blood samples, weapons, or other objects related to the crime. To be admitted in court, real evidence must be relevant, material, and authenticated through establishing a clear chain of custody. Fingerprint evidence can play an important role by linking suspects to crime scenes or ruling them out through fingerprint database matching. DNA fingerprinting reveals an individual's unique genetic makeup and is used for criminal identification, determining biological relationships, and medical purposes such as matching organ donors.
Bioinformatics can help solve crimes by analyzing DNA evidence. DNA found at crime scenes can be used to identify suspects by matching their DNA profiles. It can also be used to exonerate the innocent. Family relationship testing using DNA can also provide evidence by determining relationships like paternity. Law enforcement now uses complex DNA analysis techniques as well as large DNA databases to solve crimes.
DNA fingerprinting was developed in 1984 by Alec J. Jeffrey at the University of Leicester. It is a technique used to distinguish individuals using DNA samples. It has many applications including identifying criminals, determining paternity, and diagnosing genetic diseases. The process involves isolating DNA from samples, cutting the DNA into fragments of different sizes with restriction enzymes, separating the fragments by size, and comparing fragment patterns to determine matches. DNA fingerprinting revolutionized identification and has been used to solve many criminal cases and identify remains.
The document discusses forensic DNA typing. It begins by explaining that forensic DNA typing identifies individuals by their DNA profiles and is a powerful investigative tool used to solve crimes. It then provides details on the history and science of DNA, including its structure, how it is inherited, different DNA tests used, and challenges in DNA analysis. The document also outlines best practices for collecting, packaging, transporting, and documenting DNA evidence at crime scenes.
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1. DNA AND RNA
Sayali Dilip Morankar
(Medical Jurisprudence And Forensic Science)
2. 1.CONCEPT
WHAT IS DNA ANALYSIS ?
DNA analysis is an examination method that emerged in the mid 1980’s by Alec
Jeffrey's, an English geneticist.
DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid, which is a double stranded lung molecule
and appears like a twisted rope ladder or double helix. Alternating phosphate and
deoxyribose sugar units comprise the sides of the ladder, while the connectors of
the ladder are composed of bases known as adenine (a)thymine (T)guanine
(G)cytosine.
DNA is essentially made up of amino acids and it is matched with the so-
called bases which provide the key to determining the genetic blueprint.
3. HOW DOES IT WORK?
• Any organism can be identified by examination of DNA sequences
unique to the specific species.
• To identify individuals, forensic scientist scan 13 DNA regions (loci)
and create a DNA profile for that individual (DNA fingerprint).
• There’s a very slim chance that another individual has the same DNA
profile for a specific set of 13 loci’s.
4. EFFECTIVENESS OF DNA
• DNA Identification is quite effective when used correctly.
• Portion of DNA sequence that vary the most among humans must be
used.
• Portions must also be large enough to factor in the fact that human
mating is not absolutely random.
5. EXAMPLES OF DNA IN FORENSICS
• Identify potential suspects whose DNA may match evidence left at
crime scene.
• Exonerate persons wrongly accused of crimes.
• Identify crime and catastrophe victims.
• Establish paternity and other family relationships.
6. DNA TECHNOLOGY
• CODTS, which stands for combined DNA index system, is a program
which consists of many databases that have DNA profiles useful for the
criminal justice system.
• The NDTS, or National DNA Index System is the part of CODTS that
contains the DNA profile at a national, state and local level and is
accessible to law enforcement all over the country.
7. DNA TESTING PROCEDURES
• Although , there are numerous types of procedures adopted for forensic matching
and identification of an individual, there are two main types of such testing systems
. They are called Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism,(RFLP) and Polymerase
Chain Reaction (PCR)testing.
• Generally RFLP testing process requires larger amounts of DNA and for proper
results the DNA must be uncontaminated . Small amounts of DNA sample is not
suited for RFLP testing whereas PCR testing require smaller amount of DNA sample.
However this test is highly sensitive test and the slightest contaminants at the scene
of crime can alter or influence the results.
8. WHAT IS DNA EVIDENCE?
• DNA evidence is playing a larger role than ever before in criminal cases
throughout the country, both to convict the guilty and to exonerate those wrongly
accused or convicted. This increased role places greater importance on the ability
of victim service providers to understand the potential significance of DNA
evidence in their clients cases.
• Degradation is also a common concern with DNA samples.
