Dissertation

Scott Gibb The evolving role of the Quantity Surveyor in the post recession economy Page 1
Engineering and Environment
MSc Distance Learning Programmes
“The evolving role of the Quantity Surveyor in the post recession economy”
BE1275
Dissertation
Prepared by Scott Gibb (12034714)
Word Limit Counting 18,981

Table of Contents
Abstract Page 4
1.1 Introduction Page 5
1.2 Rationale Page 6
1.3 Hypothesis Page 6
1.4 Aim ofDissertation Page 6
1.4.1 Specific Objectives Page 7
1.4.2 Measureable Objectives Page 7
1.4.3 Attainable Objectives Page 7
1.4.4 Realistic Objectives Page 7
1.4.5 Time Based Objectives Page 7
1.5 Outline Methodology Page 8
1.5.1 Primary Research Page 8
1.5.2 Case Studies Page 8
1.5.3 PESTEL Analysis Page 8
1.5.4 Analysis of Data Page 9
1.5.5 Project Conclusion Page 9
2.1 LiteratureReview Page 10
2.2 Banking Sector contribution towards Recession Page 10
2.3 Government Intervention towards the Recession Page 10
2.4 Safeguarding the Construction Industry Page 11
2.4.1 People and Skills Page 11
2.4.2 Access to Finance Page 12
2.5 Quantity Surveyor Overview Page 12
2.6 Evolving Role of the Quantity Surveyor Page 12
2.7 Reasons for Change within the Construction Industry Page 14
2.8 New Method of Measurement Page 15
2.8.1 Impact on Organisations within the Construction Industry Page 16
2.8.2 NRM Approach Impact on the Construction Industry Page 16
2.8.3 NRM Approach Impact on the role of the Quantity Surveyor Page 16
2.9 Quantity Surveying Role Post Recession Page 16
2.9.1 Employment Opportunities Post Recession Page 18

3.1 Methodology Design Page 19
3.2 Scullion Case Study Page 19
3.2.1 Viable Systems Model (VSM) Page 19
3.2.2 Whole Life Costing Page 19
3.3 Kalmar Construction Page 20
3.4 Innovation and Evolution Page 21
3.4.1 E-tendering Innovation Page 21
3.4.2 Building Information Modelling Process (BIM) Innovation Page 21
3.4.3 Organisational Learning Page 21
3.4.4 Sustainability Page 22
3.5 Evolution of the Construction Industry Page 22
4.1 PESTEL Analysis Page 24
4.2 Political Factors Page 24
4.3 Economic Factors Page 25
4.4 Social Factors Page 25
4.5 Technological Factors Page 26
4.6 Environmental Factors Page 27
4.7 Legal Factors Page 27
5.1. Primary Research Page 29
5.1.1 Research Limitations Page 29
5.1.2 Interview Research Questions Page 29
5.2 Interview Analysis Page 30
5.2.1 Sustainability Page 30
5.2.2 Increased Responsibility within the Job Role Page 30
5.2.3 Advances in Technology Page 31
5.2.4 Due Diligence Page 31
5.2.5 Competition within the Construction Industry Page 31
6.1 Conclusion Page33
6.1.1 Changes in the Construction Industry Page 33
6.1.2 Evolution of the Role of the Quantity Surveyor Page 33
6.1.1 Employment Opportunities Post Recession Page 34
7.1 Recommendations Page 35
8.1 References Page 36
9.1 Working Plan Page 37

“The evolving role of the Quantity Surveyor in the post recession economy.”
Abstract
The aim of this report is to determine the impact that the economic recessionhashad uponthe evolving role ofthe
QuantitySurveyor in the post recessioneconomy, andwhat measureshave beenimplementedto s trengthenthe
pivotal role the QuantitySurveyor delivers towards the overall successof projects within the construction industry.
To determine the impact that the economic recessionhashaduponthe evolving role ofthe QuantitySurveyor the
following task willbe carriedout;
 DetailedLiterature Review to gaina knowledge repositoryof the topic area, andgainanunderstandingof
the role of the QuantitySurveyor for the researchof the report to be formulated.
 Secondaryresearch in the form of a Pestel analysisto highlight the areas that are affecting the construction
industryandhow they have impactedthe role of the QuantitySurveyor. The contributing factors that have
shapedthe evolving role ofthe QuantitySurveyor andits current position.
 Case studieswill be highlightedof innovative strategiesthat are beingadoptedbyconstruction companies
to helpto towards growthwithinthe industry. The role of QuantitySurveyor will be scrutinisedto identify
how this has evolvedtowards implementinginnovative strategies.
 Collating all data to understandifthere are anytrends that are emerging in relationto successfully
answeringthe researchquestions that have beenset.
 Conclusionof the report detailing the findings of the researchthat has beenperformedandhowtheyrelate
to the hypothesis of the report, also providingrecommendations where applicable.

1.1 Introduction
The UnitedKingdom experienced in2008 the deepest recessioninterms of lost output, since quarterlydata was first
published in1955. The impact ofwhichaffectedall areasof the economy, however the manufacturing and construction
areas were particularlyaffected. The recession also impactedmanyof the G7 countries;however the UnitedKingdom was
in recession the longest andwas the last to exit recession, this highlights the extent to whichthe UKwas affected. The UK
exitedthe recessionin
In terms ofthe constructionindustryit is one of the largest sectors within the UKeconomy, it contributesto almost £90
billionto the economyin value added, withanestimated10% of total UKemployment. Therefore it plays a pivotal part in
trying to revitalise the UKeconomyandprovide a platform for economic growth to be achieved.
The topic area waschosendue to its prominence withinthe construction industryinthe current climate, therefore it will
provide aninformative insight intofuture employment opportunities within the construction industry. The impact of the
recessionuponthe construction industrywas severe, therefore being able to highlight the severityof the recessionwill
allowfor it to be gaugedthe employment opportunities that exist within construction industry, and to highlight its ability
for growth in the comingyears
Therefore this report has beenassembledto tryand gauge the overall impact of the economic recessionuponthe
constructionindustrywith the primaryfocus on the role ofthe QuantitySurveyor. Understanding the current positionof
the constructionindustrywill provide a platform for the evolving role ofthe QuantitySurveyor to be identified. The
ultimate objective will be to assessthe criterion that is now neededto become a successful candidate as a Quantity
Surveyor, andthe employment opportunitieswithinthe industrypost recession.
In order to fullyaddressthe topic area, “The evolvingrole of QuantitySurveyor andthe impact ofthe Economic Recession
towards this,” a systematic process will be usedto cover all areas andprovide a comprehensive conclusion. The process
will include carrying out a literature review, to provide a knowledge repositoryof the subject area; thisknowledge will then
be usedto carryout the interview stage and obtainthe necessaryprimarydata to successfullyconclude the report.

1.2 Rationale
The rationale for the chosentopic area wasdue to the prominence of the economic recessionwithinthe construction
industry, alsoalongside industriesaffiliatedwith the constructionindustry, understandingthe impact that the recession
has had, willallowfor it be identifiedthe measures that have beentaken to ensure the QuantitySurveyor has important
role to playinstrengthening the positionof the construction industrypost recession.
The report therefore seeks to understand the affects of the economic recessionupon the constructionindustry, withthe
primaryfocus uponthe role of the QuantitySurveyor. The purpose of this is to assessif quantitysurveying is a viable
optionfor employment withinthe UnitedKingdom, andifthere are increased employment opportunities within the
industrysince the recent economic recession. The report will lookat areas that were predominantlyaffectedbythe
recessionto gauge ifthe skills sets requiredto become a QuantitySurveyor have evolved, andwhat skillsandcompetences
are required for anindividualto become a viable candidate inthe role of a QuantitySurveyor.
Also understandingthe current positionof the constructionindustry willallowfor it to be forecasted the demandfor
employment andhowconstructioncompanies have successfullynegatedthe recession to allow a strong foundationpost
recession. It willbe poignant to highlight constructioncompaniesthat have adopted innovative approachesto allowfor
growth to be stimulated, inan industrythat has beenseverelyaffectedbythe recent financial crisis. This will allowfor it to
be identifiedwhat companies are looking for whenrecruitingindividuals to work withintheir dynamic organisation, and
the skills that are necessaryto succeed.
Finally, it willimportant to understandwhether the constructionindustryhas learned fromprevious mistakes, and has
implemented the appropriate safeguards to ensure the industryis protectedagainst future financial failings. These
safeguards relate to successfully planningfor the future, integrating contingencyplans, andencouragingsustainable
growth. How these safeguards have beenimplemented, and howtheyenable for industryto flourishand to allow the
constructionindustryto remainas one of the UK’s most valuable industries, contributing towards revitalising the UK
economy. Identifyingthe safeguards that have beenimplemented will allowfor increased knowledge of the rolethe
QuantitySurveyor andthe parameters that theywork within, therefore this ties backintothe rationale of the report to
gainanunderstanding of the criteria required to become a successful candidate as a QuantitySurveyor, andmaximise the
opportunitiesof gaining future employment within the UnitedKingdomconstructionindustry.
1.3 Hypothesis
How has the role of the Quantity Surveyor evolved post the recent economic recession in the United Kingdom?
 Have there beenanyenforced changeswithin the Constructionindustry due to the recent economic recession,
and have theyhadanimpact uponthe evolvingrole of the QuantitySurveyor?
 Has the role ofthe QuantitySurveyor evolved as by-product of the economic recession, interms of being more
complex innature andthe competencesthat are now required to become a QuantitySurveyor?
 The employment opportunities nowwithin the construction industry post recession, inparticular withinthe role
of the QuantitySurveyor?
1.4 Aim of Dissertation
The overall aim of the dissertationis to identifythe elvolvingrole of the QuantitySurveyor, post the economic recession,
and its functionto allow the constructionindustryto be revitalised. Inorder to identifythe current role ofthe Quantity
Surveyor, it willbe important to understand ifanyenforced changes have beenimplementedwithinthe construction
industry, to allow safeguards to be implemented to combat against anyfuture threats towards the sustainabilityof the
industry. Alsohowthe QuantitySurveyor’s positionhaschangedto react to the industry’s positionandthe skills now
required in becominga successful candidate withinthe QuantitySurveying field. Also as a by-product it will be possible to
gauge ifthere is renewedprosperitywithinthe constructionindustryandifthere is a demandfor employment as a
QuantitySurveyor.

