Disaster Management_Lecture_Mid-Sem_Feb-March_2024_Dr. Kunjari Mog.pdf

CE 307: Disaster Management
Lecture #
Mid-Sem: Jan-June 2024
Dr. Kunjari Mog
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
National Institute of Technology,
Hamirpur 177005

Disaster Management
Introduction
▪Disaster word is originated from the French word “Desastre”: Des – Bad, Astre – Star;
Bad Star/Evil Star

Disaster Management
Introduction
(82.2 % population are disaster prone)

Disaster Management
Introduction

Disaster Management
• Video Clips: Kolkata Bridge Collapse, Oil Spill

Disaster Management
Difference between Hazards and Disaster:
Hazards: A hazard is any unusual event
that has a potential to threaten people’s
lives, their property and livelihoods. For
example, typhoons, floods, Earthquakes,
and fire are hazards.
Disasters: A hazard becomes a disaster
when it happens where many people are
living or have their livelihoods and causes
damage to them and their property. For
example, during a flood many people drown
or are injured, lose their animals and their
property.

Disaster Management
Difference between Hazards and Disaster:
▪ A hazard is a situation where there is a threat to life, health, environment or property.
▪A disaster is an event that completely disrupts the normal ways of a community. It
brings on human, economical, and environmental losses to the community which the
community cannot bear on its own.
▪Hazards are natural or manmade phenomenon that are a feature of our planet and
cannot be prevented. In their dormant state, hazards just pose a threat to life and
property.
▪ These hazards are termed as disasters when they cause widespread destruction of
property and human lives. Once a hazard becomes active and is no longer just a threat, it
becomes a disaster.
▪Both hazards and disasters are natural as well as manmade.
_We can prevent hazards becoming disasters if we learn to live in harmony with nature
and take precautionary steps.

• Video Clips_Earthquake_Japan 2024, Nepal
2015, Turkey 2023

Disaster Management
▪ All form of landform exist in India: Mountains, Plateaus,
Plain Areas, Coastal Areas, Desert

The country
experiences a variety
of climates ranging
from tropical in the
south to temperate
and alpine in the
Himalayan north.
India hosts six major
climatic subtypes,
ranging from arid
deserts in the west,
alpine tundra and
glaciers in the
north, and humid
tropical regions
supporting
rainforests in the
southwest and the
island territories.

• Mountains: Jammu and
Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh,
Uttarakhand, Sikkim,
Arunachal Pradesh,
Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram,
and Tripura.
• Plateaus: Deccan Plateau
(covers most of the southern
part of India), Chota Nagpur
Plateau (Jharkhand), Malwa
Plateau (Madhya Pradesh),
and Meghalaya Plateau
(Meghalaya).
• Plain Areas: Indo-Gangetic
Plain (covers most of
northern and eastern India),
Malwa Plains (Madhya
Pradesh), and Gujarat Plain
(Gujarat).
• Coastal Areas: Gujarat,
Maharashtra, Goa,
Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil
Nadu, Andhra Pradesh,
Odisha, West Bengal, and
the Andaman and Nicobar
Islands.
•Desert: Thar Desert (Rajasthan).

Disaster Data
• Disaster data by continent wise
Number of disaster
events by continent
2009
Disaster mortality by
continent (%) 2009
Disaster economic
costs by continent
(%)

Early …….Understanding of
Earthquakes

Ancient Civilization Myths about
Earthquakes
• On average 10,000
people die each
year due to
earthquake
• An average of
almost 17,000
persons per year
were killed in the
twentieth Century

There are various folk tales about
earthquakes. Some of these include:
Greek Mythology: Poseidon, the
god of the sea, was also believed
to be the god of earthquakes. It
was said that when he is in a bad
mood, he would strike the
ground with his trident, causing
an earthquake.
It is said that he does
this when he is angry at the sins
of people or because of misdeeds
committed by humanity.
Earthquakes in mythology: Folk Tales
https://www.crystalinks.com/earthquakes-mythology.html

