Forensic DNA Analysis

BIO 240 Crime Scene Forensics Worksheet
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how forensic scientists take advantage of genomic variations in
noncoding regions of DNA
the techniques of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gel
electrophoresis
Introduction: In recent years, law enforcement has been revolutionized
by molecular biology. When human tissues are left behind at crime
scenes, these tissues can be collected and processed to yield samples of
DNA, which can then be treated to isolate specific DNA fragments that
are highly variable in the human population.
Which band pattern among Lanes 3 to 6 seems to be the closest match to
the band pattern in Lane 2, where the crime-scene DNA fragment was
loaded? Which suspect appears to be the culprit?
What is the molecular weight (in base pairs) of the fragment in Lane 2
(DNA from the crime scene), Lane 3 (Suspect 1), Lane 4 (Suspect 2),
Lane 5 (Suspect 3), and Lane 6 (Suspect 4)?

Part C
How does analyzing DNA profiles using the gel electrophoresis tool
allow you to draw both qualitative and quantitative conclusions about
the likely identity of the suspect in this case?
Judging by the sizes of the fragments you measured in Part C, about how
many repeats of the 16-base-pair sequence would you expect to find in
each of the suspect’s genomes?
In this lab activity, you targeted just one fragment of DNA to build the
DNA profile of each suspect and the crime-scene sample. Real-world
DNA profiles target multiple fragments.
What is the advantage of targeting more than one fragment and having
each DNA profile feature multiple bands?
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BIO 240 Disruption of a Marine Food Web Worksheet

Examine the graphs in the Lab Book, and describe any trends you
observe among kelp, purple sea urchin, and sea otter populations.
What happened to all three populations when catastrophe struck the sea
otters? Which populations were wiped out, and in what order?
Why do you think the removal of the otters caused the other two
populations to crash as well?
Examine the graphs in the Lab Book. What happened to the populations’
growth patterns when 100 individuals of each species were reintroduced
to the habitat?
What would have happened if you had only reintroduced the kelp and
the urchin? Explain.
What if you had only reintroduced five individuals of each species?
Would that have worked to restore the populations? Explain your
hypothesis.

Describe the results of the simulation. Was your hypothesis supported?
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BIO 240 Entire Course (UOP)
BIO 240 Week 1 DQ 1 Cells
BIO 240 Week 1 DQ 2 Virus
BIO 240 Week 1 Comparing Cell Structures Worksheet
BIO 240 Week 1 Photosynthesis and Respiration Paper
BIO 240 Week 2 DQ 1
BIO 240 Week 2 DQ 2
BIO 240 Week 3 DQ 1
BIO 240 Week 3 DQ 2

BIO 240 Week 3 Learning Team Outline
BIO 240 Week 3 DNA and Protein Synthesis
BIO 240 Week 4 DQ 1
BIO 240 Week 4 DQ 2
BIO 240 Week 4 Natural Selection Paper
BIO 240 Week 4 Individual Assignment Speciation Paper
BIO 240 Week 5 Human Evolution Paper and Presentation
BIO 240 Disruption of a Marine Food Web Worksheet
BIO 240 Crime Scene Forensics Worksheet
BIO 240 The Inheritance of Color Blindness Worksheet
BIO 240 Introduction to Systematics Worksheet
BIO 240 Invasive Species Worksheet
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BIO 240 Introduction to Systematics Worksheet

What three taxa appear in the main window when you first enter the
Systematics Lab Room? At what level of classification are these three
taxa?
List one trait for each of these three taxa that distinguishes it from the
others.
Which of these organisms are included in Eukarya? Select all that apply.
What groups did you click through to get to classes Mammalia and
Reptilia?
Which two of the following species are more closely related: red-eared
slider, vampire bat, American alligator?
What is the common name of the species you have arrived at?
What is the name and level of the taxon where the two species’ lineages
diverge?
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BIO 240 Invasive Species Worksheet

Describe the growth patterns of the mouse, cougar, and red-eared slider
populations when pythons are not present.
Describe the growth of the Burmese python population immediately
after they were introduced.
What happened to the populations of the other animals?
Suggest one reason why the introduction of Burmese pythons to this
ecosystem may have caused the effects you observed.
What happened to the cougar and Burmese python populations when
80% of the Burmese pythons were removed?
What do your observations reveal about the challenges involved in
fighting invasive species?
Based on your observations of Burmese python population trends,
recommend a way managers could fight the Burmese python invasion in
the Everglades. Explain your reasoning.
Would you recommend introducing another nonnative species from
Southeast Asia that is known to prey upon the Burmese python or its
eggs? Explain.
Not all invasive species are predators.

