What is digital sustainability and what do open source communities have to do with it? The talk will introduce the concept of digital sustainability, discuss characteristics of digital resources that make them sustainable, and explain why and how communities of open source communities create digitally sustainable software. Examples of different community activities such as the LibreOffice project illustrate how collaboration works in various open source initiatives.
First part of a six parts knowledge management course for MBA students. This part deals with the question of managing knowledge in a knowledge based world. The VUCA world can be an opportunity for knowledge workers to learn and develop agile and flexible strategies.
Open Data Value Framework: Open Data's Four Pillars of ValueSocrata
McKinsey Global Institute estimates that government organizations together can generate $3 trillion dollars in value for themselves and their taxpayers through open data and information transparency initiatives.
Yes, that's a staggering number, but governments like yours are realizing pieces of it already. Are you taking advantage of the enormous economic and social impacts of information transparency?
Review these webinar slides to learn more about the four pillars of value that are reshaping how government thinks not only about open data, but how it's applied and leveraged to cut costs and significantly increase government efficiency.
In these slides you will learn:
-How to immediately start cutting costs and increasing operational efficiency
-How your peers have already implemented similar programs
-How to get get approval and get going quickly
Don't miss out on your piece of the $3 trillion windfall.
Disruption is the talk of the town - breakthrough technologies are, well, breaking through everywhere and everyday. What can firms do to mitigate the risk of being disrupted? By disruption! It's no easy task to 'eat oneself' and often there will be serious barriers (culture, technology etc.) for doing so. As we are moving fast from industrial production and economies of scale, economies of experience and service design become the critical assets: The customer experience! The customer experience must seek to integrate the digital with the physical. Your customers already swaps seamlessly between the two, so should you! With mobile as more than just another channel, customer experience must also focus on creating 'mobile moments' (of truth) where customer needs are foreseen and fulfilled across the omnichannel. Key is to provide a platform on which users can interact and co-create. Providing the winning platform will position you as the gatekeeper, 'owning' the customer (as the saying goes) and safe guard against new entrants and disruption. Enable collaboration to take this digital transformation the last steps.
Digital sustainability of open source communitiesMatthias Stürmer
The document discusses the digital sustainability of open source communities. It defines digital sustainability as ensuring digital resources are accessible to current and future generations. An example given is the Voyager Golden Record, which included images and sounds stored in a format that future civilizations could potentially decode. Key elements for sustainable open source communities include good governance, a heterogeneous community of contributors from varied backgrounds, a nonprofit foundation to handle legal/community matters, commercial support through services, and opportunities for users.
Iolanda Pensa, Wikimedia projects and OpenStreetMap as an Open Research Infrastructure, 03 February 2024, FOSDEM, Bruxelles, CC BY-SA 4.0
The Wikimedia and OpenStreetMap projects are an existing free software infrastructure that already produces citizen science and can be used by researchers to share and co-produce data and to produce - and reproduce - the results of research. The presentation specifically refers to the potential of data related to cultural heritage for studies in the humanities and in particular in museology, art, art history and history of architecture.
Digital Scholarship Intersection Scale Social MachinesDavid De Roure
This document discusses digital scholarship and social machines. It begins with an overview of digital humanities and social machines. It then provides examples of digital scholarship projects that utilize large datasets, citizen science, and social annotation. These examples demonstrate how digital methods can facilitate collaboration at scale. The document argues that a digital strategy is needed to guide investment and support for research using digital infrastructure and methods at universities.
"Digital Scholarship: The Intersection of Disciplines"
Invited talk at Semantics Digital Humanities Workshop, 25th-27th of September 2015, New Seminar Room, St John’s College, University of Oxford, St Giles, OX1 3JP. Organized by Dept of Computer Science, e-Research Centre, and St John's College, University of Oxford.