In order to achieve the ultimate aim of the dissertation the SMART approach has been adopted insetting the parameters
for the objectives of the report. SMART translates to specific, measureable, attainable, relevant, andtime based. This
approachwill provide a framework to be created, allowing for the ultimate aim to be achievedinan efficient and concise
manner.
1.4.1 Specific Objectives
Specific objectives are to be defined, these are detailed below;
 Performing a PESTEL analysison the construction industryinorder to establishthe keyfactors that have
impacted the industryand as a result of the role ofthe QuantitySurveyor.
 Performance of both primaryand secondaryresearchto highlight innovative strategies that have been adopted
to stimulate growth in boththe UnitedKingdom andinternationallybasedconstructioncompanies. Pinpointing
these companiesto provide a blueprint ofhowgrowthcanbe stimulatedandthe QuantitySurveyors role within
this process, andtryandestablish the internal controlstheyhave implementedto combat anyfuture threats.
 Interviewing individual’s withinthe QuantitySurveying role as part of the primaryresearch ofthe re port to
highlight their perspectives into the evolving role of the QuantitySurveyor, andhowtheir core competences
have evolved post the economic recession. (Hannagan, 2004)
1.4.2 Measureable Objectives
The measureable aspect ofthe objectives will be inthe formof performing the primaryresearch effectively, withthe
dissertation based aroundqualitative information;the primaryresearch has takenplace in the formof semi-structured
interviews technique. Therefore to ensure the interviews were measureable the following steps have beentaken. Firstly
the interviews have beenrecordedconcisely, achieving this bystructuringthe interviews into a format that allowedfor
fluent flow, allowing appropriate notesto be taken. Secondlythe use a voice recording device to recordthe interviews, the
use of whichhas allowedfor all the relevant elements of the interviewto identified, this will ensure anyconclusions that
are reachedcanbe validated correctly. (Hannagan, 2004)
1.4.3 Attainable Objectives
When formulatingthe objectives it was considerediftheywere attainable, interms of obtaining the relevant information
from plausible sources, therefore I have been discussions withtwo constructioncompanies withinthe NorthEast to get an
insight into their views ofthe impact ofthe recession, andtheir strategies and positionpost recession. This will also
provide anopportunityto speakwiththe QuantitySurveyors ofthe two companies, to highlight if their jobroles have
changed, as a result ofthe economic recessiontowards the industry. Therefore withthese arrangements it will be possible
to successfullywork towards completing the detailed objectives that are set, andwill provide a platform to provide an
informative insight intothe industry, andmost poignantlyaccurately assessing the evolving role of the QuantitySurveyor.
(Hannagan, 2004)
1.4.4 Realistic Objectives
In terms ofthe objectives being realistic, the topic area is veryprominent withinthe current climate; there is increased
exposure of this within the media highlighting the growth of the economypost recession, thistherefore allows for
secondaryinformation to be obtained without difficulty. Coupledwith the primaryresearchthat hasbeen arranged it will
be possible for the objectives to be completedsuccessfullyandvalidatedwithreliable and empiricaldata.
1.4.5 Time BasedObjectives
The time basedaspect of the objectives is interlinkedwithinthe workingplan, which provides a structuredguide ofhow
the deadlines of the researchhave beenmet. The deadlines that were set allowedsufficient time for the completionof the
report in an efficient manner. (Hannagan, 2004)

1.5 Outline Methodology
The methodologyof completing the report hasbeen touched upon inestablishing the relevant objectives, however it will
be appropriate to provide a detailedstructure of howthe report hasbeen constructed inorder for all objectives to be
completedsuccessfully;
1.5.1 Primary Research
The primaryresearch of the report will be in the form of a qualitative interview technique adoptinga semi structured
approach, withQuantitySurveying professionals, workingwithin the Constructionindustry located in the North East of
England being securedto participate. The interviews willbe conducted withquestions relatedto the impact of the
recession andhow this affected their current role, and the evolutionof their skills andcompetences required to operate
within the industrypost recession. It has also beendiscussed the overallimpact onthe industryandits current position
post recession. Also obtainingrecommendations of how the industrycan safeguard against future failings, to ensure
employment with the industryis maintained. The aim ofqualitative research is to provide detaileddata, which is more
subjective andprovide validationto the conclusionof the report.
The qualitative approachwas adoptedfor the primaryresearch due to the topic area beingveryspecific andspecialisedto
a small demographic, therefore a quantitative approach would have beenunrealistic with it being difficult to obtaina large
amount of participants withthe relevant knowledge of the topic area. This factor consideredit wasthen deemed
appropriate that a qualitative approachto be adopted, allowing for a highlevel of specialiseddata to be collected from the
participants, as theyhave firsthandexperience of the changing nature of the constructionindustryandhow their roles and
core competences have evolved.
The interview process hasbeen establishedas being Semi-Structuredwithanagenda set prior to the interview, this allows
the interviewees to be preparedwithinthe necessaryinformationrequiredto effectivelyanswer the formulatedquestions.
The discussion willbe primarilybases aroundthe agenda;however the semi structured approachwill allow for flexibilityto
allowthe interviewees to raise points that are not directlyrelated to the agenda, but provide insightful informationinto
areas theyfeel willadd validationto the overallreport.
1.5.2 Case Studies
The second phase of the research of the report will be in the form of research intorelevant case studies;thiswill tryand
reaffirm the findings fromthe primary. The case studies will provide detailedinformation regardingthe objective of
highlightingthe changing nature of the constructionindustryand the innovative strategies and processesthat have been
adoptedbyconstruction companies, inorder for stimulationof growthpost recession, andhow role the QuantitySurveyor
has evolved withinthis model. Therefore this will allowfor aninsightful conclusion ofthe objective, andfor it to be
completedsuccessfullywithresourceful information.
The two maincase studies that will be analysed withinthe report are Kalmar Construction, andScullionproducedcase
study. The Kalmar Constructioncase studywillbe concerned withidentifying the necessarycontrols that have been
implemented to combat against the affects ofthe recent economic recession, and howthese changes have contributed in
moulding the evolvingrole of the QuantitySurveyor. Secondlythe case studyproducedbyScullion, whichdepicts the
implementationof service development withinanSME QuantitySurveying Practice, and examines the impact of
developing as well as expandingnew andinnovative services within a SME. This case studywill provide an understanding
of the technologies that are nowbeing adopted to spearhead the growth ofthe constructionindustry post recession, also
gaininganunderstanding ofthe evolving attributesrequiredbythe modern day QuantitySurveyor to operate andco-
ordinate these new technologies.
1.5.3 PESTEL Analysis
The final stage of the researchwill be throughthe performance of PESTEL analysis onthe constructionindustry to
understandthe affects ofthe economic and how this has shaped the industryinterms of ensuring long term sustainable
growth, how these factors canbe utilisedto create a competitive advantage, andallow for the industryto thrive post
recession. The PESTEL analysis will be focusedonthe construction industrybut willalso deliver a perspective of the role of
the QuantitySurveyor identifyinghowthe role has beenaffectedas a by-product of industryled factors andexternalities.

The informationobtainedthroughthe use of the Pestel analysis andthe relevant case studies will addvalidationto the
findings from the primaryresearch to allow the objectives of the report to be concluded effectivelyrecommendations.
1.5.4 Analysis of Data
After all data is collectedfrom the interview process and the secondaryresearch has beenperformed collected, theywill
be reviewedwith all beingdata collated. This willallowfor a strong knowledge repositoryto be obtaineduponthe subject,
and at thisstage it will then be possible conclude the report withstrong evidence to provide empiricalevidence and
provide convictionto any recommendations.
1.5.5 Project Conclusion
The conclusion of the Project willbe performed byproviding detailedfeedback upon the construction industry, highlighting
how the role of the quantityhas evolvedpost the economic recession. It will alsobe detailedanyrecommendations
towards what safeguards andmeasures that can be implementedwithinthe constructionindustryto protect against any
future failings, and allowthe construction industryto prosper to allow sustained growth, andemployment opportunities.
This stage will allow for the detailedempirical data obtainedinthe research phase ofthe project to be applied, therefore
this willallowfor informative and plausible recommendations to be made, with bothprimaryandsecondaryresearch
being collated before making anyconclusions.

2.1 Literature Review
In order to provide a knowledge base for the report it is appropriate for a literature review to be completed, this will allow
for secondaryresearch to be obtainedthroughreviewing appropriate literature. This will provide an increased
understanding of the topic area, whichcan thenbe usedwhenconducting the interview process to gain the primary
researchfor the project to be concluded;
2.2 Banking Sector contribution towards Recession
The UnitedKingdom experienced in2008 the deepest recessioninterms of lost output, since quarterlydata was first
published in1955. The impact ofwhichaffectedall areasof the economy, however the manufacturing and construction
areas were particularlyaffected. The impact of the recession uponthe construction wassevere, therefore beingable to
highlight the severityof the recessionwill allow for it to be gauged if there are increased employment opportunities within
the constructionindustry, andhighlightingthe industry’s abilityfor growth in the coming years. (www.parliament.co.uk)
To provide a basis ofthe report it will be important to understandthe underlying factors that were attributed to the
economic recession, InVaitillingam’s report detailing hisfindings fromeconomic andsocialresearchhe highlights the
extent to whichthe UKwas affectedbythe economic recession. It is identified that the recessionnot onlyinBritainbut
also worldwide was attributedto the collapse ofthe financial sectors, most notablythe banks, which investedtheir
reserves inassets that turnedout to be unsafe, illiquid, or evenworthless. As this problembecame more apparent,
domestic andforeignholders ofcapital withdrew their deposits, confidence inthe bankingsector hadbeen lost. This
resultedinthe banks reducing the amount ofloans theydistributed, therefore restrictingcompanies andindividuals
financing projects to re-invest withinthe economy. (Vaitillingam, 2010)
In order to boost the moneysupplyandtryand to regenerate the economy, central banks responded to the financial crisis
and the recessionbycuttinginterest ratesto unprecedentedlylow levels. Betweenthe dates October 2008 andMarch
2009 the bank of Englandreducedthe base rate from five per cent to 0.5 per ce nt, which the lowest it hadbeensince the
central bank wasfoundedin1694. Also the banks introduced“Quantitative Easing”, which translatesto assets being
bought, mainlygovernment bonds, andcreating the moneyto do so. The overall aim of whichis to increase the money
supplywithinthe economyandtherefore encourage investment, whichwill allow for redistributionof wealthandgenerate
increasedemployment opportunities withinthe UK.
Vaitillingam’s report highlights the banks culpabilitytowards the economic recession inthe UK, which was attributedto
acquisitionof unsafe assets. The main affect of whichonthe construction industrywas that financing for projects became
increasinglymore difficult to secure, withthe banks lookingto minimise their risks due to their previous failings interms of
poor financial investments. (Vaitillingam, 2010)
2.3 Government Intervention towards the Recession
It has been consideredthe attributingfactors that triggeredthe economic recession however the Rhodes report details the
interventionthat the government have made to combat against this The Rhodes report details the economic policyand
statistics withinthe construction industry, he firstlyhighlights that the constructionwas particularlyaffectedduring the
recession, withoutput inthe sector falling faster than the whole economyin2008. However 2009 sawthe sector recover
faster thanthe whole economyas a whole, this has subsequentlyfollowedbybroadlyflat growthandanother contraction
in 2012. The report identifies the policies that the government implemented inorder to revitalise the sector. (Rhodes,
2012)
The labour government in power during the height of the recessionin2009 deviseda policyto bring forward capital
spendinginorder to support the constructionindustry. The November 2008 pre budget reportedstated;
“as part of the Government’s fiscal stimulus package, bring forward £3 billionof capitalspendingfrom 2010-11 into 2009-
10 and 2008-09 for housing, education, transport andother constructionprojects, supporting industriesandjobs across
the country.” (Rhodes, 2012)
The report thendocuments that the constructionindustrywas disproportionatelyaffected bythe economic downturnand
as a result existing spending programmes were brought forward as thiscould be done quickly, rather initiating new
projects that wouldtake time. This strategywas focuseduponproviding a temporaryboost, however was acknowledged