Africa:
In different parts of Africa, several
earthquake legends have arisen. In
West Africa, one of the most widely
spread earthquake-origin myths
considers the earth to be a flat disk,
which is held up by an enormous
mountain in the west. And in the east,
it is held by a giant, while the giant’s
wife holds up the sky. When the giant
stops to hug his wife, the earth
trembles and causes earthquakes.
https://quantectum.com/blog/earthquake-origin-myths-(part-2)/
Another West African myth talks about a giant who carries the earth on his head. All the plants
that grow on the Earth are his hair, and people and animals are the insects that crawl through
his hair. He usually sits and faces the east, but once in a while, he turns to the west and then
back to the east, with a jolt that is felt as an earthquake

In Norse mythology, the god Loki is
known for his mischief and trickery. He
was responsible for the death of the
god of beauty, Baldur, by using
mistletoe to kill him.
As a punishment, Loki was chained to
a rock with a venomous snake over his
head, and the venom constantly
dripped on his face.
Loki's wife, Sejin, tried to protect him
by catching the poison in a pot.
However, when the pot was full, Loki
would move to protect himself from
the falling poison, causing an
earthquake.
https://bavipower.com/blogs/bavipower-viking-blog/why-earthquake-happened-in-norse-mythology

Causes of Earthquakes
➢Movement of Tectonic Plates
– Earth is divided into sections called Tectonic
plates that float on the fluid-like interior of the
Earth. Earthquakes are usually caused by
sudden movement of earth plates on the crust
– The major cause is the
stress build up of two
lithosphere plates.
– Volcanism
An earthquake is the vibration, sometimes violent, of the Earth's surface that follows a
release of energy in the Earth's crust

Fig. Structure of Earth (Composition)

Engineering seismology-CE240
Release of Accumulated energy

The point where it
originates is the
focus.
Its projection to the
surface is its
epicentre.
Depth to focus is the
focal depth.
An earthquake occurs when there is movement on a fault

Plate Tectonics: the Cause of
Earthquakes
Where Earthquakes Occur
Theory of plate tectonics is fundamental to understanding why and where earthquakes occur.
Large earthquakes frequently occur along the boundaries of plates

How do rocks deform?
Elastic rebound
As the rock is deformed, it
bends storing elastic
energy. Once strained
beyond it breaking point, it
ruptures, releasing stored
up energy in the form of
earthquake waves

List of Earthquake Hazards
• Ground Shaking
• Ground Displacement
• Flooding
• Land slide
• Liquefaction
• Fire
• Tsunami
• ?????????
Direct Hazards
Induced Hazards

The Effect of Ground Shaking
• The first main earthquake hazard (danger) is the
effect of ground shaking. Buildings can be damaged
by the shaking itself
These men barely escaped when the front of
the Anchorage J.C. Penny's collapsed during
the 1964 Good Friday earthquake.

Kobe earthquake damage.
Failure of the first story
caused partial collapse of
upper stories.
(http://www.eqe.com/publica
tions/kobe/kobe.htm)
Northridge earthquake soft first story
(parking level) damage.
(Photo from: Brown, R.D., Jr., Lessons
reaffirmed,
extended, or revealed, Earthquakes and
Volcanoes,
Vol. 25, No. 2, 103-106, 1994)

Northridge earthquake soft first story
(parking level) damage. (Photo from:
http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/hazard/slid
eset/earthquakes/)
Mid-story collapse, Kobe earthquake.
(Photo from: The January 17, 1995 Kobe
Earthquake: An EQE Summary Report. April
1995,
http://www.eqe.com/publications/kobe/kob
e.htm)

Mid-story collapse, Kobe
earthquake. (Photo from: The
January 17, 1995 Kobe Earthquake:
An EQE Summary Report. April
1995,
http://www.eqe.com/publications/k
obe/kobe.htm)
House shifted off its foundation,
Northridge earthquake.
(Photo from: Dewey, J.W.,
Intensities and isoseismals,
Earthquakes and Volcanoes,
Vol. 25, No. 2, 85-93, 1994)

House shifted off its foundation, Loma
Prieta earthquake. Photo from:
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/bytopic/pho
tos.html)
Column failure, Loma Prieta earthquake.
(Photo from:
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/bytopic/pho
tos.html)