Which of the following characteristics would help any nonnative
species, regardless of its place in the food chain, become invasive?
Select all that apply.
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BIO 240 The Inheritance of Color Blindness Worksheet
What percentage of Couple 1’s male offspring will be color blind? What
percentage of their female offspring will be color blind?
Couple 2 comes into your office. The husband is color blind; the wife is
homozygous for the normal vision allele.
Couple 3 comes into your office. The husband is color blind; the wife is
heterozygous for the color-blindness allele.
Review the results you obtained for the female offspring of the three
couples.

Based on your results for the female offspring, predict whether color
blindness is a dominant or recessive trait. Explain your reasoning.
Complete the Punnett squares below to determine the possible genotypes
of each couple’s male and female offspring. (X^{it N} represents the
normal color vision allele. X^{it n} represents the color-blindness
allele. Y represents the Y chromosome, which does not carry the color-
vision gene.)
Review the results you obtained from the lab for the female offspring of
all three couples. Then, look at the female offspring (the offspring with
two X chromosomes) in your three Punnett squares.
What genotype must a female child have in order to be color blind?
Explain why color blindness occurs more commonly in males than
females.
Based on your Punnett squares, determine whether a son can inherit
color blindness from his father. Explain your reasoning.
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BIO 240 Week 1 Comparing Cell Structures Worksheet (UOP)

Complete the following charts comparing prokaryotes and eukaryotes,
plant and animal cells, and cells and viruses.
==============================================
BIO 240 Week 1 DQ 1 Cells (UOP)
What are some of the ways cells communicate similar to the ways we
humans communicate with other people or with an organization? How
are they different?
==============================================

BIO 240 Week 1 DQ 2 Virus (UOP)
Would you consider a virus living or non-living? Why? How does this
agree or disagree with classification scheme applied by the scientific
community?
==============================================
BIO 240 Week 1 Photosynthesis and Respiration Paper (UOP)
Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper summarizing the events of cellular
respiration and photosynthesis and examine the relationship between the
two.
Include the following in your paper:
- For photosynthesis, include a summary of the events in:

- The Light Dependent Reaction
- The Calvin Cycle (Light Independent Reaction)
- For cellular respiration, include a summary of the events in:
- Glycolysis
- Krebs Citric Acid Cycle
- The Electron Transport Chain
- Examine the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular
respiration.
- Write the general formula for photosynthesis.
- Write the general formula for cellular respiration.
Explain the relationship between the two that should be obvious from
the formulas
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BIO 240 Week 2 DQ 1 (UOP)
There is a fierce competition among individuals within any species,
humans included, to gain access to reproductive privileges. The “fittest”

– a term that signifies the largest, prettiest, and most sexually attractive
members, succeed in predominantly mating and having offspring, while
the less attractive ones often do not. What is the role of such sexual
selection from an evolutionary standpoint?
Instead of engaging in fights over potential mates, what would be the
problem of simply mating with family members, say, siblings and other
relatives? Isn’t this a more efficient way to spread genes, without the
added peril of having to find potential mates, which could be a
dangerous, strenuous, and uncertain activity? Why not take that and
"run?"
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Would two identical twins growing up in different neighborhood grow
up differently?
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BIO 240 Week 3 DNA and Protein Synthesis (UOP)
Answer the following questions, in a total of 500 to 700 words.
- Describe the structure of DNA and the steps of protein synthesis.
- Describe the relationships between the following terms:
- DNA
- Chromatin material
- Gene
- Chromosome
- Use the following gene in protein synthesis:
TAGGACCATTTTAGCCCC
- Show the mRNA.
- Show the tRNA.
- Name the amino acids that will be placed in the polypeptide chain.
(Use the codon table in Ch. 17 of Campbell Biology.)
- A gene will direct the making of polypeptide chains, and polypeptide
chains form proteins. All enzymes are proteins. Therefore, how would
you explain carrying a gene for a trait that does not show up in the
offspring?
- In order for DNA to pass genetic information to the next generation,
DNA must replicate successfully. Mistakes in replication could result in
major problems in heredity.
- Explain how DNA replicates.
- Describe the formation of the leading strand and lagging strand and