that this boost wouldbe offset infuture years. Programmes that were introducedas a result were firstlythe Kick-start
programme, whereby £1 billion wastargeted at stalledsitesto support the development of high-qualitymixedtenure
developments. Secondlysocial housingnew buildprogramme provided £460 million funding for local authorities to deliver
new social housing onlandtheyalreadyowned. (Rhodes, 2012)
Although this policyhad the correct intentions to positivelyboost the constructionindustry, it was short sighted anddid
take intoconsiderationcontrolsthat could have beenimplementedto ensure longevitywithinthe Industry. This is
indicatedinthe figures publishedin the Rhode’s report witha recoveryin 2009, followedbybroadlyflat growthand
contractionin2012, this therefore leads to the current strategyadoptedbythe coalitiongovernment, to ensure the
industryis safeguarded.
The policythat has beenintroducedinbythe coalitiongovernment its “Planfor Growth”, whichwas publishedalongside
the budget inMarch 2011. The document planfor growth highlights the importance ofinvestment within the in
infrastructure projects and house building for the UKeconomy. The government announceda number of actions to assist
the constructionindustryinparticular, alongside more general measures to reduce regulations andreform the planning
system.
The mainmeasures introducedbythe government via the planfor growth were aimedto support house building. The First
Buyprogramme wasintroduced to assist withthe purchase ofa newbuild properties, achieving thisbyprovidingequity
loans, jointlyfunded withhouse-builders The Government have stated that thiswouldhelp at least 10,000 first time
buyers. The Government alsoannouncedthat theywouldaccelerate the release of public sector land, inorder to
encourage newhomes beingbuilt. Reforms to stampdutyland tax rules appliedto bulk purchases were announcedto
reduce a barrier to investment inresidential propertyinorder to promote the supplyof private rentedhousing. (Rhodes,
2012)
These reforms implementedbythe coalition government, highlighted withinthe report are informative andprovide a clear
and transparent directionof how the government plans to revitalise the constructionindustry. It appears there is a longer
term plan inplace to ensure that the constructionindustryis safeguardedandutilised to create a platform for the UK
economyto sustainlong term growth. The role of the QuantitySurveyor will playan integral part in contributingtowards
these programmes, andas by-product in activities withinthe constructionindustry, employment opportunities willbecome
more accessible.
2.4 Safeguarding the Construction Industry
In the report compiledbyRees, An economic analysis of the sector, it reviews the latest evidence to highlight the key
drivers and barriers to UKgrowth in the construction industry, to allowfor sustainedgrowth and safeguards to be
implemented to ensure continuedsuccess. The report identifies that there are four factors that are going to affect the
demandwithin the constructionindustry, these include: globalisation, demographic changes, anddemandfor green and
sustainable construction.
The latter two markets, greenandsustainable construction are highlighted as the ways inwhich the construction industry
can exploit to allowfor sustained growthto be achieved. To ensure thesemarkets are exploited effectivelythe UKneeds to
ensure that the following factors are inplace, People & Skills, Access to Finance, andInnovationCapabilities. If these areas
are deployedeffectivelythe UKconstructionindustrywill allowfor a competitive advantage to be createdand allowfor
growth to be stimulated. (Rees, 2013)
2.4.1 People and Skills
The Rees compiledreport focuses uponhow having a skilled and flexible workforce is imperative towards the construction
industry’s abilityto ensure longterm success is achieved. Currentlywithinthe UKthere is evidence that there are an
increasedpercentage of individuals withinthe industrythat have higher level qualifications. However there hasbeen a fall
in apprenticeship completions withinthe industryinthe last three years. Therefore this suggests the industryhas still a
long wayto go inorder to produce the level ofskilled individuals neededto sustaincontinued growth

2.4.2 Access to Finance
Access to finance was toucheduponin Vaitillingam’ s report, however this is further discussedwith the Reescompiled
report, which establishesthe main difficulties for a large proportionof companieswithin the constructionindustry. One of
the mainstumbling blocks for the constructionindustryas a whole in order to expandis the abilityto access the right type
of finance. This issue arises as manyconstructioncompaniesare considered to be highrisks, andtherefore finance
packages are either refusedor become too expensive. However there is aid available to construction companies, exposure
of financial initiatives andexisting government support programmes need be more activelypromoted.
2.5 Quantity Surveyor Overview
After reviewing the impact of the economic recessionuponthe constructionas a whole it is now important to focus
primarilyon the role of the QuantitySurveyor, andfirst of all assessits origins to then provide an overviewof the evolving
role of the QuantitySurveyor. To provide a groundingof the role of the QuantitySurveyor, the Royal Institute ofChartered
Surveyors (Rics) published a report entitled “The future role ofthe QuantitySurveyor, whichdefinedthe work ofthe
QuantitySurveyor;
“Ensuring that the resources of the constructionindustryare utililised correctly, to the best advantage of societyby
providing, inter alia, the financial management for projects anda cost consultancyservices to the client and designer
during the whole constructionprocess.”
The report was sought to identifythe distinctive competenciesor skillsof the QuantitySurveyor associated withthe
measurement andvaluation inthe wider aspects of the constructionindustry. This thenprovides the platformfor the
correct cost management of the project inthe context of forecasting, analysing, planning, controlling, andaccounting. The
report highlights that thisis no longer anaccurate description ofthe QuantitySurveyor as it has rapidlyevolveddue
market factors and changes in industrydemands. (Ashworth, 2013)
This is further summarised in(WillisandTrench, 1999), “the prime role of the QuantitySurveyor pivots aroundthe aspect
of cost control ofprojects). Frominceptionto completionnecessitates a detailedknowledge of contractor’s prices,
experience ofthe construction process and anabilityto foreseethe likelyeffect of economic trends.”
2.6 Evolving Role of the Quantity Surveyor
The QuantitySurveying role hasevolvedsignificantlyover the decades, it has beenidentifiedthat the original role of
quantifyingresources has expanded, and the scope of the works performedbythe QuantitySurveyor have changed
dramaticallyinrecent times. The QuantitySurveyor is nowexpectedto contribute throughout the project lifecycle, andto
certainextent ina managerial capacity, overseeing the project to ensure the resourcesare allocated correctly, also
performing a wider spectrum of duties, therefore inorder to showcase the evolutionof the role of the QuantitySurveyor
the below tabledemonstrates the significant changes that the role of the QuantitySurveyor hasundergone to become
efficient within the current industry.
Table 1:Chronologyof Developments inBuildingEconomics (Ashworth, 2004)
Date Building Economics Other Developments Practice
Pre-
1960’s
BuildingBulletin:Cost Study1957
Buildingprice books
RICS Cost Research Panel
Post war buildingboom Approximate estimating
Bill of Quantities
Final accounts
1960’s Cost studies of elements
Cost limits andallowances
Value for moneyin building
BuildingCost Information Service
The Wilderness Group
Cost benefit analysis Element bills
Operational bills
Cut and shuffle
Cost planning
Standardphraseology
1970’s Cost in use
Cost modelling
Contractors estimating
Cost control
Measurement Conventions
Data Co-ordination
Buildingmaintenance
information
Build ability
Value-added tax/taxation
Bidding Strategies
Computer bills
Formula methods of price
adjustment
Cash flowforecasting
Engineering andconstruction

Computer applications
Undergraduate surveying
degrees
1980’s Lifecycle costing
Cost data explosion
Cost engineering techniques
Accuracyin forecasting
Value engineering
Co-ordinatedproject information
Procurement systems
Europeancomparisons
Construction industryanalysis
Post graduate education
Single point responsibility
Informationtechnology
Project management
Post-contract cost control
Contractual procedures
Contractual claims
Design andbuild
1990’s Value management
RiskAnalysis
Qualitysystems
Expert systems
IT in Construction
Knowledge Management
Fee competition
Diversification
Blurring ofprofessional
boundaries
Development appraisal
2000’s Benchmarking
Added value in buildinganddesign
Whole-life costing
Rethinking construction
Lean construction
Facilities management
WithinFanous’s report he identifies 9 integral rolesandresponsibilitiesassociated witha traditional QuantitySurveyor
these are listedas;
1) Providing approximate cost estimates
2) Advice on procurement
3) Cost planning
4) Measuring Items onsite
5) PreparingBills ofQuantities
6) Preparingschedules of works
7) PreparingFinancial Statements
8) Controlling Cost Throughout the Project Lifecycle
9) AssessingandNegotiatingTenders
Fanous later identifiesthat the role of QuantitySurveyor has evolved rapidlyover time, and it hasbeen accelerated bythe
economic recession, with diversityin skillsnowessential to the moderndayQuantitySurveyor. Thisis attributed to the
financial crisis, withorganisations assigning increased responsibilityto the QuantitySurveyor inorder to reduce costs in
employing multiple individuals to carryout the necessaryworks. The greater the skills sets of the QuantitySurveyor will
positivelyimpact the organisation, which will inturn create increased employment opportunities. (Fanous, 2012 Page 5)
It is alsoidentified byFanous that the Quantitysurveying profession has beenable evolve and diversifyinto newareasof
practicing, providing a wider range of services, with the modern QuantitySurveyor covering all aspects of project cost
management, procurement andcontract management. However despite the evolved roles that the QuantitySurveyor is
now able to conduct, the traditional rolesthat have been highlighted are the foundation of the profession, andare
essential to the successof the QuantitySurveyor. (Lee, TrenchandWillis, 2011).
Fanous alsodetails the most prominent changeswhichhave occurred due to the evolution of the role ofQuantitySurveyor
and whichhave been accelerated due to the demands of the economic recession; (Fanous, 2012)
1. Investment Appraisal
2. Analysis ofFinancial Risks
3. Project Planning
4. Contractual Dispute Resolution
5. FacilitiesManagement
6. Project Management
7. Insurance Valuations
8. ProvidingInsolvencyServices
9. Measuring EnvironmentalImpact andCosts
10. Managing Maintenance Programmes
11. Cash Flow AccountingForecasts

