DNA and Genes Lab Activity Complete your answers in the spaces provided. USE YOUR OWN WORDS – Yes even for definitions! Remember to add your last name and first initial to the file name prior to saving and submitting your completed assignment through Canvas. Use your textbook, notes and these websites to answer the pre lab questions. http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/transcribe/http://www.vcbio.science.ru.nl/en/virtuallessons/cellcycle/trans/ Pre Lab Questions: 1. What is the product of transcription? 2. What is the region of DNA called where transcription begins? 3. What is the product of translation? 4. In your own words define each of the following: Silent mutation Missense mutation Nonsense mutation Frame shift mutation 5. Where in the cell does translation take place? Click on the link below to access the online lab. http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/virtual_labs_2K8/pages/DNA_And_Genes.html Download and print the instructions for reference as you work through the lab. As you work through the lab fill in the table below. Use this information to answer the questions that follow contained in this document. First read through the mutation guide. Once you close the guide you will see the buttons to begin the simulation. Note, you will be translating the mRNA strand into a protein. As you work through each of the mutations fill in the charts below. You must complete 4 mutations for this lab activity. It’s good practice working with the codon table . – Aris labs calls the codon table the ‘Genetic Code Chart’. Use the amino acid abbreviation for the protein sequence. For example the amino acid proline is abbreviated as pro. You have to fill in all the letters AND the resulting amino acid sequence by dragging and dropping before you click the [check] button. Abrieviate STOP as either STP or END. For each of the three mutations you will complete, fill in the table in this lab document with the original mRNA and amino acid sequence and the mRNA sequence and the resulting amino acid sequence RESULTING FROM the mutation as outlined in the mutation rule. The various mutations represent missense, nonsense, silent and frame shift mutations. You must complete one of each. The lab will not necessarily present the mutations in this order. You must do the mutation and identify which type it is and make sure you do one of each. 6. Frame Shift Mutation example: Provide the mutation rule you are following. Original A. Acids Original mRNA Mutated mRNA Mutated A. Acids 7. Missense Mutation example: Provide the mutation rule you are following. Original A. Acids Original mRNA Mutated mRNA Mutated A. Acids 8. Nonsense Mutation example: Provide the mutation rule you are following. Original A. Acids Original mRNA Mutated mRNA Mutated A. Acids 9. Silent Mutation example: Pr ...

1. DNA and Genes Lab Activity
Complete your answers in the spaces provided. USE YOUR
OWN WORDS – Yes even for definitions! Remember to add
your last name and first initial to the file name prior to saving
and submitting your completed assignment through Canvas.
Use your textbook, notes and these websites to answer the pre
lab questions.
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/transcribe/http://www
.vcbio.science.ru.nl/en/virtuallessons/cellcycle/trans/
Pre Lab Questions:
1. What is the product of transcription?
2. What is the region of DNA called where transcription
begins?
3. What is the product of translation?
4. In your own words define each of the following: Silent

2. mutation
Missense mutation Nonsense mutation Frame shift mutation
5. Where in the cell does translation take place?
Click on the link below to access the online lab.
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/virtual_labs_2K8/pages/D
NA_And_Genes.html
Download and print the instructions for reference as you work
through the lab. As you work through the lab fill in the table
below. Use this information to answer the questions that follow
contained in this document.
First read through the mutation guide. Once you close the guide
you will see the buttons to begin the simulation. Note, you will
be translating the mRNA strand into a protein.
As you work through each of the mutations fill in the charts
below. You must complete 4 mutations for this lab activity.
It’s good practice working with the codon table .
– Aris labs calls the codon table the ‘Genetic Code Chart’. Use
the amino acid abbreviation for the protein sequence. For
example the amino acid proline is abbreviated as pro.
You have to fill in all the letters AND the resulting amino acid
sequence by dragging and dropping before you click the [check]
button. Abrieviate STOP as either STP or END.
For each of the three mutations you will complete, fill in the
table in this lab document with the original mRNA and amino
acid sequence and the mRNA sequence and the resulting amino
acid sequence RESULTING FROM the mutation as outlined in

3. the mutation rule.
The various mutations represent missense, nonsense, silent and
frame shift mutations. You must complete one of each. The lab
will not necessarily present the mutations in this order. You
must do the mutation and identify which type it is and make
sure you do one of each.
6. Frame Shift Mutation example:
Provide the mutation rule you are following.
Original
A. Acids
Original
mRNA