Maarten Brinkerink and Johan Oomen (Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision, NL) will talk about Waisda?, an open source video labeling game framework developed by Sound and Vision[3], which is currently being developed further in the context of Europeana.[4] Sound and Vision has collaborated with several public broadcasters in the Netherlands to enable fans of certain programmes to contribute fine-grained description of this content. In the latest edition called ‘Spotvogel’ (Mockingbird) Sound and Vision collaborated with the nature TV programme ‘Vroege Vogels’ (Early Birds, by the VARA) to mobilize the online community around the programme for identifying flora, fauna and locations within specific segments of the broadcasts. To support the tagging of the flora and fauna the game utilized a controlled vocabulary that is maintained by Naturalis. Players are awarded points when their tag entries match with other players, and they can score bonus points for using ‘professional’ terms from the controlled vocabulary. Players can also earn badges for certain achievements within the game, for instance for identifying a certain number of birds. Up until now the game managed to gather over 240,000 tags.
First part of a six parts knowledge management course for MBA students. This part deals with the question of managing knowledge in a knowledge based world. The VUCA world can be an opportunity for knowledge workers to learn and develop agile and flexible strategies.
Open Data Value Framework: Open Data's Four Pillars of ValueSocrata
McKinsey Global Institute estimates that government organizations together can generate $3 trillion dollars in value for themselves and their taxpayers through open data and information transparency initiatives.
Yes, that's a staggering number, but governments like yours are realizing pieces of it already. Are you taking advantage of the enormous economic and social impacts of information transparency?
Review these webinar slides to learn more about the four pillars of value that are reshaping how government thinks not only about open data, but how it's applied and leveraged to cut costs and significantly increase government efficiency.
In these slides you will learn:
-How to immediately start cutting costs and increasing operational efficiency
-How your peers have already implemented similar programs
-How to get get approval and get going quickly
Don't miss out on your piece of the $3 trillion windfall.
Disruption is the talk of the town - breakthrough technologies are, well, breaking through everywhere and everyday. What can firms do to mitigate the risk of being disrupted? By disruption! It's no easy task to 'eat oneself' and often there will be serious barriers (culture, technology etc.) for doing so. As we are moving fast from industrial production and economies of scale, economies of experience and service design become the critical assets: The customer experience! The customer experience must seek to integrate the digital with the physical. Your customers already swaps seamlessly between the two, so should you! With mobile as more than just another channel, customer experience must also focus on creating 'mobile moments' (of truth) where customer needs are foreseen and fulfilled across the omnichannel. Key is to provide a platform on which users can interact and co-create. Providing the winning platform will position you as the gatekeeper, 'owning' the customer (as the saying goes) and safe guard against new entrants and disruption. Enable collaboration to take this digital transformation the last steps.
Digital sustainability of open source communitiesMatthias Stürmer
The document discusses the digital sustainability of open source communities. It defines digital sustainability as ensuring digital resources are accessible to current and future generations. An example given is the Voyager Golden Record, which included images and sounds stored in a format that future civilizations could potentially decode. Key elements for sustainable open source communities include good governance, a heterogeneous community of contributors from varied backgrounds, a nonprofit foundation to handle legal/community matters, commercial support through services, and opportunities for users.
Iolanda Pensa, Wikimedia projects and OpenStreetMap as an Open Research Infrastructure, 03 February 2024, FOSDEM, Bruxelles, CC BY-SA 4.0
The Wikimedia and OpenStreetMap projects are an existing free software infrastructure that already produces citizen science and can be used by researchers to share and co-produce data and to produce - and reproduce - the results of research. The presentation specifically refers to the potential of data related to cultural heritage for studies in the humanities and in particular in museology, art, art history and history of architecture.
Digital Scholarship Intersection Scale Social MachinesDavid De Roure
This document discusses digital scholarship and social machines. It begins with an overview of digital humanities and social machines. It then provides examples of digital scholarship projects that utilize large datasets, citizen science, and social annotation. These examples demonstrate how digital methods can facilitate collaboration at scale. The document argues that a digital strategy is needed to guide investment and support for research using digital infrastructure and methods at universities.
"Digital Scholarship: The Intersection of Disciplines"
Invited talk at Semantics Digital Humanities Workshop, 25th-27th of September 2015, New Seminar Room, St John’s College, University of Oxford, St Giles, OX1 3JP. Organized by Dept of Computer Science, e-Research Centre, and St John's College, University of Oxford.
