Disorders Of Menstrual Cycle 【Amenorrhea】
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like depression and anxiety.
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Alok Kumar (Grp 09) Scarlet Fever.pptx
Scarlet fever is caused by Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria. It typically affects children aged 2 to 10 years and results in a sore throat, fever, strawberry tongue, and red rash. Close contact with an infected person is the main risk factor. Diagnosis involves a rapid strep test or throat culture. Treatment is usually oral penicillin for 10 days to prevent complications like rheumatic fever. Good hand hygiene and completing antibiotics can help prevent spread.
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Alok Kumar (Grp 09) Measures Of Association.pptx
1) Measures of association are used to quantify relationships between exposure and disease by comparing observed groups to expected levels. Common measures include risk ratio, rate ratio, and odds ratio.
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Fascioliasis is caused by Fasciola liver flukes infecting the bile ducts and liver. People become infected by eating raw freshwater plants like watercress contaminated with fluke larvae. Symptoms include gastrointestinal and liver problems. Diagnosis involves finding fluke eggs in stool samples under a microscope. The drug triclabendazole is used to treat infections. Preventing raw freshwater plant consumption and controlling watercress growth can help reduce transmission.
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Alok Kumar (Grp 09) Scarlet Fever.pptx
Scarlet fever is caused by Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria. It typically affects children aged 2 to 10 years and results in a sore throat, fever, strawberry tongue, and red rash. Close contact with an infected person is the main risk factor. Diagnosis involves a rapid strep test or throat culture. Treatment is usually oral penicillin for 10 days to prevent complications like rheumatic fever. Good hand hygiene and completing antibiotics can help prevent spread.
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Alok Kumar (Grp 09) Measures Of Association.pptx
1) Measures of association are used to quantify relationships between exposure and disease by comparing observed groups to expected levels. Common measures include risk ratio, rate ratio, and odds ratio.
2) The risk ratio compares the risk of a health event between two groups by dividing the risk in one group by the risk in another. A risk ratio above 1 indicates increased risk for the exposed group.
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Alok Kumar (Grp 09) Measles.pptx
Measles is a highly contagious childhood disease caused by a virus. It spreads through the air via coughs or sneezes, or by touching contaminated surfaces. Symptoms include a high fever and red rash. Complications can include ear infections, pneumonia, and encephalitis in rare cases. The disease is preventable through vaccination with the MMR vaccine, which provides 97% protection. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms through rest, fluids, and fever reducers.
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Fascioliasis is caused by Fasciola liver flukes infecting the bile ducts and liver. People become infected by eating raw freshwater plants like watercress contaminated with fluke larvae. Symptoms include gastrointestinal and liver problems. Diagnosis involves finding fluke eggs in stool samples under a microscope. The drug triclabendazole is used to treat infections. Preventing raw freshwater plant consumption and controlling watercress growth can help reduce transmission.
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Alok Kumar is a student in semester 09 in group 09. His topic is Amoebiasis, which is a disease caused by the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica. Alok Kumar has submitted his topic and thanks the reader.
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This document discusses types of heart block, including:
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This document discusses ionizing radiation and its health effects. It defines ionizing radiation as radiation with enough energy to remove electrons from atoms or ionize them. Sources of ionizing radiation include alpha, beta, gamma rays, x-rays and neutrons. Exposure to ionizing radiation can cause both acute effects like radiation sickness and chronic effects like cancer. The risk depends on the type of radiation, dose amount and exposure duration. Units used to measure radiation include the sievert (health effect), gray (energy absorbed), rem and rad. Natural and medical sources contribute most to human radiation exposure.
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Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
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The document provides information about the structure and function of the liver:
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- Blood enters the liver through the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery and flows through sinusoids before draining into the hepatic veins.
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Systemic connective tissue inflammation syndrome (SCTIS) can cause three main diseases: systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), scleroderma (SD), and dermatomyositis (DM). SCTIS is characterized by inflammatory disorders of the joints, muscles, and internal organs. It has an acute, subacute, or chronic onset and can cause progressive symptoms over time, including fatigue, rashes, skin tightening, joint pain and swelling, muscle weakness and atrophy. Diagnosis involves examining a patient's medical history and symptoms, conducting lab tests to detect autoantibodies and inflammation, and performing biopsies of affected tissues.
Inflammatory Periarticular Lesions Lecture 3
1. Inflammatory periarticular lesions syndrome (IPLS) involves inflammation of the tissues surrounding joints, including tendons, ligaments, and bursae.
2. Patients experience regional periarticular pain that worsens with use of the affected area and improves with rest. Physical examination reveals localized swelling, warmth, and tenderness around the inflamed structures.
3. Diagnostic tests may show non-specific inflammation, and imaging like ultrasound and MRI can identify pathology in periarticular tissues like rotator cuff tears or bursitis.