These roleshighlight the changingnature of the QuantitySurveyor and identifythat there is diversifyingskillsthat are now
requiredto satisfythe requirements of the ever changingconstructionindustry.
2.7 Reasons for Change within the Construction Industry
It has been discussedthe QuantitySurveyors initialrole andhowit hasevolvedbut it is alsoimportant to consider the
reasons the role haschanged, this is highlighted inDavis, Langdon, and Everest ConsultancyGroups QS2000 report. The
report focuseson four mainareasthat have impacted the role ofthe QuantitySurveyor which has necessitateda change to
ensure role is fulfilling all requirements;
 Changes inMarkets- Evolving markets, reacting to changes internationally, andthe impact ofthe European
Unioninterms of regulations.
 Changes inthe constructionindustry- The changing nature ofthe contracting process providedan emphasis
upon management of construction, withother countries subcontracting to non-constructionbases
professionalsto oversee the works.
 Changes inclients needs- Emphasistowards delivering a successful package to meet the clients needs to add
value, therefore flexibilityis neededto meet this requirement.
 Changes inprofession- The report noted that employment patterns ofgrowthin graduate members, the impact
of fee competition, the wayin which the QuantitySurveyor is appointed, hasimpactedthe role of the Quantity
Surveyor.
Although the report cannowbeenconsideredobsolete to a certainextent, these factors can still be considered, andto
ensure that the role of QuantitySurveyor continues to evolve ina proactive manner, these factors will needto be
monitored to ensure that the client’s needs are met whilst newregulations are adheredtoo. (Ashworth, 2013)
These factors are alsoacknowledged inThayapara’s paper studywhichidentifies that the quantitysurveying sector has
transitionedsignificantlyinthe last decade, andalthoughthe quantitysurveyingrole was considered to be quantifying
constructionworks this hasprogressedinto undertakinga varietyof work rangingfrom performinginvestment appraisals
to the construction management andriskassessments.
“In addition, changes inmarket, construction industry, client needs andprofession posedthreats andopportunities to the
profession. QuantitySurveyors have, therefore, subsequentlybegun to explore new potential roles. Apart from the
traditional roles, QuantitySurveyors are expected to perform evolvingroles in the profession withincreased importance
and emphasis on meetingclients’ needs. The constant changesinthe roles theyperform inthe industrypose a challenge
for the quantitysurveyingprofessionalsto be competitive inthe construction labour market.” (Thayaparan, 2011, Page 2)
The literature that has beenreviewedthus far indicates that there hasbeen anindustrydrivenevolution ofthe quantity
surveying role, whichhas beentriggered bymarket forces, changes in client’s needs, andchangesinthe construction
industry. The role of the QuantitySurveyor has become allot more complex thenquantifying the resources needed for
constructionprojects to be completed, the QuantitySurveyor nowplays an integral part inthe dynamics of the
construction processof a project.
It has been statedthat the changes withinthe quantitysurveying professionhave evolveddue to the increasedoptions
available for acquiring resources for building projects, the increased complexityin building projects andthe large number
of contractualandlegal disputes whichoccur within the industry(AshworthandHogg, 2007)
These factors are consideredbyCartlidge, analysing past events to understandthe reasons change has occurredto allow
for measures to be implementedto protect against future failings, it is reviewed the downturn inthe periodbetween1990
and 1995. This recessionaryperiodwas catalyst was for manychangesinthe industry, andthe attitudesthat have been
adoptedbythose whoexperiencedthe period withinthe industry. Cartlidge highlights that the lessons learnedfrom the
recessionbetween1990 and1995 have beenusedtowards weatheringthe most recent recession in2009. This has
resultedinthe industrybeingable to implement provisions to stabilise the sector more easilythanwouldhave beenthe
case. (Cartlidge, 2011)
Cartlidge highlights that the main reasons for change mirror Thayapara’s paper study, that client dissatisfaction, changesin
technologywithin the construction industryand changes inregulations have been the catalyst for change. Therefore

controls needto be implementedfor organisations to successfullyreact to these changes. Cartlidge however states that
the boom and bust cycle willcontinue to occur, however inorder for the constructionto protect against future failings
lessons need to be learned, therefore the industrycan quicklyadapt to changing conditions, ensuringthat the industrycan
sustain growth. (Cartlidge, 2011)
There are five keydrivers that Cartlidge identifies that need to be achievedto ensure that constructionindustryis
maximising its potential, these are;
1) CommittedLeadership
2) Focus oncustomers
3) Integrationof process andteamaroundthe project
4) Commitment to people
5) A qualitydriven agenda
The four keyprojected processesthat are neededfor these drivers to be achievedare;
1) Partnering the supplychain-development of longterm relationships baseduponcontinuous improvement with
a supplychain.
2) Components andpart- a sustainedprogramme of improvement for the production and the deliveryof
components.
3) Focus onthe end product integration and focusingon the construction process onmeeting the needs of the end
user.
4) Construction process-the eliminationof waste.
Cartlidge highlights that these factors were prominent withinthe recession in the 1990’s were factored intocombating
against the most economic recessionwith construction. Althoughsimplistic to a certainextent these factors provide a
platform for the construction industryto operate efficientlyandensure that foundations are in place to encourage growth.
Therefore whenexperiencing change within the industryif these factors are instilledwithinan organisationtheywill be
able to adapt successfullywithstrong leaderships and communication channelsto co-ordinate the necessarychanges.
(Cartlidge, 2011)
Taking intoaccount the changes that have beenhighlighted in order for the constructionindustryto sustaingrowth, in
order to satisfythe criteria of reactingto changes withinthe industry, sustainabilityis a prominent factor. Cartlidge
highlights the importance of the role of the QuantitySurveyor within this area;
“Given the importance of sustainabilityassessments and the state of the art inassessments protocol, we candiscernthree
areas where the core skillsof a QuantitySurveyor can maximise whole life sustainabilityof the constructionsector;
sustainabilitypioneering indesign, achievingsustainabilityvalue inprocurement, andvaluing sustainabilityin
properties.”(Cartlidge, 2011)
These skills are nowessential to the moderndayQuantitySurveyor, as their role plays a key functionto ensuringprojects
are adhering to sustainabilityregulations, but alsoensuring that wastage in materials is minimisedto allowprofit margins
to be maximised, whichinturn willcontribute towards sustainabilityof growth.
2.8 New Method of Measurement
The methodof measurement that hasbeen used as a framework for QuantitySurveyors hasevolvedover the decades
therefore it is important to review the current frameworkthat is being adopted, and how this enables the Quantity
Surveyor to performtheir existing role efficiently
NRMApproachis a suite ofdocuments issuedbythe RICS QuantitySurveyingandConstructionProfessionalGroup,
produced in order to provide a standard set of measurement tools that are understandable to all stakeholders involved
within the constructionproject. The approachcovers the full lifecycle ofthe project, andprovides cost estimating, works
procurement andpost-construction procurement. (www.rics.org)

2.8.1 Impact on Organisations within the Construction Industry
The adoptionof this approachbythe organisations withinthe UKconstruction industrywill be advantageous, as the
approachis hopedto be acceptedworldwide, therefore this willallowfor the organisations to operate freelywithin the
UK, but also consider projects abroad. Withthe approach beinguniversal it willallowaccessibilityintodifferent countries
and allowopportunitiesfor growththat are currentlyunavailable. The newapproach is seenas being transparent and
allows for an improvedunderstanding bystakeholders, therefore projects to willbe completed more efficiently.
It is highlighted that the main disadvantage of the approach is the expense of it being implemented, however basedon the
increasedopportunities for growth andprojects being completed more efficiently, the framework provides a platform for
the industryas a whole to become more competitive. (Hannagan, 2004)
2.8.2 NRM Approach Impact on the Construction Industry
The framework is highlightedto have a positive impact onthe construction industry;this is firstlydue to the rationale of
the approachto provide central governments, localgovernments and other public sector bodies witha value for money
framework. This will allow for more accurate cost estimation, which will provide increasedreassurances to the banks in
fundingprojects. Secondlythe approach aims to developthe standardmethods of measurement andreportingfor
sustainabilityacross the property, landandconstructionsectors.
In summarythe approach provides a universallyaccepted andtransparent framework, whichpromotesfree trade between
companies ofallsizes, domesticallyandinternationally. Banks are more encouragedto borrow to the constructionindustry
with improvedcost estimation;therefore increasedrevenue within the industrywill stimulate growth, throughthe
generationof increased constructionprojects, which in turnwill create more jobs withinthe industry.
Finallythere will be stricter controls interms of sustainabilitythrough improvedmeasurement andreporting, therefore
companies willbe more efficient intheir useof materials. This willbenefit constructioncompanies financiallyas thiswill
helpreduce over estimations andmaterialsbeing wasted. Also this will generate a positive image of the construction
industry, activelylookingat ways to be more sustainable, which will improve consumer confidence withinthe industry.
(www.rics.org)
There are manyadvantages to the adoptionof the NRMapproach however the maindownside is the difficultyfor it to be
applieduniversallyas there are manyvaryingapproaches. However the mainemphasisof the approach is to promote best
practice, whichwilltherefore onlyproduce a positive impact on the construction industry as a whole.
2.8.3 NRM Approach Impact on the role of the Quantity Surveyor
It has been highlightedthe introduction ofthe NRMframeworkwill be advantageous to the construction, withthis due to
stricter controls, interms of sustainability, being implementedthroughimprovedmeasurement and reporting tools.
Therefore there will be anincreased onus onthe QuantitySurveyor in ensuring improvedefficiencyof projects, to work
towards reducingwastage andaddingvalue to the projects. (www.rics.org)
This aspect of the evolving role of the QuantitySurveyor has beenpreviouslysummarisedbyCartlidge identifying three
keyroles the QuantitySurveyor now plays, “sustainabilitypioneering in design, achieving sustainabilityvalue in
procurement, andvaluing sustainabilityinproperties.”(Cartlidge, 2011)
The framework therefore provides a platformfor the QuantitySurveyor to carryout their dutiesmore efficiently, however
with this there becomes more responsibility, withthe role of the QuantitySurveyor continuing to be an integral part
towards the project lifecycle.
2.9 Quantity Surveying Role Post Recession
It has been identifiedearlier withinthe literature reviewthe causes for the economic recession, the safeguards that have
been adoptedandthe evolutionof the QuantitySurveyor over time, this has provideda knowledge repositoryto
understandhowthe existingrole the QuantitySurveyor has beenshaped. Therefore Sonson’s (2013) report identifies the
current position of the QuantitySurveyor post the economic recession, andthe emergingroles that the QuantitySurveyor
is nowundertaking.