Column failure on interstate highway overpass,
Northridge earthquake. (Photo from: Celebi,
Mehmet, and R. D. Brown, Jr., Structural
damage, Earthquakes and Volcanoes, Vol. 25,
No. 2, 94-102, 1994)
Column failure on interstate highway
overpass, Northridge earthquake.
(Photo from: Celebi, Mehmet, and R. D.
Brown, Jr., Structural damage,
Earthquakes and Volcanoes, Vol. 25, No.
2, 94-102, 1994)

Column failure on interstate highway
overpass, Northridge earthquake.
(Photo from:
http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/hazard
/slideset/earthquakes/)

Column failure (inadequate
connection to decking)
on interstate highway
overpass,
Northridge earthquake.
(Photo from: Cover photo,
Earthquakes and
Volcanoes, Vol. 25, No. 2,
1994)

Amplification
• Amplified shaking/building
resonance/very narrow-
based structure supporting
large mass
• Collapse of expressway
supported by central
columns, Kobe arthquake.
(Photo from: The January
17, 1995 Kobe Earthquake:
An EQE Summary Report.
April 1995,
http://www.eqe.com/public
ations/kobe/kobe.htm)

Ground Displacement
Lateral spread at site 13 on Heber Road
(location shown on Plate 1, Professional paper
1254), showing associated displacements,
fissures, and sand boils.
The pavement on Heber Road settled,
cracked, and shifted to the south by as much
as 1.2 meters. View is east.
Slumped banks of the Barbara Worth Drain
at site 30 (location shown on Plate 1,
Professional paper 1254). The slump in the
east bank destroyed a farm lane and blocked
the drain. View is south.

Imperial Valley, California, Earthquake October 15, 1979. Rupture (or "mole track") on the Imperial Fault in a
field south of Heber Road (2.4 kilometers northwest of the southeast end of the fault). Piled-up soil
fragments are compressional mounds that formed between the ends of echelon fractures in the ground.
View is northwest.J.C. Tinsley measured 45 degrees and 3 centimeters of dextral displacement on offset crop
rows in this field.

Landslide due to earthquake
Slope failure observed in the regions of Balakot and Muzaffarabad
(Pakistan Earthquake 8th Oct. 2005).
▪ Sea Landslide

A large, ancient landslide north of the
village of Estaladje
Surface faulting of Avaj earthquake at a
locality about 200 m east of the village
of Abdareh (Solaymani and Feghhi,
2003).

Liquefaction Hazard
Sand eruption caused by liquefaction
along the Hassanabad–Dashtak road.

Soil Liquefaction
▪ Soil liquefaction is a phenomenon in which the strength and
stiffness of a soil is reduced by earthquake shaking or other
rapid loading.
▪ This happens in saturated and cohesion-less soils when
increased pore water pressures lead to a decrease in strength.
▪ As a result, the soil behaves like a liquid (for a short period of
time), which can compromise the support provided to buildings
and other structures.
▪ The consequences of liquefaction include flooding, sandblows,
and damage to structures and utilities.

Liquefaction in Tripura due to 2017 Tripura Earthquake
More Details:
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11069-019-03699-w
Reconnaissance report on geotechnical effects and structural
damage caused by the 3 January 2017 Tripura earthquake, India.
P Anbazhagan, Kunjari Mog ….

2017 Tripura Earthquake,
Mw 5.7: Field
Reconnaissance and
Investigations: Liquefaction
Site

Ground failure due to
liquefaction, Loma Prieta
earthquake.
(Photo from:
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/byto
pic/photos.html)
Ground failure due to liquefaction,
Loma Prieta earthquake.
(Photo from:
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/bytopic/phot
os.html)

Building tilted by ground
failure caused by liquefaction,
Kobe earthquake.
(Photo from:
http://www.seismo.unr.edu/ft
p/pub/louie/class/100/effects-
kobe.html)
Partial building collapse caused by
ground slumping, 1964 Anchorage,
Alaska earthquake.
(Photo from:
http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/hazard/s
lideset/1/1_slides.html)