Maarten Brinkerink and Johan Oomen (Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision, NL) will talk about Waisda?, an open source video labeling game framework developed by Sound and Vision[3], which is currently being developed further in the context of Europeana.[4] Sound and Vision has collaborated with several public broadcasters in the Netherlands to enable fans of certain programmes to contribute fine-grained description of this content. In the latest edition called ‘Spotvogel’ (Mockingbird) Sound and Vision collaborated with the nature TV programme ‘Vroege Vogels’ (Early Birds, by the VARA) to mobilize the online community around the programme for identifying flora, fauna and locations within specific segments of the broadcasts. To support the tagging of the flora and fauna the game utilized a controlled vocabulary that is maintained by Naturalis. Players are awarded points when their tag entries match with other players, and they can score bonus points for using ‘professional’ terms from the controlled vocabulary. Players can also earn badges for certain achievements within the game, for instance for identifying a certain number of birds. Up until now the game managed to gather over 240,000 tags.
A argument for academics to get on board the open-source sea change in digital media creation and teach their students new tools for digital creativity beyond proprietary software applications, but programming skills to make their own along with stunning creations.
Digital Cultural Heritage and the new EU Framework Programmelocloud
2nd LoCloud CY Awareness Event at the Ministry of Education and Culture.
Presentation delivered by Marinos Ioannides, Cyprus University of Technology
Cyprus
5 March 2014
Towards more smart, connected and open audiovisual archivesJohan Oomen
As a result of digitisation of analogue holdings and working processes, more and more material from audiovisual archies is being made available online. This marks a transformative shift, as archives and users are now sharing the same information space. Once digital and part of an open network, objects from audiovisual archives can be shared, recommended, remixed, embedded, cited, referenced to and so on. It is a far cry from several years ago, when users were obliged to visit brick and mortar institutions to access collections. This shift towards digital enables archives to fulfil their pubic missions better; crossing geographical boundaries, using new channels for content distribution, engage with user groups and use new technologies to make work processes more efficient and allow for new access points to collections. It also introduces fundamental challenges, forcing audiovisual archives to [1] rethink their role and function in the value chain of media production and modern society at large, [2] assess which activities and competences are vital to succeed in a digital context.
We envision the future audiovisual archives to be smart, connected and open; using smart technologies to optimise workflows for annotation and content distribution. Collaborating with third parties to co-design and co-develop new technologies in order to manifest themselves as frontrunners rather than followers. Being connected to other sources of information (other collections, contextual sources), to a variety of often niche user communities, researchers and the creative industries. To embrace the use of standards defined by external instances rather than by the cultural heritage communities themselves. Fully embrace ‘open’ as the default to have maximum impact in society: applying open licences for content delivery, using open source software and open standards wherever possible. Promote open access to publications and so on.
This keynote examines how the public mission of archives (i.e. supporting a myriad of users to utilize collections to learn, experience and create) can be achieved in a digital context. It addresses the challenges related to the role and function of institutions and provides practical insights in how archives can establish a culture of innovation to manage challenges they face today. It addresses some of the major questions audiovisual archives are faced with today.
Lunar Mission One aims to send an unmanned spacecraft to land at the South Pole of the Moon in 2024, the first crowd-funded space exploration mission having raised over $1 million. It plans to drill down 20-100 meters to access 4.5 billion year old lunar rock and leave behind a digital time capsule containing a record of life on Earth and human civilization buried in the borehole. The mission seeks to further understanding of the origins of the Moon, Earth, and solar system as well as inspire education in science worldwide. It will be funded by a private archive where individuals can store personal digital content on the Moon for future generations.
The document summarizes the Culturunners program taking place from October 1-6, 2014 at MIT. It includes three days of workshops where artists and scientists will develop mobile technologies, wearable devices, and online platforms to archive materials from a tour across the US exploring connections between American and Middle Eastern cultures. A public symposium will feature presentations and discussions on cross-cultural exchange. The week aims to test new technologies for mapping and sharing experiences to build understanding between the regions.
FutureEverything - The City as Living Lab or Play SpaceDrew Hemment
My keynote presentation at Metropolis Lab in Copenhagen on 28 June on the FutureEverything festival as a living lab, an approach developed in collaboration with ImaginationLancaster.
This document provides an agenda and overview for a workshop on digital scholarship at the British Library. The workshop aims to define digital scholarship, explore how digital technologies are reshaping research, and discuss some key concepts like text mining, data visualization, georeferencing, crowdsourcing, and collaboration. The agenda includes introductions, defining digital scholarship, discussions of specific techniques behind common buzzwords, a group activity, and planning next steps. Examples of digital scholarship projects involving the British Library are also presented.