Sonson(2013) highlights the emerging rolesof the QuantitySurveyor with the use ofthe Rics competencies requiredby
QuantitySurveyors, the belowtable illustratesthe competencesrequiredbya modernday QuantitySurveyor alongside
the emerging competencies;Table 2.1:Competencies required by Quantity Surveyors for RICS APC
Competency Attribute
Mandatory Conduct rules, ethics andprofessionalpractice; Client care;
Communication and negotiation;Health andsafety;
Accounting principles and procedures;Business planning;
Conflict avoidance, management anddispute resolution
procedures;Data management;Sustainability;Team
working.
Core Design economics and cost planning;Contract practice;
Construction technologyand environmental services;
Procurement andtendering;Project financial control and
reporting;Quantification and costingof constructionworks.
Optional BIMmanagement;Capital allowances;Commercial
management of construction;Conflict avoidance,
management anddispute resolutionprocedures;Contract
administration;Corporate recoveryandinsolvency;Due
diligence; Insurance; Programmingandplanning;Project
evaluation;Risk management;Sustainability
Source:RICS (2014)
RICS (2014) has consideredthe role of the QS in terms of competenciesanddescribed “competencies” as the capabilities,
behaviours, knowledge, skills andattitudes requiredto performa specific functionwith competence. It hasgroupedthe
competencies required of the QuantitySurveyor seeking assessment ofprofessional competence (APC) i nto three distinct
categories: mandatoryor basic competencies, core competenciesand optional competencies as shown in table 2.1 above.
In this study, the role of QuantitySurveyor will be categorisedas traditionalandnon-traditional (evolvedandemerging)
roles. The RICS core competencies encompass are traditional rolesof QuantitySurveyor, while the optional competencies
encompass mainlythe evolvedroles and some emerging roles.
Most of the evolvedcompetencies shown intable 4.2 are emanatedfromthe RICS optional competencies intable 2.1
above. Accordingto Fanous (2012), the emerging roles inQS are areaswhichare being, or have recentlybeen introduced
into the QS profession and include Whole-life Costing(WLC) Assessments, Sustainability, and BIMmanagement.
Furthermore, strategic management andleadershipcompetencyis alsocurrentlyemerging andenablesthe Quantity
Surveyor to focus on the overallmanagement andthe strategic directionof their practice to achieve sustainable value
creationandto assume strategic leadershiproles inconstructionprojects.
In order to meet the clients’ requirements inthe 21st century, the QuantitySurveyor shouldpossess a blendof three pillars
of QS competencies:technical expertise, management and strategycompetencies, in additionto the mandatory
competencies. The QuantitySurveyors future role requires a deeper understanding of the strategic aspects ofcontext
relevant competencies. Examples include, inter alia, strategic cost management, strategic project management and
strategic risk management. (Sonson, 2013)
Sonson(2013) therefore highlights that the role of the QuantitySurveyor is progressive to meet the demandof modern
daybusiness requirements, andthe function ofprimarilybeing a cost accountant is nowobsolete. The role is nowmore
complex inits nature and requires a higher level ofcompetencesandunderstanding of the industry. Therefore this creates
role whichis essential to the constructionlifecycle, andinturn ensuresthe QuantitySurveyor hasa pivotal role post
recessionandbeyond.

2.9.1 Employment Opportunities Post Recession
Employment inthe propertyand construction industryis closelylinked to the state of the economyandintimes of
recessionjobs andwagesdecrease. However, according to the ConstructionIndustryTraining Board (CITB), looking ahead
to 2015, almost 75% of employers inthe sector intend to offer payrisesto their workers, reflecting rising activitylevels
within the UKconstruction industry. Contract andproject managers, QuantitySurveyors and site managers are among
those whoare currentlycommandingthe largest salaryrises.
Similarly, the October 2014 Future Trends surveyfrom the Royal Institute ofBritishArchitects (RIBA) shows overall
confidence levels about future workloadprospects are verypositive, especiallyin medium to large architectural practices.
In addition, government investment to address the lackof affordable housingshould, in the longterm, helpsupport jobs in
the constructionindustry.
Therefore this indicatesthe constructionindustryhas managed to overcome the severityof the economic recessionand
now is ina positive position, which bodes well for future employment opportunities withinthe industry, withthe quantity
surveying role centralto the industriesrevitalisation.

3.1 Methodology Design
It has been detailedearlier inthe report of the project researchwill be procured, throughthe use ofbothprimaryand
secondarydata collection. The first area that willbe focuseduponis relevant case studies, to highlight the changingnature
of the constructionindustry, andthe innovative strategies andprocesses that have beenadopted byconstruction
companies, in order for stimulationof growth post recession, and howrole the QuantitySurveyor hasevolved within this
model. The case studies will allow for an insight intoanswering the research questions that have beenset and add
validationto the findings from the primarywhich be highlightedinthe report.
3.2 Scullion Case Study
The case studyproducedbyScullion, Implementingservice development withinanSME QuantitySurveying Practice
examinesthe impact of developing as well as expanding new and innovative services withina SME - QuantitySurveying
practice. The research undertakeninvestigates the growing trends anddemands within the construction industryand main
underpinningdrivers for sustainable development.
3.2.1 Viable Systems Model (VSM)
The studyfocuses upon innovative strategiesto improve efficiencywithinthe organisation, thisis summarisedbythe
introduction ofthe Viable Systems Model(VSM);
The VSMhelps to appreciate whyanorganisationmaynot be viable andhow thisproblem can be rectified. It allows for
control mechanisms to be introducedreducing the complexityandensures that all functions are working effectively. This is
referredto as the Management byException;the weak aspects are focused upon while strong points can work
independentlywithout management. This process promotes sustainabilityandthe long term viabilitybybeing proactive.
(Scullion, 2011)
3.2.2 Whole Life Costing
The studyalsofocusesuponthe introduction ofwhole life costing;WLCCis aninvestment appraisal tool which considers
the value of a construction project over the selectedassessment period. It facilitates the determination ofthe best value
design solution;the provisionof a functional andeasilymanagedandflexibleasset andlong-term budgetaryforecasts are
calculated facilitating the generation ofa sinking fundto cover whole-life cycle costing throughout the life of the facility
(EFCA, 2003).
There are emerging drivers for the take upof wholelife cycle costing. Initiatives within the industry, suchas Latham
Reports (1994) andthe Egan Report (1998), have set the constructionindustrytargets for cost savings whichhave to be set
in the context ofwhole life cycle costing.
A whole life cycle costing approach encouragesdecision-making that takes account ofdurability, future runningcosts, and
maintenance requirements. The WLCtherefore is a tool for encouraging the designof assets that are more compatible
with the concept of sustainable construction.
Drivers & Benefits of Whole Life Costing;
 Aids withoptionappraisal of twoor more building alternatives
 Aids withthe building elemental decision making process
 The process canassist with Value Management
 In the public sector you needto demonstrate that WLCexercise has beencompleted
 Helps reduce costs inthe long run
 Predicts a realistic budget for maintenance andreplacement ofelements
 Leads to a more sustainable building
Traditionally, cost in use has beencalculated byusingLife Cycle Costing models. These have beenrelativelystatic
documents, used primarilyto compare different options as a “snapshot” at the beginning of a project, and used as a
decisionmakingtool. The Cost inUse model forms part of a Whole Life CostingManual, which is a dynamic document

which canbe usedboth at the outset of projects, andupdated throughout the life time of the building. The system is used
to show the level ofcapitaland revenue expenditure, inadditionto beinga cost management tool for the lifetime of the
building.
The Whole Life Cost approach and system is alsointendedto provide an extra stepinevaluating cost inuse, byproviding a
“log-book” of activities, showing when maintenance should be carried out throughout the life time of the building. This
type of proactive maintenance cangreatlyreduce the overallcost of building operations, andalsoprovides the client with
increasedcost certainty.
The whole life costingmodel allows anelemental breakdownof the constructionandoperating costs to be produced. The
systemalso includes a database of occupancycosts andlife expectancyof various elements. This allows us to quickly
produce a detailed breakdownof the whole life costs of a building. (Scullion, 2011)
This tool providesthe QuantitySurveyor withimproveddata throughout the project lifecycle; therefore theyhave are in
position to effectively oversee projects, and make value based decisions to ensure efficiencywithinthe project is
maximised and ensuring that project is within budget.
3.3 KalmarConstruction
The case studyKalmar Constructionwhichis authoredbyHayes Knight highlights the strategythat was adoptedbythe
constructioncompanyKalmar construction after affects of the 2008 downturn. The case studyfirst of all highlight that the
barometer for the healthwithin the construction industryis the profits duringboom times,but the industryis first to feel
the effects whenthe market weakens, andit’s sufferedsignificantlyinthe global financialcrisis. Therefore it’s the
organisations that cancope withdemands ofthe weakenedmarkets to sustaingrowththat willprosper;the case study
identifieshowKalmar Construction stayedaheadof the recession. (Knight, 2010)
“Reacting quickly and cleverlywhen business began to drop off has helped Kalmar Construction stay ahead of the
recession”.
Kalmar Construction hastakena multi-pronged approach, thinking outside of the box andbeing proactive inmaximising
their expertise andexperience, to maintainingits profit margins duringthe recession, andit’s a strategyother businesses
could learnfrom. Kalmar Constructionfirst felt the first signs of a downturn inearly2008, therefore to combat this first of
several strategieswas initiatedto helpthe companydiversify, subtlyshift its focus andoffset lost opportunities from
cancelledprojects. An effective first stepwas to formstrategic alliances withother contractors.
‘We aligned ourselves withbigger contractors or with those withdifferent types ofexpertise sowe could take onprojects
we normallywouldn’t,’ says Kay. ‘We have expertiseinhealthcare constructionsowe could lend that to others. On our
own, we wouldn’t usuallygo for a $200 million job – this waywe can.’ (Knight, 2010)
It is alsohighlightedthat diversification was an important tool in Kalmar Construction’s arsenal. WhenKalmar noticedthe
market easing, theymade moves to acquire a concrete and formwork subcontractor withwhichthey’d workedinthe past.
“We decidedthat if we could get Harbour Constructionas part of our group, we could build these structures ourselves and
cut out some of the margin. Theyhave carpenters and expertise that we didn’t have, so that nowallows us to buildmore
efficientlyandbe more competitive.” (Knight, 2010)
Kalmar has identifiedthat retaining its goodstaff as the company’s number one priority;
“If a client is happyat the endof the job, it means we’ve succeeded. To dothat you have to perform, andthat requires
competent people. We have great staffandwe want to look after them, especiallyduring the recession so that when
things pickupwe stillhave that A team.” (Knight, 2010)
The studyconcludes byidentifyingthat the tightening construction market means more jobs are beingtenderedsoprice is
now increasinglyimportant. While Kalmar Constructionmust remaincompetitive, Kayis adamant the companyhas to be
able to make a profit. Rather thancoming in withthe lowest price, theyprefer to differentiate themselves in terms oftheir
service, qualityandintegrity. (Knight, 2010)
The case studyhighlights that inorder to combat the affects of weakenedmarkets, inthis instance the recent economic
recessionit is necessaryto be proactive andimplement controls withinthe organisation to quicklyto adapt to the changing