Earthquake Destruction: Fire
Earthquakes sometimes cause
fire due to broken gas lines,
contributing to the loss of life
and economy.
The destruction of lifelines and
utilities make impossible for
firefighters to reach fires started and
make the situation worse
eg. 1989 Loma Prieta
1906 San Francisco

Earthquake Destruction: Tsunamis
▪Tsunamis can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and
vertically displaces the overlying water.
▪The water above the deformed area is displaced from its equilibrium
position. Waves are formed as the displaced water mass, which acts
under the influence of gravity, attempts to regain its equilibrium.
▪Tsunami travels at a speed that is related to the water depth - hence, as
the water depth decreases, the tsunami slows.
▪The tsunami's energy flux, which is dependent on both its wave speed
and wave height, remains nearly constant.
▪Consequently, as the tsunami's speed diminishes as it travels into
shallower water, its height grows. Because of this effect, a tsunami,
imperceptible at sea, may grow to be several meters or more in height
near the coast and can flood a vast area.

Tsunami
Tsunami Movement: ~600 mph in deep water
~250 mph in medium depth water
~35 mph in shallow water

Engineering seismology-CE 240 N
Sumatra Earthquakes
Damaged Countries around Indian Ocean

Engineering seismology-CE 240 N
Marina Beach, Chennai

81
Compressional Wave (P-Wave) Animation
Deformation propagates: Particle motion consists of alternating
compression and dilation. Particle motion is parallel to the
direction of propagation (longitudinal). Material returns to its
original shape after wave passes.

82
Shear Wave (S-Wave) Animation
Deformation propagates: Particle motion consists of alternating transverse
motion. Particle motion is perpendicular to the direction of propagation
(transverse). Transverse particle motion shown here is vertical but can be in
any direction. However, Earth’s layers tend to cause mostly vertical (SV; in the
vertical plane) or horizontal (SH) shear motions. Material returns to its original
shape after wave passes.

83
Rayleigh Wave (R-Wave) Animation
Deformation propagates: Particle motion consists of elliptical motions
(generally retrograde elliptical) in the vertical plane and parallel to the
direction of propagation. Amplitude decreases with depth. Material returns
to its original shape after wave passes.

84
Love Wave (L-Wave) Animation
Deformation propagates: Particle motion consists of alternating transverse
motions. Particle motion is horizontal and perpendicular to the direction of
propagation (transverse). To aid in seeing that the particle motion is purely
horizontal, focus on the Y axis (red line) as the wave propagates through it.
Amplitude decreases with depth. Material returns to its original shape after
wave passes.

Earthquake Size
• Earthquake size is expressed in several ways
– Qualitative or Non instrumented
– Quantitative or Instrumental measurements
• Intensity
• Magnitudes
– Local magnitude (ML) / Richter magnitude
– Surface wave magnitude (MS)
– Body wave magnitude (mb)
• Body wave magnitude (mbLg)
– Coda magnitude (MC)
– Moment magnitude (Mw)

Intensity
• How Strong Earthquake Feels to Observer
– Qualitative assessment of the kinds of damage done by
an earthquake
– Developed by M.S.de Rossi-Italy and Francois Forel-
Switzerland in 1880’s
– Depends on distance to earthquake, strength of
earthquake, and local geology
– Determined from the intensity of shaking and damage
from the earthquake
– The descriptive scale continues to be important,
• First because in many seismic regions there are no seismographs to
measure strong ground motion, and
• Second, because the long historical record from seismically active
countries is founded on such descriptions.

Types of Earthquake Intensity scale
• Mercalli-Cancani-Seiberg (MCS): 12- level scale used in southern Europe
• Modified Mercalli (MMI): 12-level scale proposed in 1931 by wood and
Neumann, who adapted the MCS scale to the California data set. It is used
in north America and several other countries
• Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik (MSK): 12- level scale adopted in central
and Eastern Europe and used in several other countries
• European Macrosiesmic Scale (EMS): 12- level scale adopted since 1998 in
Europe. It is a development of the MM scale
• Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA): 7-level scale used in Japan. It has
been revised over the years and has recently been correlated to maximum
horizontal acceleration of the ground.
• Road Damage Intensity Scale (RDIS) : 5-level scale specially developed for
roads. Useful for seismic vulnerability assessment of transportation
network.

