The document discusses the impact of European colonization on indigenous peoples in North America and Australia, highlighting how they were displaced and affected by imperialism and trade. It details the initial encounters between Europeans and Native Americans and how the latter were often mischaracterized as uncivilized compared to Europeans, who dominated the trade and exploited resources. Additionally, it describes the forced removal of Native peoples from their lands, leading to significant cultural and demographic changes, culminating in development driven by the gold rush and industrialization.

1. INTRODUCTION: -
 Indigenous people refer as the original inhabitants of a particular place.
As you know that after 16th century many European countries explore the
world and started to settle down in different parts of the worlds.
 These new countries become the colonies of the European countries.
This process of colonisation affected the life of natives. They were
displaced.
In this lesson we will read about how the European settlers affect the
native
peoples of America and Australia.
HISTORY (XI)
DISPLACING INDIGENOUS
PEOPLES (NOTES)

2. CHEROKEE TRIBES NATIVE AMERICIANS

3. SOURCES
Oral History of natives.
Historical and fiction works written by natives.
Galleries and Museums of native art.
EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM
Imperialism refers a political system in which rich and powerful countries extend their power by gaining economic
and political control over the territories and people of poor countries.
Initially Spain and Portugal established their colonies in America.
But after 17th centuries France, Holland and England become powerful and established their colonies in America, Africa
and Asia
EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM
Imperialism refers a political system in which rich and powerful countries extend their power by gaining
economic and political control over the territories and people of poor countries.
Initially Spain and Portugal established their colonies in America.
But after 17th centuries France, Holland and England become powerful and established their colonies
in America, Africa and Asia

4. NORTH AMERICA
Prospects of profit drove people to
establish colonies. Nature of the control on
colony varied.
Trading companies became political
power in South Asia. They defeated local
rulers and retained administrative system.
They also collected taxes and built
railways
to make trade easier. They excavated mines
and established big plantations. Africa
was divided as colonies among Europeans.

5. Prospects of profit drove people to establish colonies. Nature of the control on colony varied.
Trading companies became political power in South Asia. They defeated local rulers and retained administrative system.
They also collected taxes and built railways to make trade easier. They excavated mines and established big
plantations. Africa was divided as colonies among Europeans.
NORTH AMERICA:
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
The continent of North America extended from Arctic Circle to the Tropic of Cancer, from the Pacific to
the Atlantic Ocean.
In the west side there is chain of Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada mountains, to the east the Great
Plains, the Great Lakes, the valleys of the Mississippi and the Ohio and the Appalachian Mountains.
In the south Mexico while in the north there is Canada country. Forty per cent of Canada is covered
with forests.
Oil, gas and mineral resources are found in large scale in USA and Canada. This area also famous for
wheat, corn, fruit and fishing.
Mining, industry and extensive agriculture have been developed here by immigrants from Europe, Africa and
China since 200 years ago.
 But it affected the original inhabitant of North America.

6. NATIVE PEOPLE
The native peoples might have come from Asia through a land bridge across
the Bering Straits, 30,000 before. The oldest artefact found in America – an
arrow- point – is 11,000 years old.
They lived in groups along river valleys. They ate fish and meat (Bison)
and cultivated vegetable and maize.
They did not develop kingdoms or empires. They also did not feel any need
to
own land.
They formed alliances and friendship and exchange gifts.
Numerous languages were spoken but these were not written down.
They were skilled craftspeople and made beautiful textiles. They could
understand climate and different landscapes.

7. ENCOUNTERS WITH EUROPEANS
From 17th century, the European traders started to come in America
for trading of Fish and furs. They encounter with the native in the
north coast of North America after a difficult two-month voyage.
Here, the native welcome these people have the friendly nature.
French people found that the native held regular gatherings
to exchange their local products and food items.
The native also exchanged local products with the Europeans
in return for blankets, iron vessels, guns and alcohol.
Soon, natives addicted to alcohol and tobacco and so
Europeans dictated the terms of trade.

8. COMPERATIVE STUDY AMONG AMERICAN NATIVES AND EUROPEANS
AMERICIAN NATIVES EUROPEANS
 American Natives were
referred as uncivilized by
Europeans.
 Europeans called themselves
as civilized persons.
For the natives the things which
they exchanged with Europeans
were called as Gifts.
For Europeans, gift were
commodities which they would
sell for a profit.
 Natives were not aware
of market.
 Europeans sold goods in
European market for profit.
 Natives were not happy with
the greed of the Europeans.
 They converted forests
into cornfields for profits.
 Natives were afraid that the
animals would take revenge for
this destruction.
 They Slaughtered hundreds
of beavers for furs

9. EUROPEAN COME TO AMERICA
Initially the European traders came in America. But after that the
common people also come here in search of new opportunities because
of these reasons: -
People left Europe due to the religious riots occurred during that
time.
Many younger sons could not inherit their fathers’ property in
Britain and France therefore they come here in eager to own land in
America.
Many people who lost their land to big farmers in many countries
also come here.
People also come here to get more profit by producing new crops

10. EXPENSION OF AMERICA
These new settlers occupied the vacant land and started to cut
down the forest to lay down farms.
Over the next hundred years they extended their control over
more territory by purchase or war to reach their present size.
Like Louisiana (1803) from France and Alaska (1867)
from Russia. Southern USA was won from Mexico in war.

11. SLAVERY SYSTEM
Europeans established many farms and plantation in large tracts of USA.
They faced the problem of shortage of labour, so they introduced the
slavery system. They purchase these slaves from Africa.
The northern states of the USA argued for ending slavery since
they condemned it as an inhuman practice.
Protests by anti-slavery groups led to a ban on slave trade. But the Africans
who were in the USA remained slaves as did their children.
In 1861-65, a civil war broke out in which the northern states won
to abolish slavery.
It was only in the 20th century that the African Americans won the battle
of civil liberties.

12. NATIVE PEOPLES OF NORTH AMERICA LOSE THEIR LAND
In the USA, the natives were forced to move by signing treaties or selling their lands.
They were cheated by taking more land or paying less. The natives were deprived of their land.
For example, Cherokee tribe in Georgia was governed by state laws but could not enjoy the rights of citizens.
The Judgment by the US Chief Justice, John Marshall said that the Cherokees were a distinct community, occupying its
own territory in which law of Georgia had no force.
Us President Andrew Jackson refused to accept the Chief Justice’s judgement. He ordered the US army to evict
the Cherokees from their land.
They were driven out to the Great American Desert. About 15,000 people were forced to move and over a quarter
died
along the ‘Trail of Tears’.
Those who occupied the lands of the tribes called the natives as lazy, not skilled, not learning English or dressing
properly. They deserved to ‘die out’.
They were concentrated into small areas called ‘reservations’. There were a series of rebellions from1865 to 1890.The
US army crushed all these revolts.

13. THE GOLD RUSH AND THE GROWTH OF
INDUSTRIES
Traces of gold led to ‘Gold Rush’ in 1840s in California.
A lot of Europeans hurried to America in the hope of making a
quick fortune.
The Gold Rush led to the building of railway lines across
the continent.
In North America industries developed to manufacture
railway equipment.
In order to make large scale farming machinery produced.
Industrial development led to the growth of towns and
factories.
By 1890 the USA emerged as a leading industrial power in the