Final project posters for lis 653 spring 2014PrattSILS
This document discusses the history and practices of cataloging moving images. It begins with a brief history of moving image cataloging since the late 19th century. It then provides examples of how different institutions, such as the Library of Congress, Lucasfilm Research Library, Museum of Modern Art, and Paramount Pictures approach cataloging their moving image collections. These case studies illustrate the variety of standards, tools, and metadata schemes used. The document also covers two approaches to metadata organization and issues of interoperability. Finally, it discusses how emerging technologies like the semantic web can enhance metadata and connections between content.
Lessons learnt from DIY innovation: The story of Public LabCindy Regalado
Public Lab is a grassroots community co-developing accessible & affordable DIY tools and techniques for environmental monitoring and addressing social issues. In its extraordinary journey, Public Lab has learnt many lessons for engagement in DIY, the nurturing of innovation, and working with communities.
Seminar at CSAIL, MIT, Cambridge, Mass. Date: Friday October 30, 2015. Time: 4:00 pm - 5:00 pm, Location: D463 (Star)
Abstract:
Today we are witnessing several shifts in scholarly practice, in and across multiple disciplines, as researchers embrace digital techniques to tackle established research questions in new ways and new questions afforded by digital and digitized collections, approaches, and technologies. Pervasive adoption of technology, coupled with the co-creation of new social processes, has created a new and complex space for scholarship where citizens both generate and analyse data as they interact at the intersection of the physical and digital. Drawing on a background in distributed computing, and adopting the lens of Social Machines, this talk discusses current activity in digital scholarship, framing it in its interdisciplinary settings.
Bio:
David De Roure is Professor of e-Research at University of Oxford, Director of the Oxford e-Research Centre, and chairs Oxford’s Digital Humanities research programme. He previously directed the Digital Social Research programme for the UK Economic and Social Research Council, and serves as a strategic advisor in new forms of data and realtime analytics. Trained in electronics and computer science, his career has involved interdisciplinary collaborations in chemistry, astrophysics, bioinformatics, social computing, digital libraries, and sensor networks. His personal research is in Computational Musicology, Web Science, and Internet of Things. He is a frequent speaker and writer on digital research and the future of scholarly communications. URL: http://www.oerc.ox.ac.uk/people/dder
This document discusses social machines and their use in digital humanities projects. It defines social machines as processes on the web where people do creative work and machines do administration. Examples are given of social machines used for crowdsourcing annotations of digital music collections, linking data repositories, and transcribing and editing texts. The document argues that scholarly communication infrastructure can be viewed as an ecosystem of interacting social machines, and that social machines allow for more participation than just crowdsourcing.
From digital to social collections. A short story of collections online.Elena Lagoudi
Digital collections have evolved from being object-oriented to being people-oriented. Early digital collections in the 1960s-2000s focused on digitization, cataloging and making collections available online. However, even then there was a recognition that digital collections should serve communities of users and prioritize searchability. The rise of web 2.0 in the 2000s enabled greater user participation, sharing and social interactions around digital collections. This led museums to embrace more open and inclusive digital collections. Now, digital curators work to make collections discoverable, meaningful, responsive and interoperable through the use of standards and by facilitating connections between collections, users and communities.
Tectonic Storytelling with Open Source and Digital Object Identifiers - a cas...Peter Löwe
The communication of advances in research to the common public for both education and decision making is an important aspect of scientific work. An even more crucial task is to gain recognition within the scientific community,
which is judged by impact factor and citation counts. Recently, the latter concepts have been extended from
textual publications to include data and software publications.
This paper presents a case study for science communication and data citation. For this, tectonic models, Free and Open Source Software (FOSS), best practices for data citation and a multimedia online-portal for scientific content
are combined. This approach creates mutual benefits for the stakeholders: Target audiences receive information on
the latest research results, while the use of Digital Object Identifiers (DOI) increases the recognition and citation of
underlying scientific data. This creates favourable conditions for every researcher as DOI names ensure citeability and long term availability of scientific research.