4. Mutated
mRNA
Mutated
A. Acids
7. Missense Mutation example:
Provide the mutation rule you are following.

5. Original
A. Acids
Original
mRNA
Mutated
mRNA
Mutated
A. Acids

6. 8. Nonsense Mutation example:
Provide the mutation rule you are following.
Original
A. Acids
Original
mRNA

7. Mutated
mRNA
Mutated
A. Acids
9. Silent Mutation example:
Provide the mutation rule you are following.

8. Original
A. Acids
Original
mRNA
Mutated
mRNA
Mutated
A. Acids

9. Post Lab Questions
10. From the mutations you have explored, which one is the
least severe. Explain your answer.
11. From the mutations you have explored, which one is the
most severe. Why?

10. 12. Aside from silent mutations which have no effect on amino
acid sequence, are all mutations bad? Explain your answer.
Lab 10 Classification of Organisms
Complete your answers in the spaces provided. USE YOUR
OWN WORDS – Yes even for definitions! Remember to add
your last name and first initial to the file name prior to saving
and submitting your completed assignment through Canvas.
The lab website has post lab questions – these are not necessary
– you only have to complete the questions in this lab assignment
document.
http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Life/classification_intr
o.htmlhttp://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/six_kingdoms/index.ht
mhttp://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/default.htm
Pre Lab Questions
1. What are the three domains of life? Provide the domain
name and basic characteristics for each.

11. 2. List the 4 Kingdoms of the Eukaryotic Domain and their
basic characteristics.
3. What is the difference between a heterotroph and an
autotroph?
Use the link below to go to the lab site:
http://www.glencoe.com/sites/common_assets/science/virtual_la
bs/E07/E07.html
In the upper right there is a box with five organisms. Drag each
one individually to the magnifying glass to learn more about it.
After reading about its characteristics drag it to the appropriate

12. kingdom box in the middle of the screen. Do this for all the
organisms in the box and click the check button. Click reset to
work your way through the ten organisms in the table below.
4. Table 1
Organism Name
Kingdom
Key Feature(s) for Classification
Tapeworm
Plumose Anemone
Euglena gracilis
Wisk fern
Archaeoglobus
Sargosso weed
Paramecium
Methanosarcina
barkeri
Living stone

13. Methanopyrus
Kingdoms are further divided into phyla. Table 2 below lists
parameters for 8 of the Animal Kingdom Phyla: Porifera,
Cnidaria, Platyhelminths (flatworms), Nematodes
(roundworms), Molusks, Annelids, Arthropods, and Chordates.
Here’s some websites to visit for additional information:
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/trnov01.htmhttp://www.uic.edu/
classes/bios/bios100/labs/animaldiversity.htm
Animal Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Symmetry
Other Characteristics
Examples
Sea Life
Porifera

14. None
- No nervous, digestive, or
circulatory systems
- Filter feeders
Sponges
Cnidaria
Radial
- True tissue differentiation
and nematocyts
Jellyfish, Coral,
Hydra
Mollusca
Bilateral
- True coelom
- Soft body; some secrete calcium based shell
Squid,
Cuttlefish, Octopus, Snail

15. Worms
Platyhelmi nth
Bilateral
- Unsegmented
- Nervous system and true organs
- Single opening to digestive tract
Flatworm,
Tapeworm
Nematode
Bilateral
- Unsegmented
- Nervous and digestive system
Roundworm
Annelid
Bilateral

16. - Segmentation
- Nervous, digestive, and circulatory systems
Earthworm,
Leech
Invertebrates
Arthropod
Bilateral
- Segmentation
- Exoskeleton
- Circulatory system
Spider, crab,
scorpion,
lobster, crayfish, shrimp, insects
Vertebrates
Chordate
Bilateral
- Endoskeleton
- Nervous, digestive, and circulatory systems

17. Mammal, Bird,
Reptile, Amphibian, Fish
Fill in the Table 3. Provide the definition in your own words
and an example organism and phyla. You can choose example
organisms from the lab you’ve completed, the phyla
characteristics table above, or one you come up with on your
own.
Table 3
Characteristic
Definition
Example Organism
Phyla of Example
Organism
Endoskeleton
Exoskeleton
Radial
symmetry
Bilateral
symmetry