• Collection and storage must be carefully monitored to prevent bacteria growth.
• Evidence collected for the purpose of blood type testing may be stored according to
that type of taste and may limit chances of testing DNA in the sample.
• In same cases, DNA has been successfully extracted and analyzed from a moldy
sample with the help of PCR technology.
9. VALUE OF DNA EVIDENCE
• DNA is a powerful investigative tool because, with the exception of identical twins, no two
people have the same DNA. Therefore DNA evidence collected from a crime scene can be
linked to a suspect or can eliminate a suspect from suspicion.
• The effective use of DNA as evidence may also require the collection and analysis of
elimination samples to determine the exact source of the DNA .Elimination samples may be
taken from anyone who had lawful access to the crime scene and may have left biological
material.
• When investigating a rape case, for example, it may be necessary to obtain an elimination
sample from everyone who had consensual intercourse with the victim within 72 hours of
the alleged assault to account for the entire DNA found om the victim or at the crime
scene. Comparing DNA profiles from the evidence with elimination samples may help
clarify the results.
10. 2.LEGAL PROVISIONS:-
• The code of criminal procedure and the Indian Evidence Act were enacted at a time when
modern scientific advancement and DNA tests were not even in the contemplation of
parliament or legislature. Worldwide, it has been proven that the results of DNA tests, if
conducted in confirmative with modern and latest protocol and the subjects are
scientifically accurate.
• There is an urgent need to incorporate some provision in the Indian Evidence Act 1872,
and the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973, to manage science and technology issues.
• Due to lack of provision, investigating officers face troubles in collecting evidence that
involves modern mechanism to prove the accused guilty.
• Section 53 of the Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 authorizes a police officers to get the
assistance of the medical practitioner in good faith for the purpose of the investigation. But
it does not enable a complainant to collect blood, semen etc. For bringing criminal charges
against the accused.
11. • The Criminal Procedure Code Amendment Act 2005 has brought two new sections
which authorized the investigating officers to collect the DNA samples from the
body of accused and the victim with the help of medical practitioner.
• Right to privacy has been included under right to life and personal liberty or
Article 21 of the Indian Constitution.
• Article 20 (3) provides right against self incrimination which protects on
protection accused in criminal cases from providing evidence against himself or
evidence which can make him guilty.
• The govt. of India and Law Commission have also woken up and Indian
Parliamentary Affairs Board has set up an Advisory committee to give a
comprehensive report on all aspects of DNA testing. The law Commission in its 185
report has also recommended the inclusion on DNA testing in the Indian Evidence
Act by amending its section 112.
12. Right to privacy
Right to privacy is derived from Article
21 of the Constitution and from
Directive Principles of State Policy and
it was held in Peoples Union for Civil
Liberties v/s Union of India, that right
to privacy enshrined in Article 21
cannot be curtailed except according
to procedure established by law.
In the famous case in relation to
DNA investigation Sharda v/s
Dharmapala , the Hon’ble
supreme court discussed the right
to privacy in a systematic
chronological order.
The Identification of prisoners
act 1920
This act enables the investigation
officers to collect fingerprint
impression , foot-print
impressions from the suspect.
Section 5 of the act empowers for
magistrate to order a person to be
measured or photographed.
Here measurement means and
includes finger impressions and
foot-print impressions.
DNA evidence and the privilege
against self incrimination
The discovery of genetic
fingerprinting with its high
specificity and extraordinary
probative properties highlights
the question of the scope of the
privilege against self –
incrimination.
13. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT
COUNTRIES
• Present world is the world of science and technology. The glob has progressed at
higher speed . Advanced scientific technology has given the world various effective
tools for criminal investigation. With the advancement of science , new challenges
would emerge before administration of every country.
• To meet new challenges and for the welfare of citizen every country try to adopt
new scientific development in the form of various legislation so that they can be
used effectively in the administration of justice.
• Almost every country of the world have given the provision of scientific
developments in their Constitution of the welfare of their citizens and country.
14. IN UNITED STATES
• In U.S.A. DNA testing is done to supplement the traditional blood typing test such as HLA
(Human Leukocyte Antigen) test to resolve a routine paternity test. In DNA more than 30
variables genes are available for matching.
• For DNA testing blood is collected from the child and the bar ( bond) pattern of the child is
first matched with that of mother and thereafter remaining bars are matched with that of
father.
