The 20th century novel was influenced by several key factors: 1. The First World War left many disillusioned and cynical about progress. 2. The rise of science in the century challenged religious views and values. Scientists like Darwin, Marx, and Freud impacted literature. 3. Increased democracy and industrialization led people to question traditions and address social problems of modernization. 4. Religious skepticism grew as Christianity failed to address humanity's problems, and religion took on new roles in politics and society. The modern novel became more realistic, psychological, and subjective in exploring the inner lives and mental processes of characters.

1. DIFFERENT FACTORS
AFFECTED
TWENTIETH
CENTURY NOVEL
•‫الشهري‬ ‫جرمان‬ ‫افنان‬
•‫البلوي‬ ‫عايد‬ ‫جواهر‬
•‫البلوي‬ ‫خالد‬ ‫وعد‬
•‫العنزي‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫ضيف‬ ‫جميله‬

2. Twentieth century
The modern novel is realistic. It deals with all the
facts of contemporary life, the pleasant as well as
the unpleasant, the beautiful as well as the ugly,
and does not present merely a one sided view of
life. Life is presented with detached accurate,
regardless of morals or ideological considerations.
The sufferings of the poor, their misery and
wretchedness, as well as good in them, their sense
of social solidarity, their follow felling and sympathy,
are realistically presented.

3. The novel was greatly influenced by social and scientific changes. There is the falling
down of the faith in science, technology and progress.
The 1st World War left the country in a disillusioned and cynical mood.
In this period: DARWIN had destroyed the old religious values; Marx supported the
cause of proletariat and revolutionized both the old economic doctrines with some
important points: The power of the capital, profit, private enterprise, private
property and free competition; Freud had laid the basis of psychoanalysis as a
science.
He discovered the prevalence of the instincts over the will, the subconscious over
the consciousness. He discovered that man's actions could be motivated by
irrational forces. Some novelist tried to give interpretation to the social changes,
Others novelists explored the human soul. The second type of writers were
searching for new form of expression. Innovations were carried on in fiction. Now
the novel stopped to be realistic and began to examine the inner part of the
characters as well as their thought. The modern writers believed that man's most
important struggles take place in characters' mind. The writers thought that the
"true real" was the mental and emotional reactions of the characters to the external
events.

4. Their novels are marked by the following features:
1.The lack of a plot: if there is a plot it is very weak and the writer pays his attention mainly to the
mental processes of the characters.
2.The inobservance of the traditional grammar and syntax rules and of punctuation
3.Great emphasis is given to the interior monologue which constitutes the main expressive means
used by the writers.
4.The apparent lack of a logical connection among the thoughts that run through the mind of the
characters.
The time, in particular is a very marginal element. What is important is not the narration of the
events in their chronological order, but all that flows through the mind of the characters. The
traditional pattern which involved a clear separation of past, present and future stops existing. There
is no distinction between past-present-future in the mind of the characters, but only an eternal
present. The writers had to depart from the traditional narrative techniques and invented new ones.
The new techniques were know as the stream of consciousness technique and the interior
monologue. Bergson introduced a new concept of time. He stated that the present doesn’t really
exist. It is a continuous flow from the already, the past, into the not yet, the future. Bergson’s
concept of time is a flow, a duration rather than a series of points moving chronologically forward.
Bergson stated the difference between the historical time, also called clock time which is external,
linear, and objective, measured by the time units and the internal time, subjective and measured by
the emotional intensity of the moment. James, instead, had stated that consciousness is the stream
of thoughts. The term consciousness is not be confused with other mental activities like intelligence
or memory which can be communicated; the stream of consciousness novels are those novels
concerned with the area which is beyond communication.

5. There are, in fact, two levels of consciousness:
-The speech level, which can be communicated either orally or
in writing
-The pre-speech level, which has no communicative basis and is
not rationally controlled or logically ordered. An analogy would
be that of an iceberg, of which only the tip is visible, while the
greatest part is submerged. The stream of consciousness fiction
is concerned not so much with the part of the iceberg that is
visible but with the part that lies below the surface. the most
prominent method together with stream of consciousness
technique is the interior monologue. the former refers to the
mental activity itself, the latter is the instrument used to
translate this activity into words disregarding logical
progression.

6. FACTORS AFFECTED ON TWENTIETH CENTURY NOVEL
1- First world war
The war led to the death of millions of English
After the war people as a whole were recovering
from the shock and hoping desperately that
things would get back to normal people.

7. It's hard to imagine what World War I would be like if the industrial
revolution never occurred. Perhaps, it wouldn't have
happened. Industrialization gave the more advanced and powerful
countries the power to take over lesser ones. It's arguable that part
of what led to the first World War was the choice of certain
countries to attack other ones. The Industrial Revolution led to more
war technologies, like tanks, new guns, and even armor. These new
weapons could kill faster, more efficiently, and on a larger scale than
ever before. It is estimated that over 16,000,000 people were killed,
and 10,000,000 more were wounded from WW1. Weapons could be
fired faster, with less time preparing them, and war vehicles like
tanks could not only crush defenses, but they could eliminate tons
of people at a time. It's clear that the amount of casualties would
have been much less without the more advanced weapons from
industrialization.