include the enzymes involved.
Why do the legs replicate differently?
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Craig Venter made a new life form (a bacterium) from scratch –
essentially from computer database, and a few bottles of chemicals:
http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2010/0521/J.-Craig-Venter-Institute-
creates-first-synthetic-life-form
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/21/science/21cell.html
If these and other such DNA-based technologies become widely used,
how might they change the way evolution proceeds, as compared with
the natural evolutionary mechanisms of the past almost 4 billion years?
==============================================

Is there danger of discrimination based on testing for “harmful” genes?
Would you support cloning of life forms? How about a human clone?
What policies can you suggest that would prevent or permit such
practices?
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BIO 240 Week 3 Learning Team Outline (UOP)
Submit a minimum of one page draft outline for your Learning Team’s
projects. Refer to instructions on final assignment provided under Week
5 details to assist in your research. Any one team member may submit
this to the Assignment link.
==============================================

Consider the human eye, an exquisitely adapted organ that gives rise to
stereo vision in full color (see, for instance, “The Evolution of Primate
Color Vision” by Gerald H. Jacobs and Jeremy Nathans, Scientific
American, April 2009 issue, pp. 56-63).
Explain, strictly from within the framework of Darwinian evolution,
how natural selection “crafted” such an organ.
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How do you think we could trace back the evolution of organs within
our body by hundreds of millions of years – from our reptile ancestors –
by examining coevolution patterns and fitness landscapes?
Discuss, for instance, the “missing link,” Tiktaalik, that has made
headlines around the world (see “Your Inner Fish” by Neil Shubin).
What kind of selection pressures could have been at work here, based on
species adaptations, climate changes, and shifting landmasses?
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BIO 240 Week 4 Individual Assignment Speciation Paper

Summarize three methods that could produce a new species from
an existing species and provide examples, in 700 to 1050 words. Include
a summary and specific examples:
Allopatric speciation
Sympatric speciation
Polyploidy
Include at least three references.
Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines
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BIO 240 Week 4 Natural Selection Paper (UOP)
Write a 1,500- to 1,800-word paper that describes Darwin’s mechanism
of evolution by natural selection.

Include the following points in your paper:
· An explanation of Darwin’s assumptions and inferences based on his
major observations.
· An example of how natural selection may have worked in a population
(for example, moth in New England, drug-resistant bacteria, giraffes,
finches in the Galapagos Islands, or another species you select)
· An explanation of how adaptations help species survive such as
mimicry and camouflage. Give examples of several adaptations and
explain how they enhance survival of the species.
· What evidence is there to support Darwin’s theory of evolution by
natural selection? Describe the evidence.
Include a reference page with at least three outside references.
Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.
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BIO 240 Week 5 Human Evolution Paper and Presentation
(UOP)
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Prepare a 2,000 to 2,500-word paper, with at least five outside
references, in which you examine evolution of our species as we spread
across the world.
In your paper, be sure to include the following items:
- The origin and evolution of vertebrates.
- Description of the primate adaptations for living in trees.
- Comparison of the three main groups of primates, noting examples of
each.
- An explanation as to why it is incorrect to consider: (a) chimpanzees as
our ancestors, (b) human evolution as a ladder, and (c) human traits
evolved together.
- Description of the traits of and the relationships between each of the
following species: Australopithecus afarensis, Homo habilis, Homo
erectus, and Homo sapiens.
Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.
Submit your Human Evolution paper.
As a learning team, create a20-25-slide Microsoft® PowerPoint®
presentation in which you address each of the above points in your
paper. Your presentation will require presenter notes to go with it, and
should be able to convey the “story” of human evolution as described in
your paper, and as it relates to us. You will need to include at least five
outside references.
Submit your Human Evolution PowerPoint® presentation
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