In the developed application, the FOSS tool for tectonic modelling GPlates is used to visualise and manipulate
plate-tectonic reconstructions and associated data through geological time. These capabilities are augmented by the Science on a Halfsphere project (SoaH) with a robust and intuitive visualisation hardware environment.
The tectonic models used for science communication are provided by the AGH University of Science and Technology.
They focus on the Silurian to Early Carboniferous evolution of Central Europe (Bohemian Massif) and were
interpreted for the area of the Geopark Bergstraße Odenwald based on the GPlates/SoaH hardware- and software stack.
As scientific story-telling is volatile by nature, recordings are a natural means of preservation for further use, reference and analysis. For this, the upcoming portal for audiovisual media of the German National Library of Science and Technology TIB is expected to become a critical service infrastructure. It allows complex search queries, including metadata such as DOI and media fragment identifiers (MFI), thereby linking data citation and science
communication.
Linked Data and Images: Building Blocks for Cultural HeritageRobert Sanderson
Presentation given at UC Berkeley on 18th of April, 2014. Describes the benefits of Linked Data for Cultural Heritage, along with the details of IIIF and Open Annotation frameworks.
Opening talk for the Introduction to Digital Humanities Workshop, at the Digital Humanities at Oxford Summer School 2015. Presented 20 July 2015 in St Anne's College.
This document discusses citizen science, which involves volunteers without formal scientific training assisting researchers by performing tasks like observation, measurement, and data collection. It provides examples of citizen science projects like monitoring earthquakes through the USGS "Did You Feel It?" website, testing local water quality on World Water Monitoring Day, and mapping ant populations for the School of Ants project. A distributed system is important for citizen science as it allows data and findings to be shared from volunteers in different locations and systems. Citizen science benefits scientific research by increasing available data and public engagement with science.
This document discusses citizen science, which involves volunteers without formal scientific training assisting researchers by performing tasks like observation, measurement, and data collection. It provides examples of citizen science projects like monitoring earthquakes through the USGS "Did You Feel It?" website, testing local water quality on World Water Monitoring Day, and mapping ant populations for the School of Ants project. A distributed system is important for citizen science as it allows data to be collected and shared from various locations and device types. Citizen science benefits scientific research by increasing available data and public engagement with science.
Ideation for Resilience: Prepared presentation (Sample work)Heath Rezabek
Note: This session was originally commissioned to be part of the 2015 London Environmental Challenge program at Imperial College. Regrettably, the session had to be postponed.
I include it here as sample work and a representative example of my approach to interdisciplinary ideation, innovation, and creative session leadership.
Linked Data has become a broadly adopted approach for information management and data management not only by government organisations but also more and more by various industries.
Enterprise linked data tackles several challenges like the improvement of information retrieval tools or the integration of distributed data silos. Enterprises understand better and better why their information management should not be limited by organisational boundaries but should rather consider to integrate and link information from different spheres like the public internet, government organisations, professional information providers, customers and even suppliers.
On the other hand, enterprise IT architects still tend to pull down the shutters wherever possible. The continuation of the success of the Semantic Web doesn't seem to be limited by technical barriers anymore but rather by people's mindsets of intranets being strictly cut off from other information sources.
In this talk I will throw new light on the reasons why metadata is key for professional information management, and why W3C's semantic web standards are so important to reduce costs of data management through economies of scale. I will discuss from a multi-stakeholder perspective several use cases for the industrialization of semantic technologies and linked data.
In many countries, the remediation of in-house pollutants such as PCB and asbestos has come into the focus. We want to show how SMW powered pollutant register and mapping can be used to document measurements, direct remedial actions and inform stakeholders.
More Related Content
Similar to Digital sustainability of open source communities, Matthias Stürmer, SMWCon Fall 2014, Vienna
A argument for academics to get on board the open-source sea change in digital media creation and teach their students new tools for digital creativity beyond proprietary software applications, but programming skills to make their own along with stunning creations.
Digital Cultural Heritage and the new EU Framework Programmelocloud
2nd LoCloud CY Awareness Event at the Ministry of Education and Culture.