• In blood testing certain safeguards must be observed e.g. the blood must be unaffected of
climate, age, disease or of any other environmental genetic condition and mode of
inheritance of blood must be certain.
• In the last 10 years DNA technology has significantly advanced to more discriminating
methods. The introduction of DNA profiling has revolutionized forensic science and the
criminal justice system by providing courts a means of identifying perpetrators with a high
degree of confidence.
15. IN SWEDEN
• In 1990 Dutch Supreme Court admitted the use of DNA as exculpatory evidence. A new DNA
legislation was incorporated in the Dutch Code of Criminal Procedure, which focuses non-
consenting defendants to give biological reference samples, and the results of the DNA test can be
used as proof of guilt.
IN FRANCE
The consent of interested parties is mandatory with the restriction that in case of a suspect, his refusal
can be interpreted as a prima – facie evidence.
It is clear from the positions of different countries that DNA evidence is admissible in every
country in one from or the other. No other scientific technique has gained much widespread
acceptance so quickly and no other technique has been potentially as valuable to the criminal justice
system as the DNA.
But this scientific technique has not been adopted by Indian legislation like other countries.
16. CASE LAWS
• In Govind Sing V/s State of Madhya Pradesh - Supreme Court held that a
fundamental right must be subject to restriction on the basis of compelling public
interest. It is clear from various decision which have been delivered by the
Supreme Court from time to time that the right to light and personal liberty which
has been guaranteed under our Indian constitutions not an absolute one and it can
be subject to some restriction.
• And it is this basis that the constitutionality of the laws affecting right to life
and personal liberty are upheld by the Supreme Court which includes medical
examination and it is on the basis that various courts in the country have allowed
DNA technology to be used in the investigation and in producing evidence.
•
17. • In Shri.Rohit Shekhar V/s Narayan Dutt Tiwari and Anr. - In which the court
has gone a step further in peculiar facts of this case, the petitioner , who was born
during a subsisting marriage of her mother, asked for DNA test on the respondent,
claiming the later to be this biological father. The court has ordered DNA test on
the respondent a third party to marriage, primarily recognizing from various
international convenants, the right of a child to know of his biological antecedents.
However the Court has been cautious to judgments of the Hon’ble Supreme Court
in Sharda (supra) and Bhabani Prasad Jena and justified on reasons a prima facie
case for ordering DNA test.
• In Madan Gopal Kakkad V/s Naval Dubey and Another - It was held that
opinion of expert is admissible.
18. • In Machindra V/s Sajjan Galpha Rankhama - has observed that an expert
opinion of should be demonstrative and supported by convincing reasons.
• In Selvi V/s State of Karnataka - while testing the validity of DNA test on the
anvil of Article 20(3) of the constitution of India, made following observations -
The matching of DNA samples is emerging as a vital tool for linking suspects to
specific criminal acts. It may also be recalled that as per the majority decision of
Kathi Kalu Oghad (AIR 1961 SC 1808), the use of material samples such as
fingerprints for the purpose of comparison and identification does not amount to a
testimonial act for the purpose of Article 20(3) . Hence , the taking and retention of
DNA samples which are in the nature of physical evidence does not face
constitutional hurdles in the Indian context.
19. WHAT IS RNA ?
• RNA means RIBOSE NUCLEIC ACID . A nucleic acid that carries the genetic
message from DNA to ribosomes and is involved in the process of protein synthesis
is referred to as RNA (RIBOSE NUCLEIC ACID.)
• Ribonucleic acid is one of the two types of nucleic acids found in all cells.
• RNA is similar to DNA but containing ribose in place of deoxyribose and uracil in
place of thymine.
• Some viruses use RNA instead of DNA as their genetic material.
20. HISTORY OF RNA
• Nucleic acids were discovered in 1868 by Friedrich Miescher, who called the
material ‘nucleon’ since it was found in the nucleus. The role of RNA in protein
synthesis was suspected already in 1939. Sivero Ochoa won the 1959 Nobel Prize
in Medicine after he discovered an enzyme that can synthesize RNA in the
laboratory.
• Each nucleotide consists of three components : a nitrogenous heterocyclic base,
which is either a purine or a pyrimidine ; a pentose sugar; and a phosphate group.
• Nucleic acids are universal in living things, as they are found in all cells and
viruses.
• Nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
21. STRUCTURE OF RNA
• RNA like DNA is a polynucleotide. RNA is either single stranded or double stranded
but not helical like DNA.
• RNA nucleotides have ribose sugar, which participate in the formation of sugar
phosphate backbone of RNA.
• The nitrogen base in RNA are: Adenine(A), Guanine(G), Cytosine (C) , and Uracil
(U). Thymine is absent and is replaced by Uracil. Usually RNA is a single stranded
structure.
• RNA does not form an analogous helical structure.
• RNA form a heteromeric double helix.
22. FEATURES OF RNA
• Location : In eukaryotes, RNA is found both in nucleus and cytoplasm. In the
nucleus it is a components of chromosomes, whereas in cytoplasm it its found in
ribosomes. In prokaryotes, it is found in the cytoplasm.
• Size : RNA molecule is much smaller in size than DNA. It consists up to
12,000 nucleotides whereas DNA consists up to 4.2 million nucleotides.
• Functions : In most of the organisms, the usual function of RNA is transfer of
genetic message from nucleus to the cytoplasm and synthesis of protein in
ribosomes. In some viruses, RNA acts as the genetic material and regulates the gene
action.
23. TYPES OF RNA
• Transfer RNA (tRNA) :
• It is also known as soluble RNA (sRNA).
• It constitutes about 10-15% of total RNA of the cell.
• It is a class of RNA which is of small size of 3S type and generally have 70-90
nucleotides.
• Its main function is to carry various type of amino acids and attach them to mRNA
template for synthesis of protein.
• It has molecular weight of about 25,000 to 30,000 with sedimentation coefficient
of 3.8S.
24. • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) :
• It is found in ribosome in the cytoplasm.
• It is the catalytic component of the ribosomes.
• The size of ribosome is expressed in terms of ‘S’ units, based on the rate of
sedimentation in an ultracentrifuge.
• It constitutes about 80 % of the total cellular RNA .
• The function of rRNA is binding of mRNA and tRNA to ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
25. • Messenger RNA (mRNA) :
• It constitutes about 5- 10 % of the total cellular RNA.
• It is most heterogenous in size and base sequence.
• It is a single stranded copy of one of the DNA strands of a gene.
• It carries the information from nuclear DNA to cytoplasm for protein synthesis. It is
also known as template RNA.
• The molecular weight of an average molecule of mRNA is 5,00,00 and its
sedimentation coefficient is 8S.
26. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DNA AND RNA
• First : RNA and DNA are both nucleic acids, but differ in three main ways. Unlike
DNA, Which is in general, double- stranded, RNA is a single – stranded molecule in
many of its biological roles and has a much shorter chain of nucleotides.
• Second : while DNA contains deoxyribose, RNA contains ribose (in deoxyribose
there is no hydroxyl group attached to the pentose ring in the 2’ position ). These
hydroxyl groups make RNA less stable than DNA because it is more prone to
hydrolysis.
• Third : the complementary base to adenine is not thymine, as it is in DNA, but
rather uracil , which is an unmethylated form of thymine.
• Fourth : DNA is generally stable in alkaline conditions while RNA is unstable
during alkaline condition.
27. CONCLUSION
• Thus DNA test as evidence of identity has come to be recognized in our judicial system.
James D Watson one of the discoverers of DNA who was awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize for
medicine for the same, has made the following observations about handling of DNA
evidence, keeping tract of molecular evidence, as opposed to knives and guns, can be an
especially demanding chore; scrapings from a side walk may be visually indistinguishable
from scrapings from a gatepost, and subsequently extracted DNA samples will doubtless
look even more alike when placed in a small plastic test tubes.
• DNA test is a strong boon in criminal administration of justice, but in civil cases the socio
economic condition and the pecullarity in our country declare this test against of human
dignity especially of child and woman. But the inherent power of courts in civil matters
Sec.151 C.P.C.1908 should prevail for the sake of justice, truth and dignity of innocent
person and transparency of judicial administration.
28. • It can be said that our country’s criminal justice system needs a drastic change
either by making new law on DNA testing or to ament other laws. As compare to
other countries our position is too bad because till today we are relying on Indian
Evidence Act.1872 for the criminal justice system. This act was passed at the time
when there was no any scientific technique was existed. But now we are living in
the age of science and technology we have to adopt all advancements to meet the
challenges of present world.