environment. Diversification allows for the organisationto spreadtheir risk inuncertain times, therefore thisallows
increasedopportunities to create a competitive advantage withinthe industry. The most poignant factor that was
highlighted in the studyis that the employee’s of Kalmar Construction, are identifiedas being integral to the successful
operations ofthe organisation. Therefore this highlights that the component employees canbe playa pivotalpart in
delivering successtowards meeting the organisations objective.
In terms ofthis relating to the role of the QuantitySurveyor, the same principles canbe applied to whichKalmar
Construction have executedto sustain growth, beingproactive anddiversifying into different areas. The role of the
QuantitySurveyor hasevolvedsignificantlyover time, however it needs to be proactive andcontinue to diversifyto the
meet the demands of the industry, achievingthis will ensure that the quantitysurveying commoditywill thrive, and be an
integralpart withinthe constructionprocess.
Although this relates to the a periodwhenthe economywas in recession, the keyfundamentals of Kalmar construction’s
approachcanbe adopted at anystage, withit being annecessityfor the industryto be proactive insteadof reactive to
ensure that technologies andresources are being utilised, to ensure the prosperityof the industryand encourage growth
and job opportunities.
3.4 Innovation and Evolution
It has been discussedways inwhichthe constructionindustryhas triedto stimulate growth andthe approachesthat have
been adopted, it is important to review other innovative methods withinthe industry. Innovationis the processthat
includes improvements in processes, products and or services. It involves incorporating new ideas which generates
changes that help solve the needs ofa company or industry, whichwillallowfor a competitive advantage to be created. An
organisationthat has management culture that encourages innovationcan provide significant rewards whichinclude;
 Improvement in organisationof activities
 Improvement in the company’s competitivenessinthe mediumandlongterm
 Better integrationof the company’s management processes withinthe company’s overall strategy
 Efficient exploitationof the organisations knowledge
 Systematisation ofthe new process andproduct knowledge
 Client satisfaction
In order to generate aninnovative change it is necessaryto identifya needor opportunityfor innovation, achieving this by
analysingthe industryandhighlightingniche that canbe exploited. This exploitationwillwork towards achieving the
organisations objective andgrowthto be sustained. (www.designingbuildings.co.uk)
3.4.1 E-tendering Innovation
The most revolutionarychange withinthe industrywas inrelationto tendering, withthe introductionof e-tendering, which
has beenusedmost notablyonthe multibillionpound development for the Olympic GamesinLondon2012. Innovation in
tenderingcanoffer manyadvantages as it provide substantial resource savings to a major part of the supplychain, with the
keybenefits being enhanced communication, time savings and reduced costs (Stephenson& Tinsley, 2008). IT has aided
smaller companiesinallowing themto compete with their larger counterparts incertainareas. Thorpe et.al(1998) argues
that constructionhas yet to receive the full benefit of IT advancements comparedto other industries.
3.4.2 Building Information Modelling Process (BIM) Innovation
BuildingInformationModellingProcess has been a technological innovationwithin the construction industry;it canbe
described as a collaborative wayof working, underpinnedbythe digitaltechnologieswhichunlockefficient methods of
designing, creating andmaintaining assets. BuildingInformationModelling embeds keyproduct and asset data anda 3
dimensional computer that can be used for effective management of informationthroughout the project lifecycle, from
earliest concept through operation. Building Information modelling process will be discussed later within the report,
highlightingthe role it plays inimprovingefficiency. (HMGovernment,2012, Page 14)
3.4.3 Organisational Learning
Due to the competitive culture inthe constructionindustry, up until recentlythere has beena lackof "organisational
learning" whichpromotesthe sharing ofknowledge and experiences between companies (Barlow & Jashapara, 1998).
There has beenverylittle research into organisational learningbut Poyner and Powells (1995) report identifies its
importance inproviding competitive advantage whichis particularlyrelevant in the current climate.

3.4.4 Sustainability
The Gardiner andTheobaldcasestudyis focuseduponsustainabilityas it plays anintegralpart inthe current climate with
the constructionindustry. The QuantitySurveyor therefore needs to be proactive intheir role to ensure sustainabilityis
maximised, Gardiner andTheobald have createdwhat has beencalledthe TenCommandments, in order for sustainability
in designand construction, for QuantitySurveyors to useas a framework;(Gardiner, A. Theobald)
 Re-use existingbuildings:Re-using existing buildings reducescosts andis quicker.
 Design For minimumwaste:Make designs simple andwith re-use inmind.
 Aim for lean construction:Avoid over specificationanduse pre-assemblyandrepetitive components wherever
possible.
 Minimise energyinconstruction:Use minimumquantities andavoidenergyintensive materialslike aluminium
and cement.
 Minimise energyinuse: Make best use ofthe natural environment. For example, open and close windows,
rather than use air conditioning.
 Don’t pollute:Dispose of waste anddischarges sensibly. Make efficient use of the existingtransport
infrastructure.
 Preserve and enhance biodiversity:Protect the naturalhabitat.
 Conserve water resources:Recycle rainandwaste water.
 Respect people: Build communityrelations andprovide public information. Lookafter staff withregardto Health
and Safety.
 Set targets:Targets shouldbe set for the reductionof energyused, embodied energy, transport andwaste.
Settingtargets is also a wayof measuringachievements
Sustainabilityis a prominent factor in the construction withthe government recent carbon targets, andsustainable
constructionsolutions whichhave been set out inthe Construction 2025 government policy;this will be touched upon
later inthe report. Therefore the role of QuantitySurveyor needs to adapt the changing nature of the industry, although
not a direct consequence of the economic recession, sustainabilityis essential towards planning for the future, whichwill
allowfor affects offuture recessions to be minimised, with controls inplace to combat against future threats towards the
industry.
3.5 Evolution of the Construction Industry
An article producedKristenRipmaster (2014) highlights the positionof the construction post the recession and details the
employment opportunitieswithin the newera of construction;
The article highlights that there is a growing demandfor work inthe industrywiththe emphasis of a skilled, knowledgeable
constructionworkforce. However due to industrychanges triggered bythe economic recession it has made it harder to
recruit workers to fulfilthe increased demand.
During the recession, manysmallcompanies went out of business or got purchased. Larger firms cut overheadcosts.
Across the board, projects were put on holdbecause financingdidnot come through. Manyworkers left the industry
during this time, andthe attritionrate is still climbing. Constructionrecruitment has also beenmade more challengingby
innovations spurred bythe recessionthat have contributedto anevolutionof the industryoverall. Here are a few ofthe
changes that are alteringthe landscape of the constructionlabour market:
 Manyconstructioncompanieshadto diversifyinorder to remaincompetitive. Some tookon newtypes of
projects, particularlyinsurging multifamilysector.
 There is a newfocus on energyefficiencyandwaste management in the industrybecause greenconstructionhas
been driving growth.
 Manyconstructions companies became leanduringthe recessionandhave stayedlean since the market started
to rebound. Throughrestructuring andstreamlining, manysuccessful companies learned how to provide the
same high level of customer service withthe people theyalreadyhave onboard. One outcome ofthis is that
manyemployees are nowwearingmore thanone hat.
 A new interdisciplinaryapproachto construction is becomingwidespread. More and more, teams of people from
different disciplines are designing and building projects together as equal stakeholders. It is now commonto find
everyphase ofthe construction process, including architecture, engineering, andconstruction, handledbya
single company. KristenRipmaster (2014)

Therefore this indicatesanupturnwithin the industrywith employers looking for highlyqualifiedemployees that are able
to perform multiplejob roles, andtherefore have a wider range ofcompetences. The article also indicates that the industry
will continue to growandthat employment opportunities within the sector will be more accessible.

4.1 PESTEL Analysis of the Construction Industry and the Evolving Role of the Quantity Surveyor
To meet the objective of establishingthe keyfactors that have impactedthe constructionindustryand as a result the
evolving role ofthe QuantitySurveyor, PESTEL analysis will be performed;
Pestel analysiscanbe defined as beinga framework or tool usedto analyse andmonitor the macro-environmentalfactors
that have animpact on an industryor organisation. Pestelanalysis is broken downintosix categories, Political, Economical,
Social, Technological, Legal, and Environmental; these factors allinterlink and allow for a broad knowledge ofthe chosen
industryto be obtained. In this instance it will be used highlight the keyareas that are impacting the constructionindustry
and howthis willtranslate to the evolving role of the QuantitySurveyor. The ultimate aim is to identifythe threats and
opportunitiesof the evolvingrole of the QuantitySurveyor. (HMGovernment,2014)
4.2 Political Factors
Politicalfactors are concerned withhow the government intervenes in the economy, whichwill include government policy,
political stabilityor instabilityinoverseas markets, foreign trade policy, tax policy, labour law, environmental law, trade
restrictions. Therefore inorder for organisations to sustaingrowththey need to be able to respondto the current and
anticipatedfuture legislation, adjusting their operations accordinglyto be adherent whilst embracingthese changes within
their organisations.
The mainpoliticalfactors that are impactingthe constructionindustry is the governments introductionof the 2025Industrial
StrategyforConstruction,this is detailedbelow;
The Construction2025 is a jointstrategywhichsetsouthowtheindustryandGovernmentwillworktogethertoputBritainatthe forefront
ofglobal constructionoverthe comingyears. The strategyhasfive keyobjectiveswhere itbelievesthe UKconstructionindustrywill bein
2025; this visionwillprovide thebasis forthe industrytoexploititsstrengths intheglobalmarket. (HMGovernment,2014)
People -An industry that isknown for its talented and diverse workforce
“Increase capability in the workforce, the industry faces a pressing need for acapable workforce that can deliver transformational change in
the next decade. As the wider economy emerges from recession, construction firms must be able to recruit, retain and develop skilled, hard-
working people insufficient numbers to meetthe increasing demand for construction.”
(HMGovernment,2014)
SMART -An industry that isefficient and technologically advanced;
“Bring forward more research and innovation, to meetthe local and global opportunities presented bygreen construction, smart
construction and digital design, UKconstruction must invest in people and technology.” (HMGovernment,2014, Page 8)
Sustainable- An industry that leads the world in low-carbon and green construction exports;
“Builda low-carbonconstructionindustry,developinggreaterclarityandcertaintyaroundsustainable andlow-carbonconstruction
opportunitieswhichare emergingisessentialtogive businesses theconfidence toinvestinthe potential ofthese newmarkets.”(HM
Government,2014)