Engineering seismology-CE 240
I. Instrumental Generally not felt by people unless in favorable conditions.
II. Weak
Felt only by a few people at best, especially on the upper floors of buildings. Delicately suspended objects may
swing.
III. Slight
Felt quite noticeably by people indoors, especially on the upper floors of buildings. Many do not recognize it as
an earthquake. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Vibration similar to the passing of a truck. Duration
estimated.
IV. Moderate
Felt indoors by many people, outdoors by few people during the day. At night, some awaken. Dishes, windows,
doors disturbed; walls make cracking sound. Sensation like heavy truck striking building. Standing motor cars
rock noticeably. Dishes and windows rattle alarmingly.
V. Rather Strong
Felt outside by most, may not be felt by some outside in non-favorable conditions. Dishes and windows may
break and large bells will ring. Vibrations like large train passing close to house.
VI. Strong
Felt by all; many frightened and run outdoors, walk unsteadily. Windows, dishes, glassware broken; books fall
off shelves; some heavy furniture moved or overturned; a few instances of fallen plaster. Damage slight.
VII. Very Strong
Difficult to stand; furniture broken; damage negligible in building of good design and construction; slight to
moderate in well-built ordinary structures; considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed structures;
some chimneys broken. Noticed by people driving motor cars.
VIII. Destructive
Damage slight in specially designed structures; considerable in ordinary substantial buildings with partial
collapse. Damage great in poorly built structures. Fall of chimneys, factory stacks, columns, monuments, walls.
Heavy furniture moved.
IX. Violent
General panic; damage considerable in specially designed structures, well designed frame structures thrown
out of plumb. Damage great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off foundations.
X. Intense
Some well built wooden structures destroyed; most masonry and frame structures destroyed with foundation.
Rails bent.
XI. Extreme Few, if any masonry structures remain standing. Bridges destroyed. Rails bent greatly.
XII. Cataclysmic
Total destruction - Everything is destroyed. Lines of sight and level distorted. Objects thrown into the air. The
ground moves in waves or ripples. Large amounts of rock move position. Landscape altered, or leveled by
several meters. In some cases, even the routes of rivers are changed.

❖ If the sizes of earthquakes are to be compared worldwide, a
measure is needed that does not depend (as does intensity) on
the density of population and type of construction.
❖ A strictly quantitative scale of size that can be applied to
earthquakes in both inhabited and uninhabited regions was
originated in 1931 by K. Wadati in Japan and developed by the
late Professor Charles Richter in 1935 in California.
❖ The scheme is to use the wave amplitudes measured by a
seismograph.
❖ This idea is similar to that of astronomers who grade the size of
stars using a stellar magnitude scale based on the relative
brightness seen through a telescope.
Magnitude

– Related to Energy Release.
– Quantitative measurement of the amount of energy released by an
earthquake
– Depends on the size of the fault that breaks
– Determined from seismic records
Richter magnitude
• The magnitude of a local earthquake is the logarithm to base 10 of the
maximum seismic-wave amplitude (in thousandths of a millimeter )
recorded on a standard seismograph at a distance of 100 kilometers
from the epicenter.
• Because earthquake sources are located at all distances from
seismographic stations, Richter further developed a method of making
allowance for this attenuation With epicentral distance when calculating
the Richter magnitude of an earthquake.
• An uncomplicated earthquake record clearly shows a P wave, an S wave,
and a train of Rayleigh waves. (The seismogram shows only the vertical
component of the ground motion.) Now, if Richter's procedure for
determining local magnitude were followed, we would measure the
amplitude of the largest of the three waves and then make some
adjustment for epicentral distance and the magnification of the
seismograph.

