2. Process Questions:
1. Are you familiar with the picture?
2. What element/s of the picture captured your attention?
3. What branch of social science is responsible for this picture?
5. ANTHROPOLOGY
Greek words:
Anthropos = “man”
Logos = “study or inquiry”
• Anthropology is the study of humankind.
• A discipline that examines aspects of
human existence and accomplishments.
6. FOUR MAJOR FIELDS OF
ANTHROPOLOGY
•Cultural Anthropology
•Linguistic Anthropology
•Biological (or Physical
Anthropology
•Archeology
7. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
• The study of human
culture.
• Studies cultural variations
develop across different
societies and examines the
need to understand culture
in its own context.
Examples: human beliefs,
behaviors, symbols
9. BIOLOGICAL OR PHYSICAL
ANTHROPOLOGY
• Studies the origins of humans as well as the
interplay between social factors and the processes
of human evolution, adaptation, and variation
over time.
10. ARCHEOLOGY
• Studies the prehistoric
societies by studying
their tools and
environment.
• The study of humanly
altered material
culture or artifacts.
11. Herodotus of Halicarnassus
• – wrote detailed narratives about West Asia and
Egypt.
• Anthropology needs to strike a balance between
finding commonality or highlight the difference.
• Anything foreign is immediately rejected.
• But the difference among people is accounted for
by the difference in the environment and life
circumstances.
13. ETHNOGRAPHY
• Ethnography means to write about a
particular culture.
• Creswell (2009) defines ethnography as a
strategy of inquiry in which the researcher
studies an intact cultural group in a natural
setting over a prolonged period of time by
collecting, primarily, observational data.
14. PARTICIPANT
OBSERVATION
• Anthropologists use various
degrees of participant
observation, from full
participation in ongoing activities
to passive observation within the
locations of interest.
15. INDIVIDUAL IN-DEPTH
NTERVIEW
• In-depth interviews using open-ended questions aim
to capture the mental and experiential world of the
informant.
• Individual interviews allow participants to tell their
stories, uninterrupted, in a detailed and coherent
manner, without worrying about what their peers
may think (as in a focus group).
16. FOCUSED-GROUP
DISCUSSION
• The focus group is a group interview method useful for
obtaining information on relatively unstudied topics for
which the full range of relevant domains is not known and
the dynamic interaction among participants is of interest.
• The discussion often elicits information and insights that
might not be gained from an individual interview, including
the colloquial ways in which participants speak with one
another about working in or seeking care from the practice.
17. HISTORICAL METHOD
• In historical method, the origin,
development and gradual evolution of
institutions, societies and cultures are
studied.
• Sources of historical method:
Folklore, monuments, inscriptions,
autobiographies, coins, materials kept in
archives,travelogues and museum specimens.
18. COMPARATIVE METHOD
• Comparative method refers to the
method of comparing different
societies, groups or social institutions
within the same society or between
societies to show whether and why they
are similar or different in certain
aspects.
19. If you are an
anthropologist, what
specific Filipino tradition
will you be interested into?
22. Group Activity:
• Group yourselves into 5 groups.
• Identify the things that you can’t live
without.
• Classify them into needs or wants.
• List at least 10 needs and 10 wants.
• Present it to the class.
24. ECONOMICS
• Greek words:
oikos “home”
nomos “management”
• Economics is the study of the efficient
allocation of scarce resources in order to
satisfy unlimited human needs and wants.
25. ECONOMICS
•Factors of Production – Economic
resources that can be used to produce goods
and services.
Land
Labor
Capital
Entrepreneurship
26. FACTORS OF PRODUCTION
•Land – anything that comes from
nature and which gives life and
support to all living creatures. Ex.
timber resources, clean air, water.
- also refers to immovable properties
where industries are built.
27. FACTORS OF PRODUCTION
•Labor – refers to any human
effort exerted during the
production process which
includes physical exertion,
application of skills or talent or
exercise of intellectual faculties.
28. FACTORS OF PRODUCTION
•Capital – refers to anything that can
be used to create or manufacture
goods and services.
•Examples of capital goods are
buildings, infrastructures, machines
and other tools used in the
production process.
29. FACTORS OF PRODUCTION
•Entrepreneurship – refers to the
ability to organize all the other factors
of production in order to carry out
effectively the production process.
• This skill involves ability to organize,
take risk, introduce a new product, and
generally create something of value.