18. True Coelom
Segmentation
(Body)
Hardy Weinberg Homework
The following websites have alternative ways of explaining the
Hardy Weinberg Principles.
http://nortonbooks.com/college/biology/animations/ch17p01.ht
m
http://www.k-state.edu/parasitology/biology198/hardwein.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xPkOAnK20kwhttp://integra
tivebiology.okstate.edu/zoo_lrc/biol1114/tutorials/Flash/life4e_
15-6-OSU.swf
The Hardy Weinberg Principle states that allele frequencies do
not change over time if 5 parameters are met. There can be no
natural selection, no migration into or out from the population,
no mutation, all mating must be random, and the population
must be very large. In this lab you are going to use a small
population to simulate the effect these parameters can have on
allele frequencies.
First you must remember that each individual possesses two
alleles of each trait. So an individual who is homozygous for

19. color (B = Black, b = brown) BB has two copies of the B allele.
A heterozygous individual has one B allele and one b allele.
Finally a homozygous recessive brown individual has two
copies of the b allele.
For example in a population of 100 flies you gathered the
following information: 20
Homozygous Black, 40 Heterozygous Black, 40 Homozygous
Brown. The allele numbers for this population are shown in
the table below.
Genotype
Number in
Population
Total # B
alleles
Total # b
alleles
BB
20
40
0
Bb
40
40
40
bb
40
0
80
totals
100
80
120
There is a difference between the actual alleles and an estimate

20. of the alleles for a population. If you know the genotypes of all
the individuals you can calculate the actual allele frequencies
by dividing the total number of one allele and dividing it by the
total number of all alleles for that population. In our example
above the actual frequency of the B allele is calculated by
dividing
80 (the total number of B alleles for the population) by 200 (the
total of all the alleles of the population. 80/200 = 0.4.
Therefore P = 0.4 You can then use the formula P + q = 1 to
determine the frequency of q. 0.4 + q = 1 so q = 0.6.
1. In a population of 100 flies you gathered the following
information: 15 Homozygous Black, 30 Heterozygous Black, 55
Homozygous Brown. Using this information fill in the chart
below and answer the questions
Genotype
Number in
Population
Total # B
alleles
Total # b
alleles
BB
Bb
bb
totals

21. 2. What percentage of the population is phenotypically Black?
Explain your answer.
3. Calculate the actual allele frequency of B. Provide a full
explanation of your work .
4. Explain the concept of non-random mating.
5. Does non random mating increase or decrease the genetic
diversity of a population. Explain your answer.

22. 6. List the Hardy Weinberg principles.
7. What happens to the allele frequencies of a population if all
Hardy Weinberg principles are met?

23. 8. Which genotype (homozygous dominant, heterozygous,
homozygous recessive) is known just by their phenotype?
Why?
Lab 11 Population Biology
Complete your answers in the spaces provided. USE YOUR
OWN WORDS – Yes even for definitions! Remember to add
your last name and first initial to the file name prior to saving
and submitting your completed assignment through Canvas.
The lab website has post lab questions – these are not necessary
– you only have to complete the questions in this lab assignment
document.
Use your textbook, notes and these websites to answer the pre
lab questions.
http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/biomes/ecology.htmhttp://marine
bio.org/Oceans/Conservation/Moyle/ch7.asp
Pre Lab Questions
1. Define habitat.
2. Define niche.

24. 3. Define carrying capacity.
4. How many species can occupy a niche? Why is this the
limit?
Go to the following site:
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/virtual_labs_2K8/pages/Po
pulationBiology.html Download and print the instructions so
you can work through the lab. As you work through the lab fill
in the table below. Use this information to answer the questions
that follow contained in this document.
5. Explain the difference between interspecies and intraspecies
competition. Provide an example of each: interspecies and
intraspecies competition.

25. 6. List the reasons a population reaches its carrying capacity.
7. Fill in the table below with your data from the experiment.
Be aware the table is per mL!
Table I:
Day
P. caudatum
alone, cells/mL
P. aurelia
alone, cells/mL
P. caudatum
mixed, cells/mL
P. aurelia
mixed, cells/mL
0

26. 2
4
6
8
10
12
14

27. 16
8. Explain how do you determine when carrying capacity has
been reached for a population?
9. Which organism reached their carrying capacity first?
10. How do the population numbers for these organisms
compare when they are grown individually versus when they
were grown together? Suggest an explanation for any
differences.

28. 11. Someone else repeated this experiment many, many times.
They found in a few of the samples on Days 10-16 the number
of P. caudatum individuals in the mixed culture began to
gradually rise. Propose a hypothesis for this observation. You
will not be able to look up this answer ... you must think about
this lab to formulate your answer.