Presentation delivered by Marinos Ioannides, Cyprus University of Technology
Cyprus
5 March 2014
Towards more smart, connected and open audiovisual archivesJohan Oomen
As a result of digitisation of analogue holdings and working processes, more and more material from audiovisual archies is being made available online. This marks a transformative shift, as archives and users are now sharing the same information space. Once digital and part of an open network, objects from audiovisual archives can be shared, recommended, remixed, embedded, cited, referenced to and so on. It is a far cry from several years ago, when users were obliged to visit brick and mortar institutions to access collections. This shift towards digital enables archives to fulfil their pubic missions better; crossing geographical boundaries, using new channels for content distribution, engage with user groups and use new technologies to make work processes more efficient and allow for new access points to collections. It also introduces fundamental challenges, forcing audiovisual archives to [1] rethink their role and function in the value chain of media production and modern society at large, [2] assess which activities and competences are vital to succeed in a digital context.
We envision the future audiovisual archives to be smart, connected and open; using smart technologies to optimise workflows for annotation and content distribution. Collaborating with third parties to co-design and co-develop new technologies in order to manifest themselves as frontrunners rather than followers. Being connected to other sources of information (other collections, contextual sources), to a variety of often niche user communities, researchers and the creative industries. To embrace the use of standards defined by external instances rather than by the cultural heritage communities themselves. Fully embrace ‘open’ as the default to have maximum impact in society: applying open licences for content delivery, using open source software and open standards wherever possible. Promote open access to publications and so on.
This keynote examines how the public mission of archives (i.e. supporting a myriad of users to utilize collections to learn, experience and create) can be achieved in a digital context. It addresses the challenges related to the role and function of institutions and provides practical insights in how archives can establish a culture of innovation to manage challenges they face today. It addresses some of the major questions audiovisual archives are faced with today.
Lunar Mission One aims to send an unmanned spacecraft to land at the South Pole of the Moon in 2024, the first crowd-funded space exploration mission having raised over $1 million. It plans to drill down 20-100 meters to access 4.5 billion year old lunar rock and leave behind a digital time capsule containing a record of life on Earth and human civilization buried in the borehole. The mission seeks to further understanding of the origins of the Moon, Earth, and solar system as well as inspire education in science worldwide. It will be funded by a private archive where individuals can store personal digital content on the Moon for future generations.
The document summarizes the Culturunners program taking place from October 1-6, 2014 at MIT. It includes three days of workshops where artists and scientists will develop mobile technologies, wearable devices, and online platforms to archive materials from a tour across the US exploring connections between American and Middle Eastern cultures. A public symposium will feature presentations and discussions on cross-cultural exchange. The week aims to test new technologies for mapping and sharing experiences to build understanding between the regions.
FutureEverything - The City as Living Lab or Play SpaceDrew Hemment
My keynote presentation at Metropolis Lab in Copenhagen on 28 June on the FutureEverything festival as a living lab, an approach developed in collaboration with ImaginationLancaster.
This document provides an agenda and overview for a workshop on digital scholarship at the British Library. The workshop aims to define digital scholarship, explore how digital technologies are reshaping research, and discuss some key concepts like text mining, data visualization, georeferencing, crowdsourcing, and collaboration. The agenda includes introductions, defining digital scholarship, discussions of specific techniques behind common buzzwords, a group activity, and planning next steps. Examples of digital scholarship projects involving the British Library are also presented.
Final project posters for lis 653 spring 2014PrattSILS
This document discusses the history and practices of cataloging moving images. It begins with a brief history of moving image cataloging since the late 19th century. It then provides examples of how different institutions, such as the Library of Congress, Lucasfilm Research Library, Museum of Modern Art, and Paramount Pictures approach cataloging their moving image collections. These case studies illustrate the variety of standards, tools, and metadata schemes used. The document also covers two approaches to metadata organization and issues of interoperability. Finally, it discusses how emerging technologies like the semantic web can enhance metadata and connections between content.
Lessons learnt from DIY innovation: The story of Public LabCindy Regalado
Public Lab is a grassroots community co-developing accessible & affordable DIY tools and techniques for environmental monitoring and addressing social issues. In its extraordinary journey, Public Lab has learnt many lessons for engagement in DIY, the nurturing of innovation, and working with communities.