30. TWO BRANCHES OF
ECONOMICS
• Microeconomics – “study of the choices
made by economics actors such as
households, companies, and individual
markets”
• Macroeconomics – “examines the
behavior of entire economies”
(Pennigton 1999, 3)
31. MICROECONOMICS
• Focuses on how individual
consumers and firm make
decisions; these individuals can be
a single person, a household,
business/organization or a
government agency.
32. MICROECONOMICS
• Microeconomics focuses on supply
and demand, and other forces that
determine price level, making it a
bottom-up approach.
• It also studies firms that produce the
goods and services, and the industries
from which the firms operate.
33. MICROECONOMIC
PRINCIPLES
• Maximizing Utility – individuals make decisions to
maximize their satisfaction.
• Opportunity Cost – individuals calculate the cost
of forgoing the next best alternative.
• Diminishing Marginal Utility – describes general
consumer experience that the more you consume of
something, the lower the satisfaction you get.
34. MICROECONOMIC
PRINCIPLES
• Supply and Demand
- Market Supply refers to the total amount of a certain
good or service available on the market to consumers.
- Market Demand refers to the total demand for the
good or service.
- The interplay of supply and demand helps determine
prices for a product or service, with higher demand and
limited supply typically making for higher prices.
35. MICROECONOMIC
PRINCIPLES
• Law of Demand
- If all other factors remain equal (Ceteris
Paribus), the higher the price of a good, the less
people will demand for that good.
- Factors Affecting Demand: Number of available
substitutes, consumer preferences, the shifts in
the price of complementary products
36. MICROECONOMIC
PRINCIPLES
• Law of Supply
- The higher the price, the higher the
quantity supplied.
- Factors Affecting Supply: Production
capacity, production cost, number of
competitors
37. MACROECONOMICS
• Studies the overall
economy on both national
and international level.
• Macroeconomics takes a
top-down approach and
looks at the economy as a
whole, trying to determine
what the economy should
look like.
• It focuses on changes in the
price level across all
markets.
• Foreign Trade
• Government Fiscal And
Monetary Policy
• Unemployment Rates
• Inflation
• Interest Rate
• Gross Domestic Product
• Business Cycles
38. MACROECONOMIC
PRINCIPLES
• National Income – The area of
macroeconomics analyses the wealth a
nation generates.
e.i., Gross National Product, Gross
Domestic Product and Net National
Income
39. MACROECONOMIC
PRINCIPLES
• Inflation – the study of how the cost of
goods and services rises as time goes on.
• It is a complex area of economics but the
consensus among leading modern
economists is that it’s desirable for inflation
to be kept at a low or steady rate as near to
zero as possible.
40. MACROECONOMIC
PRINCIPLES
• Economic Output – The study of goods
and services which a national economy
produces.
• International Trade – The area of
macroeconomics that looks at the trade
that occurs between nations in terms of
goods, services, and raw materials.
41. Father of Economics
• Adam Smith –
renowned as the Father
Of Modern Economics
and a major proponent
of laissez-faire.
• Also known as the
Father of Capitalism.
42. Father of Economics
• His famous work An Inquiry into the Nature and
Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776) contributed
to the theory of price formation, the relationship of
market outcomes and public interest, the role of state
in the economy, and the sources of economic growth.
• Laissez-faire – “leave alone” – the market
equilibrium is reached when buyers and sellers are
free to move on their own without the intervention of
the government.
45. OBSERVATION
• The observation is a method by means
of which the researcher chooses,
challenges, registers and codifies,
according to certain rules, behaviors,
facts, events or happenings specific to
the community observed in compliance
with the research goal and objectives.
46. INTERVIEW
• The interview is one of the most
elementary forms of data collection
which involves asking people
questions and receiving answers from
them. It is a mode of communication
used in various domains.
47. FOCUS-GROUP DISCUSSION
• The focus-group aims to get as
minutely as possible the attitudes,
beliefs, feelings, experiences and
reactions of respondents in a way
less specific to the qualitative
methods be it observation or
interview.
48. DOCUMENTARY ANALYSIS
• The documentary analysis represents the
most used source of information for
researchers especially due to resource
saving reasons: time, money etc. The
documentary analysis can contain the
analysis of certain reports, yearly books
and all the details related to a project.
49. CONTENT ANALYSIS
• The content analysis involves
systematic classification and
counting of text units to distil a large
amount of material into a short
description of some of its features
(Bauer, 2000).
51. Activity:
• Make your own budget plan for this week.
• Write your total weekly allowance and itemize your daily
expenses.
Questions:
1. Is your weekly allowance enough for your expenses?
Why or why not?
2. Do you consider yourself a wise consumer when it
comes to spending money?
3. To which category does your expenses fall: needs or
wants?