▪ The moment magnitude scale (Mw) is a measure of an earthquake's magnitude based
on its seismic moment, which is a product of the distance a fault moved and the force
required to move it. It is calculated using the formula Mw = 2/3 * log(M0) - 10.7, where
M0 is the seismic moment in dyne⋅cm. The moment magnitude scale is considered the
authoritative magnitude scale for ranking earthquakes by the U.S. Geological Survey and
is more directly related to the energy of an earthquake than other scales. It does not
saturate and is capable of measuring larger earthquakes accurately.
▪ On the other hand, the Richter scale is an older magnitude scale that measures the
amplitude of seismic waves. It was found to not transfer very well from the San Andreas
fault zone to more powerful earthquakes that occur at convergent plate boundaries,
particularly subduction zone earthquakes. Therefore, the moment magnitude scale is
now preferred because it takes more factors into account, including the total area of
the fault that moves, and is applicable globally.
▪ In summary, the moment magnitude scale is more accurate for measuring a wider range
of earthquake sizes and is considered the standard scale used by seismological
authorities like the U.S. Geological Survey, while the Richter scale is less effective for
larger earthquakes and has been largely replaced by the moment magnitude scale.
Moment Magnitude & Richter Scale Magnitude

Difference between Magnitude and Intensity

Earthquake Hazards
IS 1893:2002 (Revised 2016)

Disaster Management
Zone V expects the highest level of seismicity whereas Zone II is associated with the lowest
level of seismicity

▪The largest reservoir induced earthquake is a magnitude 6.7 Koyna earthquake of 1967
occurred in western India (Gupta and Rastogi, 1976).
▪This earthquake took place due to the Koyna dam after its construction and water filling
for the first three years. This earthquake caused a loss of about 200 human lives.
RIS Example

After Türkiye-Syria earthquake, 6
February 2023:
Ayan Guldogan, a journalist working
for a local news station in Turkiye
said, “I saw dust and smoke rising
from the city of Urfa. It looked like a
nuclear bomb had been dropped.”
His house had survived the massive
quake.
Is Feb 6 2023 Türkiye-
Syria earthquake
Planned or Man-made
earthquake?

Etna 2003
Etna eruption (2002-2003): courtesy of INGV
(Sezione di Catania)

Dormant: Dormant or inactive volcanoes are those that have erupted in the past
times, bur are now quiet.

CE 307: Disaster Management
Lecture # Earthquake- Do’s, Don’ts
Dr. Kunjari Mog
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
National Institute of Technology,
Hamirpur 177005

Photos: Hailstorm at
NIT Hamirpur on 20th
February 2024.
PC: Dr. Kunjari Mog

Earthquake Preparedness: Do's and
Don'ts
Do's During an Earthquake
• Drop, Cover, and Hold On
technique: covering head and neck,
holding on to a sturdy object
• Stay indoors if you are inside a
building
• If outdoors, move to an open area
away from buildings, trees, and
power lines
• If driving, pull over to the side of the
road and stop

Don'ts During an Earthquake
• Do not use elevators
• Avoid doorways, they do not
provide protection
• Do not run outside while the
ground is shaking
• Do not use matches, candles,
or any flame as there may be
gas leaks

Disaster Management
Preparing an Emergency Kit
• List of essential items for an
emergency kit (water, food, first
aid supplies, flashlight, etc.)
• Importance of having a family
emergency plan

Securing Your Space:
• Secure furniture and heavy items at
home or in the workplace
• Secure tall furniture and appliances
to prevent them from falling

Falling of medicine bottles during the 2017 Tripura earthquake shaking at Bimal
Singha Memorial Hospital, Kamalpur, Dhalai Tripura. PC: Kunjari Mog

After the Earthquake
• Steps to follow after the
shaking stops:
- checking for injuries
- assessing damage
- listening to the radio/news
for updates
- turning off utilities
- help those in need

What to do if you are trapped
under debris after an earthquake

What to do if you are trapped under debris
after an earthquake
• Minimize Movement: Kicking up dust can
impair rescue efforts
• Cover Your Mouth: Use a cloth or
handkerchief to filter air
• Tap on a Pipe or Wall: Rescue teams can
locate you by sound
• Use a Whistle: A whistle carries farther than
shouting
• Stay Calm: Conserving energy helps you
survive longer
• Conserve Energy: Save strength for
signaling and self-rescue attempts
• Call for Help: Send texts or tap on a pipe to
alert rescuers
• Be Patient: Wait for trained professionals to
arrive

Disaster Management_Lecture_Mid-Sem_Feb-March_2024_Dr. Kunjari Mog.pdf

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