8. 2. Dominance of Science
Science advanced dramatically during the century. There
were new and radical developments in the physical, life
and human sciences, building on the progress made in
the 19th century. Big Science flourished, especially after
the Second World War, as funding for science increased.
Mathematics became ever more specialized and abstract.
The twentieth century was dominantly an age of science.
Men of science have become the chief intellectuals. Men
of science substituted philosophers. So, spiritual values
were thrown into the background and replaced by
material values.

9. Most Influential Scientists of the 20th
:Century
Albert Einstein
Sigmund Freud
Robert Goddard

10. Some writers of 20th century :
HERMAN MELVILL (1819-1891)
MARK TWIN (1835-1910)
F.SCOTT FITZGERALD (1896-1940)
ERNEST HEMINGWAY (1899-1961)
WILLIAM FAULKNER (1897-1962)
SINCLAIR LEWIS (1885-1951)
JOHN DOS PASSOS (1896-1970)
JOHN STEINBECK (1902-1968)
RICHARD WRIGHT (1908-1960)
NORMAN MAILER (1932)
JOHN GARDNER (1933- 1982)

11. 3. Growth of democracy and industrialism
In this age people became interested in industry
and democracy .The increase of democracy and
people rights led people to question everything
instead of taking things for granted. So, they started
discussing each issue which led to confrontations in
society. Also the rapid growth of industrialism
presented many problems to society, specifically,
people in primitive society who could not deal with
the demands of new life.

12. During the 20th century the number of countries
possessing the basic political institutions of
representative democracy increased significantly. At the
beginning of the 21st century, independent observers
agreed that more than one-third of the world’s nominally
independent countries possessed democratic institutions
comparable to those of the English-speaking countries
and the older democracies of continental Europe. In an
additional one-sixth of the world’s countries, these
institutions, though somewhat defective, nevertheless
provided historically high levels of democratic
government. Altogether, these democratic and near-
democratic countries contained nearly half the world’s
population.

13. While there were a lot of horrible events during the 20th century that were
results of the Industrial Revolution, industrialization did have many positive
effects on the world in the 1900's.
The first positive result was automobiles. Henry Ford's company released their
first car ever, changing the world, in 1903. If the Industrial Revolution had never
occurred, then this breakthrough would have not been possible. If this invention
of automobiles had never happened, we
would not have automobiles today.
The revolution also improved people's lives during the 1900's. By diversifying the
number and quality of the kinds of products factories could produce, people
learned better, lived better, and had more time on their hands as conveniences
and efficiencies were created. People were able to entertain themselves and
others with newer technologies such as the radio, the computer, and the
television; all possible from the long lasting effects of the Industrial Revolution.
The Industrial Revolution led to some of the greatest inventions known to man.
We would never even dream of items like computers, boats, cars, color photos,
recordable movies, and medicine without industrialization. Industrialization led
to many new technologies that improved medical treatments drastically. When
doctors simply amputated infected areas, they learned to find the source of the
problem, and eliminate it. People with diseases like Diabetes could finally
survive, and live an almost normal life. People that were wounded (which used
to be mortal) could then survive and continue living.‫ز‬

14. 4. Chaos and skepticism in religion
“The world in which we live today can only be described as chaotic in the
matter of religious belief” Mr. Charles Gore.
People have become suspicious about religious and spiritual issues. There
start a strong feeling of resentment against Christianity as it had failed to
.serve as a panacea to the ills of mankind
The role of religion shifted dramatically in Central American politics during the 20th
century, as the Catholic Church moved from a position as conservator of the status
quo to a powerful force for reform and human rights. The century also witnessed the
rise, then the “boom,” of Protestant—specifically Pentecostal—religion. By the
century’s end, Central America had become among the most Protestant regions of
Latin America, with every country except Costa Rica and Belize measuring a large and
rising evangélico minority. These changes unfolded alongside, and deeply affected,
one of the most traumatic and violent periods in the region’s history, the so-called
Central American crisis of the late 1970s and 1980s, when Nicaragua, El Salvador, and
Guatemala became the battlegrounds for one of the last large proxy wars of the larger
Cold War, between Marxist insurgencies and authoritarian governments.

15. FINALLY, the novels signatures are its skepticism,*
interiority, absence of moral preaching
.*faster, fragmentary writing
*‘doubt’ the dominant mood of modern fiction.
*They make truth to be a relative thing.
*Traditional narration replaced with subjective
narrative.
*Emphasis on ‘ consciousness’ .
*The past discovered haphazardly , imperfectly,
through much effort.
Vision and viewpoint became an essential aspect of*
the novel.

16. conclusion
The novel influences by a lot of factors
which changes in their writing and their
.imagination