Growth- Anindustry that drives growth across the entire economy
“Our commitments to enable us to realise the vision are to, Identify global trade opportunities for UKprofessional services, contracting and
product manufacturing, develop partnerships and promote UKconstruction through the GREAT brand. Create conditions for construction
supply chains to thrive byaddressing access to finance and payment practices.” (HMGovernment,2014)
Leadership- Anindustry with clear leadership from aConstruction Leadership Council
“The Construction Leadership Council, the Construction Leadership Council will focus on the delivery ofthe joint industry and Government
commitments. It willoversee the delivery of the Action Plan and the strategic priorities that willallow us to meet our vision for 2025.” (HM
Government,2014)
Alongsidethe Construction2025policyintroducedbythe governmentthere is alsoreformsthe planningsystem,whichwillensure funding
is availableforkeyinfrastructure projects.This willalsosupportthe housingmarketthroughkeyinitiatives suchasthe Help-to-BuyEquity
LoanScheme andtheFundingforLendingScheme.Thesestepsare a continuationfromthe coalitiongovernments implementation of
“Plan for Growth”, whichwas introducedin2011 to combat the affects ofthe economic recession. This highlights that the
government acknowledgesthat the constructionindustryplays anintegral role inrevitalising the UKeconomy, this factor
bodes wellfor employment opportunitieswith the industry, inparticular the QuantitySurveyor as theywill be at the
forefront ofachieving the objectives that have been set, these factors impacting the QuantitySurveyor will be discussed
further inthe report.
4.3 Economic Factors
Economic factors have a significant impact onhoworganisationoperate andthe areasthat impact their profit margins, the
most synonymous economic factors that affect organisations are economic growth, interest rates, exchange rates,
inflation, disposable income of consumers
The most prominent economic factors that are affecting the construction industryare inrelation to the Governments
management of demand, withthe use ofinterest rate control, taxationpolicies and government expenditure, with these
areas essential to providing a platform for the construction industryto stimulate growth.
The Government’s expenditure is focusing upon supportinginfrastructure development andit hasbeen detailedbelow the
range of measuresidentifiedin the government’s Budget 2013, whichincludes increasingits capital spending plans by£3
billionper annumfrom 2015-16. This willmean £18 billionadditional investment by2020;
 Supporting the £9.4 billionHighLevel output Specification(HLoS) – the largest programme of investment in the
railways since Victorian times;
 Providing Uk Guarantees for major infrastructure projects such as the northern Line extensionto Battersea which
will support the redevelopment ofanareaof central London;
 Investment of £5.5 billion as part of a capital package unveiledat AutumnStatement 2012 to boost crucial
investment inroads, schools andhousing;
 progressedwork onthe top40 priorityinvestments, includingcompleting a programme ofeight Highways
Agencyprojects and the King’s Cross Stationimprovements later thisyear;
 Supportedthe £14 billionCross rail project, whichhas completedover 10 kilometres of tunnelling, as part of one
of the most significant infrastructure projects ever undertaken in the UK;(HMGovernment,2012, Page 30)
These factors once againhighlightthe government’s commitmenttoinvestwithinthe industryinorderforgrowthinthe construction
industrytobe stimulated,the government’s strategies,interms ofexpenditure,willalsobefocuseduponinthe socialfactors sectionasthe
twoareas interline.Howevertosummarisethe investmentwithinthe construction industrybodeswellforthe QuantitySurveyorwith
increasedemploymentopportunities,asthe QuantitySurveyorplays a pivotalparttowards deliveringthe successofthe plannedprojects.
4.4 Social Factors
Social or culturalfactors are the areasthat involve the sharedbelief andattitudes ofthe population. These factors include
populationgrowth, age distribution, health, andcareer orientation. These factors playa keysignificance towards the direct
of the construction, establishing social understanding will allow for the constructionindustryto invest withinthe correct
projects that will fulfilthe social demand withthe United Kingdom.
The keyfactors that are affectingthe constructionindustryor a shortage of affordablehousing, also the United Kingdom
has an ageingpopulationtherefore provisions needto be made for relevant housing for the older generation.

Affordable housing is one of the most prominent areas that needto be addressedinthe UK, and the government have
implemented a strategyto ensure that housing become more accessible. Firstlyunlocking development, the government is
investing a total of £1.8 billion, throughthe GrowingPlacesFund, the LocalInfrastructure FundandGet BritainBuilding, to
provide infrastructure and development finance to stimulate economic development andget sites movingandhomes built.
This programme hasseeninvestment of £76.7 million, to deliver 42,000 newhomes. Surplus public landsuitable for over
100,000 new homes has beenidentifiedandits release for development is being accelerated.
Also Investment in the rentedsector is a keypart of the government’s strategy, withit supporting the market for homes
purpose built for private rent with the £1 billionbuilds to rent Fundwhichprovides recoverable finance supporting the
deliveryof newprivate rented homes. The government have announcedthat, “InApril 2013 a shortlist of45 projects for
the first roundof the scheme wasannounced whichare expected to deliver upto 10,000 new homes. The Build to rent
fund is providingthe platform for large-scale institutional investment in thissector, whichwill be further supportedbya
share of our HousingGuarantees schemes underwriting up to £10 billion of private debt, witha totalinvestment, including
from the private sector, of £19.5 billion.” (HMGovernment,2012)
Government’s mainAffordable Homes Programme remains ontrack to deliver 170,000 new affordable homes for rent and
ownershipbyMarch 2015. up to a further 30,000 affordable homes will start on site bythe same date, alsosupportedby
the Housing Guarantees scheme, as well as grant of upto £450 million. Supportingownership;unlockingdemand
At Budget 2013 a new Help-to-Buy:equityLoan scheme was launched – a £3.5 billionscheme to help homebuyers move up
the housingladder. The Home Builders Federationhas reported over 4,000 reservations beingplacedbypurchasers
through the scheme. From January2014 this will be complementedbythe Help-to-Buy. This is coupledwiththe Mortgage
Guarantee scheme whichwilloffer upto £12 billionof Government-backed guarantees to lenders so that theycanoffer
mortgages to those withsmaller deposits. The Bankof England is creditingthe Government’s £50 billionFunding for
LendingScheme for anincrease inmortgage availabilityandfor drivingdownthe cost of loans for homeowners. (HM
Government,2012)
The government reforms in addressing social issues in the UK, inrelationto affordablehousing will act a massive boost
towards the constructionindustryas the sector willbe instrumental in executing objectives set bythe government, an
emphasis of which will be uponthe QuantitySurveyor to ensure that that sustainabilityand efficiencyis achieved inthe
constructionprocessof affordable housing.
4.5 Technological Factors
Technological factors are associatedwithtechnological advanceswithin the industrythat enable processes to be become
more efficient andminimise costs to improve profitabilityandsustaingrowth. The most recent advanceswithinthe
constructionindustrythat are relevant to the role ofthe QuantitySurveyor are the introductionof BusinessInformation
Modelling BIM. Therefore it will be examinedthe business benefits of BIMinallowing for greater collaborative working
through design into construction.
Firstlyit willbe necessaryto provide a briefunderstanding of the Building Information Modelling process, it canbe
described as a collaborative wayof working, underpinnedbythe digitaltechnologieswhichunlockefficient methods of
designing, creating andmaintaining assets. BuildingInformationModelling embeds keyproduct and asset data anda 3
dimensional computer that can be used for effective management of informationthroughout the project lifecycle, from
earliest concept through operation. (HMGovernment,2012)
It is nowimportant to understandhow the role of the QuantitySurveyor could change or adapt inthe future due to the
introduction ofBIM. HenryRiley, the project QuantitySurveyor whooversaw the development of BIM, took the approach
to developa number of themes associatedwith5D BIM: (RICS, 2014)
 Quantificationfrommodels, including automatic updated quantification once rules for sectors, clients and pricing
methods have been established
 The use of NRMstandards inconjunction withBIMmodels (noting client-specific requirements where necessary)
 Librarymanagement:– applyingrate libraries to the quantified information;and– creatingcost databases per
sector or client
 The abilityto file share with designteam and contractors alike
 Improvedbenchmarking capability– moving awayfrom detailedmeasurement and spendingmore time on
improvingvalue, andunderstanding where value canbe improved andunderstanding this earlier inthe project
timeline, ensuring savings canbe achieved throughthe designdevelopment. (RICS, 2014, Page 6)