Degenerative Joint Disorder Syndrome Lecture 2
Degenerative joint disorders syndrome (DJDS) can be either primary, where the cause is unclear, or secondary, following arthritis or trauma. There are two main types of complaints - joint pain that worsens with movement or weight-bearing and relieves with rest, and night or "bone" pain. Physical examination may reveal bony swelling, deformities, limitation of joint movement, and crepitus. Imaging studies like x-rays and arthroscopy are used to diagnose DJDS by showing changes like osteophyte formation, joint space narrowing, and loss of cartilage.
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This document provides an overview of evaluating a patient for joint inflammation or arthritis. It discusses performing a general survey including inspection of gait and joints at rest and during movement. It also covers taking a history regarding joint pain, symptoms, and potential provoking factors. Physical exams include inspection and palpation of joints, range of motion testing, and screening tests like GALS. Investigations that may be ordered include blood tests, synovial fluid analysis, imaging studies, and biopsies. The goal is to determine the nature, extent, and cause of any joint disorders.
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The somatosensory system allows us to perceive touch, temperature, pain and other sensory stimuli. It involves neurons in the posterior ganglia, posterior horns of the spinal cord, thalamus and somatosensory cortex. Disorders can occur at different levels, such as peripheral nerves, posterior roots or columns, thalamus or cortex. Specific symptoms depend on the location, such as segmental loss of sensation with posterior root involvement or contralateral loss with a thalamic lesion. Clinical tests investigate different types of sensitivity including superficial, deep and complex sensations.
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This document summarizes the motor system and descending pathways that control movement. It discusses traditional categories of motor pathways and provides more detailed information on specific tracts like the corticospinal tract. It also describes properties of descending systems such as alpha-gamma co-activation and automatic load compensation. Additionally, it reviews motor areas of the cortex, eye movements, the vestibular system, and the cerebellum.
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This document discusses the hygienic bases of illumination. It covers the physical properties of visible light, as well as the biological and physiological effects of visible light, ultraviolet light, and infrared light. It also discusses factors that affect indoor illumination levels, hygienic norms and standards for indoor illumination, and potential health effects of insufficient lighting. Recommendations are provided for natural and electric lighting of rooms to ensure proper illumination.
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The lecture covered various topics related to soil including its content, properties, macronutrients, micronutrients, and role in geochemical and toxicological processes. It discussed soil contamination from various sources and soil-borne infectious and non-infectious diseases. It also summarized the virulence of some pathogenic microbes in soil, WHO strategies for controlling soil-transmitted diseases, and the epidemiological role of wastes and how long various infection agents can survive in different environments.
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Environmental Hygiene
The document discusses environmental hygiene and environmental health. It defines key terms like hygiene, environment, health, disease, and risk. It outlines the main objectives and classification of environmental health science. It discusses the importance of studying environmental factors and their routes of exposure. It also explains concepts of prevention at the primary, secondary and tertiary levels, with a focus on primary prevention measures like health promotion and specific protection.
Cerebellum (Neurology 3)
The cerebellum is located in the posterior cranial fossa. Examination of the cerebellum involves assessing station, gait, movements, muscular tone, speech, and handwriting. Disturbances of balance are called ataxia, which can be static (disturbance of balance when standing) or dynamic (disturbance of motor acts). The Romberg test assesses static equilibrium by having a patient stand with eyes open and closed. Affections of the cerebellum can cause different types of ataxia depending on the location, including cerebellar ataxia, spinal ataxia, and vestibular ataxia. Examination of the vermis assesses static ataxia
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The document describes the examination and assessment of the motor system. It discusses the motorpyramidal system, which includes neurons in the cortex and anterior horn of the spinal cord. The examination involves assessing body position, gait, muscle inspection and palpation, reflexes, tone, and strength. Various types of paralysis or paresis are defined based on the number of limbs or parts of the body affected. Central paresis symptoms include muscle hypertension, decreased force, hyperreflexia, clonus, and pathological reflexes. Lesions in different parts of the motor system cause distinct patterns of weakness, including hemispheric, brainstem, spinal cord, nerve root and peripheral nerve lesions.
GIT (Stomach & Duodenal Gut)
This document summarizes key information about inspecting and diagnosing diseases of the stomach and duodenum. It describes common complaints like abdominal pain, dyspepsia, gastrointestinal bleeding, and weight loss. It then discusses specific symptoms in more detail, including the timing and characteristics of pain, nausea, vomiting, eructation, and appetite changes. Finally, it lists potential organic causes of dyspepsia and gastrointestinal bleeding that would require further investigation.
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Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, can be caused by issues with the esophagus. The document discusses several diseases and conditions that cause dysphagia by obstructing the esophagus, including achalasia, esophageal cancer, and reflux esophagitis. It provides details on symptoms, diagnostics, and treatment for each condition. Esophageal spasms, tumors, diverticula, strictures, and foreign bodies can also obstruct the esophagus and cause dysphagia. The document examines each of these conditions and how they impact swallowing.
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