HenryRileyhighlights if these points canbe attained, it enables a serious discussion about the Government Construction
Strategyefficiencystretchof 20%. It is clear that 20% of waste canbe savedduringconstruction ifthe designs used donot
contain inherent clashes that couldbe prevented. Also the opportunityexists for a more coordinated approachto the
design work at pre-tender stage resultinginpotential savings due to efficiencies inthe designstage withmore accurate
designs. (RICS, 2014)
The future of quantitysurveying inthe short to mediumterm willcontinue providing detailed estimates and pricing
documents based on designinformation. However there couldbe a shift awayfrom detailed measurement byhandbut
this, at least inthe short term, willbe replacedbydetailedqualityassurance procedures to ensure the informationis being
interpretedcorrectly. The qualityassurance role will become vital to the project team, as the QuantitySurveyor will be the
first to use the informationrather thancalculate it willinitiallybe time-consuming role. Finally, a bigger expectationfor the
QuantitySurveyor is to drive the value decisions withinthe design teams and client because, withbetter benchmarking
and analysis, the QuantitySurveyor willhave the data to lead these conversations. (RICS, 2014, Page 6)
Therefore the introductionof advancedtechnologyis providing the tools necessaryfor the QuantitySurveyor to
successfullycomplete their jobrole more efficiently, however inturn withtechnologyprocessing elements of the Quantity
Surveyors role, the QuantitySurveyor needs to adapt to new functions of their role. Inthisinstance there will be increased
autonomyto lead value decisions with the increaseddata at their disposal the technologies available.
4.6 Environmental Factors
Environmental factors are now consideredto be a highpriorityfor organisations as theyhave dutyof care towards their
stakeholders of improvingenergyefficiencyandthere carbon footprint. Environmental factors have become increasingly
important due to the scarcityof rawmaterials, pollutiontargets, becoming an accepted ethical andsustainable
organisation, andcarbon footprint targets set bygovernments.
The most relevant environmental factors that are impacting constructioncompaniesare low, with best practice examples
now being publishedbyRICS to demonstrate how thiscanbe achieved
Also the introduction of the NRMSuite of products cansupport the industryinmeetingthe Government’s target for a 33%
reductioninthe initial cost ofconstruction and the whole life cost of built assets. The role of the QuantitySurveyor is
pivotal in ensuring the NRMframework is adopted correctly, this willreduce wastage of resources, therefore this will
improve sustainability, and alsoallow costs to be reducedwhilst the overall time from inceptionto completionof UK
infrastructure projects canbe minimised. Therefore this indicates that the QuantitySurveyor plays an integral role in
implementing andexecuting the appropriate measuring techniques to allow for correct level of materials to be purchase,
which will minimise wastage andmaximise profit margins, but also have the by-product of improving the image of the
constructionindustryintermof becoming more sociallyconscious. (www.rics.org)
4.7 Legal Factors
Legal factors include - healthandsafety, equal opportunities, advertising standards, consumer rights and laws, product
labelling andproduct safety. It is clear that companiesneed to know what is and what is not legal inorder to trade
successfully. If an organisationtrades globallythis becomesa verytrickyarea to get right as each countryhas its own set of
rules andregulations.
Healthandsafetyis a keyarea within the construction industrywiththere a commitment towards ensuring safe
workplaces, which can be defined by providing the appropriate training andeducation, withall stafffullyengageda nd
involvedinimproving safetyinthe workplace. The UnitedKingdom contractors group, UKCG is at the forefront ofsetting
best practice in relationto healthandsafetyand is continuallylooking to improve healthandsafetyperformance inthe
industry, it has the visionof enablingthe collective members of the group, workingwith clients andsupplychain, to attain
a world classandindustrylead positionin healthand safetyandprovide leadership withinthe constructionindustry.
(www.ukcg.org.uk)
The objectives that UKCG have set inorder to work towards their objective of attaining world classhealthandsafetywithin
the constructionindustryare set out below.
 Analyse past andcurrent performance to identifyissues of concern andseek to identifyfuture health and safety
challengesfor the industry;
 Developanddrive a cultural change for the construction industry;
 Establishandpromote what excellence looks like;

 In partnershipwiththe HSE andother industrybodiesset commitments for its members;
 Establisha clear andconsistent approach for improving Health and Safety;
 Set the commitments for continualUKCG membership.
Alongside these objectives UKCG is committed towards establishing a healthcharter whichdemonstrates its commitment
to a healthyworkforce, it alsohas a healtha safetyplan that demonstrates best practice and brings together the charter
and commitments. Thisallows for it to be identifiedthe areas where members willbe workingcollectivelyto improve the
industry’s performance. Finallythe UKCG has a training standard to ensure that employees have the necessaryknowledge
and skills to work, supervise and manage safelyandeffectivelyon sites. (www.ukcg.org.uk)
The healthandsafetybest practice that UKCG demonstrates is essential towards the QuantitySurveyor carrying their role
effectively, all the necessarytoolsare available in relationto the appropriate training and the environment is safe to allow
freedom for tasks to be co-ordinated without anyriskof injuryinthe workplace.

5.1. Primary Research
The primaryresearch hasbeen conducted, this tookthe form of ansemi-structuredinterview process, there wasan
agenda set prior to the interview, whichdetailed the topics that were to be discussed, this allowedfor the two participants
to be preparedwith the necessaryinformationrequired to effectivelyanswer the formulatedquestions. The discussions
were primarilybased around the agenda;however the semi structured approachallowedfor flexibilitywith the
participants raising points that were not directlyrelatedto the agenda, but provided aninsightful perspective into the
industryandthe evolvingnature oftheir role, whichwill provide validation to the overallreport.
Also withinthis initialstage of the primaryresearch elements of the Delphi process were implemented. The Delphi process
is a research methodthat involves puttingforwardan initial set of ideas, anddistributing themto the relevant participants.
This aspect of the Delphi process has been adopted withboth participants forwardedthe relevant researchquestions
alongside putting forwardmyown evaluation andunderstanding ofthe evolving role of the QuantitySurveyor. This
process will allow for the interviewto flowconciselywiththe semi structuredinterviewtechnique allowing for the subject
areas to be defined, however encouraging proactive discussions based upon areas that are indirectlylinked. This process of
obtainingthe relevant primarydata willencourage freedomfor participants to highlight their experiencesandbeliefs,
whilst working within a flexible framework.
The participants that tookpart withinthe interview process were Michael Rivers andThomas Little, bothare fullyqualified
QuantitySurveyor working withinthe constructionindustryfor an organisations based withinthe North east ofEngland.
Michael hasa strong knowledge andunderstandingof the constructionindustry, andhas operatedas a QuantitySurveyor
for the last 5 years. Michaelhas experienced the transitionfor recessionto post recession, therefore was an ideal
candidate to participate withininterview process due to his tangible experienceswithin the industryand abilityto identify
the evolving role ofthe QuantitySurveyor. Thomas however has onlyrecentlygraduated as a QuantitySurveyor andhas
limitedexperience withinthe construction industry. Therefore the two participants will provide different perspectives into
the evolving role ofthe QuantitySurveyor;however it will be providedincreased validationif trends emerge fromthe
researchfindings. Although the participants have varied experience andknowledge, this willstrengthenanyconclusions
that are made, due to underlying factors emergingfrom nature of the role of the QuantitySurveyor.
To be fullycompliant with codes of best practice andensuringthat both interviewees were happywith their participation
ethics formwere completed prior to the interview process to ensure the validityof the research.
5.1.1 Research Limitations
The mainlimitationto the research studythat has beenadopted wassecuring the participants to conduct th e interview
stage of the report. It proved difficult to procure professionals witha backgroundinthe industry, and predominantlythe
role of the QuantitySurveyor, however through networking it waspossible to secure twoparticipants withrelevant
understanding of the topic area. Although the sample of participants is restricted to two interviewees, theyprovide
diversityinterms ofexperience and perspectives;therefore provide a strong basis to conclude the report. Inorder to
strengthenthe validityof anyfindings, due to the small sample of participants, the secondarydata performedwill reaffirm
and addjustificationto the conclusionandrecommendations of the report.
5.1.2 Interview Research Questions
The below questions were formulatedprior to the interviewas part of the agenda, to provide the interviewee’s the
opportunityto prepare appropriatelyand provide informative insight intothe construction industryandthe evolving role
of the QuantitySurveyor;
 How has your jobrole evolved post the economic recession?
 What were the mainareasthat were most affectedwithin the construction industrydue to the economic
recession?
 In what ways have the government intervenedto tryand aid the construction industryinterms of financial
support and incentives for increasedactivitywithinthe industry?
 Has it been more difficult for companies withinthe construction industryto secure financing throughbanks and
investors due to the recession?
 Have there beenanychanges in regulations that have adverselyaffectedthe constructionindustryandhow
these changeshave beenimplementedwithin construction companies?

 Have there beenanytechnological advancements in the constructionindustrythat will allow for the recent
difficulties to be combated, and present a wayfor sustainable growth to be achieved.
 How these areas impacted the role ofthe QuantitySurveyor, andhasthe role of the QuantitySurveyor evolved
as a result inthe improvedtechnologies available?
 What safeguards are being made to ensure that the constructionindustryis implementing controlsthat will
ensure sustainedgrowth andensure that effects offuture financialfailings will be minimised?
 Have you seenanincrease inemployment opportunities inrecent times withinthe industry
5.2 Interview Analysis
Detailed analysis hasbeen carriedout to analyse the researchthat hasbeen collated from the interviews that have been
conducted withMichael Rivers andThomaslittle, whichwere basedon the researchquestions that have been previously
highlighted. There were several keythemes that emerged withinthe interview’s whichinterlinkedwiththe secondary
researchthat hasbeen ascertained. The most prominent themes however were in relationto sustainability, increased
responsibility, advancesintechnology, due diligence, and competition withinthe Industry. These were the five maintrends
that emergedfrom conducting the interview process, withthese trends corresponding to the secondaryresearch that has
been performed. It will nowbeennowappropriate to examine the trends further, detailing the insights obtainedwithin the
interview process;
5.2.1 Sustainability
The first theme that emergedwithinthe interviewprocess was that there is an increasedfocus uponsustainability. It was
identifiedthat that there is an increasedemphasis uponthis role, withthe government introducing guidelinesfor increased
sustainabilityto be achieved. Therefore the role of the QuantitySurveyor needs to adapt the demands ofthe industry. This
theme corresponds withthe researchobtained fromCartlidge, highlighting that sustainabilityis anessential role withinthe
modern dayQuantitySurveyor
Michael highlights that since working within the industrythere is now a bigger demandfor sustainability inthe projects
that he has co-ordinated, this hasbeen briefedas beingone ofthe most important factors within his jobrole. This has
become more prominent withthe introductionof legislation and the construction 2025 government policy, to reduce
carbon emissions and the efficiencyof newbuildhomes.
Thomas views are echoed, althoughhe has beenin the industryfor a relativelyshort periodincomparison, his approachis
gearedtowards maximisingsustainabilityinthe projects that he completes. He has identified sustainabilityas a keyarea
within the moderndayconstructionindustryandhighlights that this stems from the demands of the clients, to provide
sustainable construction.
The aspect of sustainabilityhas beena feature of the QuantitySurveyor for some time;however the views of both
participants indicate that this area is more prominent thanever. The sustainabilityof projects can now be achievedto
higher standards withthe introduction ofnew technologies, thiswill ensure that wastage inmaterials is minimised to allow
profit margins to be maximised, whichinturnwill contribute towards sustainabilityof growthwithinthe industry.
5.2.2 Increased Responsibility within the Job Role
Increasedresponsibilitywithin the jobrole was one of the keytrends that were highlightedwithin the interview, with it
being identified that this hasbeen heightened bythe economic recession; this hasbeen triggered byorganisations
becoming more conscious of their operations andexpenditure. It hasbeen identifiedthat this resulted inthe Quantity
Surveyor performing increased tasks andtaking onmore responsibilities to cope with the demand of the industry.
Michael hasexperiencedthis first hand, andhas highlightedthat hisworkload hasincreaseddue to the impact of the
economic recession, he indicatedthat after the recessionhadpassedand his companyhad procurednew projects there
was insufficient resources interms of staffto performthe necessaryroles withinthe projects. Therefore he had to take on
increasedresponsibilities to ensure that the projects were completed withinthe specifiedtime frames.
Thomas’s lack of experience inthe industrymakes it difficult to highlight if there hasbeen a change in dynamics of the
quantitysurveyingrole interms of increased workload. He however highlightedthat from his networkingwith senior
quantitysurveyors theyhave reiteratedthe sentiments of Michael, highlighting the workloadhas increasedwith it being

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