Seminar at CSAIL, MIT, Cambridge, Mass. Date: Friday October 30, 2015. Time: 4:00 pm - 5:00 pm, Location: D463 (Star)
Abstract:
Today we are witnessing several shifts in scholarly practice, in and across multiple disciplines, as researchers embrace digital techniques to tackle established research questions in new ways and new questions afforded by digital and digitized collections, approaches, and technologies. Pervasive adoption of technology, coupled with the co-creation of new social processes, has created a new and complex space for scholarship where citizens both generate and analyse data as they interact at the intersection of the physical and digital. Drawing on a background in distributed computing, and adopting the lens of Social Machines, this talk discusses current activity in digital scholarship, framing it in its interdisciplinary settings.
Bio:
David De Roure is Professor of e-Research at University of Oxford, Director of the Oxford e-Research Centre, and chairs Oxford’s Digital Humanities research programme. He previously directed the Digital Social Research programme for the UK Economic and Social Research Council, and serves as a strategic advisor in new forms of data and realtime analytics. Trained in electronics and computer science, his career has involved interdisciplinary collaborations in chemistry, astrophysics, bioinformatics, social computing, digital libraries, and sensor networks. His personal research is in Computational Musicology, Web Science, and Internet of Things. He is a frequent speaker and writer on digital research and the future of scholarly communications. URL: http://www.oerc.ox.ac.uk/people/dder
This document discusses social machines and their use in digital humanities projects. It defines social machines as processes on the web where people do creative work and machines do administration. Examples are given of social machines used for crowdsourcing annotations of digital music collections, linking data repositories, and transcribing and editing texts. The document argues that scholarly communication infrastructure can be viewed as an ecosystem of interacting social machines, and that social machines allow for more participation than just crowdsourcing.
From digital to social collections. A short story of collections online.Elena Lagoudi
Digital collections have evolved from being object-oriented to being people-oriented. Early digital collections in the 1960s-2000s focused on digitization, cataloging and making collections available online. However, even then there was a recognition that digital collections should serve communities of users and prioritize searchability. The rise of web 2.0 in the 2000s enabled greater user participation, sharing and social interactions around digital collections. This led museums to embrace more open and inclusive digital collections. Now, digital curators work to make collections discoverable, meaningful, responsive and interoperable through the use of standards and by facilitating connections between collections, users and communities.
Tectonic Storytelling with Open Source and Digital Object Identifiers - a cas...Peter Löwe
The communication of advances in research to the common public for both education and decision making is an important aspect of scientific work. An even more crucial task is to gain recognition within the scientific community,
which is judged by impact factor and citation counts. Recently, the latter concepts have been extended from
textual publications to include data and software publications.
This paper presents a case study for science communication and data citation. For this, tectonic models, Free and Open Source Software (FOSS), best practices for data citation and a multimedia online-portal for scientific content
are combined. This approach creates mutual benefits for the stakeholders: Target audiences receive information on
the latest research results, while the use of Digital Object Identifiers (DOI) increases the recognition and citation of
underlying scientific data. This creates favourable conditions for every researcher as DOI names ensure citeability and long term availability of scientific research.
In the developed application, the FOSS tool for tectonic modelling GPlates is used to visualise and manipulate
plate-tectonic reconstructions and associated data through geological time. These capabilities are augmented by the Science on a Halfsphere project (SoaH) with a robust and intuitive visualisation hardware environment.
The tectonic models used for science communication are provided by the AGH University of Science and Technology.
They focus on the Silurian to Early Carboniferous evolution of Central Europe (Bohemian Massif) and were
interpreted for the area of the Geopark Bergstraße Odenwald based on the GPlates/SoaH hardware- and software stack.
As scientific story-telling is volatile by nature, recordings are a natural means of preservation for further use, reference and analysis. For this, the upcoming portal for audiovisual media of the German National Library of Science and Technology TIB is expected to become a critical service infrastructure. It allows complex search queries, including metadata such as DOI and media fragment identifiers (MFI), thereby linking data citation and science
communication.
Linked Data and Images: Building Blocks for Cultural HeritageRobert Sanderson
Presentation given at UC Berkeley on 18th of April, 2014. Describes the benefits of Linked Data for Cultural Heritage, along with the details of IIIF and Open Annotation frameworks.
Opening talk for the Introduction to Digital Humanities Workshop, at the Digital Humanities at Oxford Summer School 2015. Presented 20 July 2015 in St Anne's College.
This document discusses citizen science, which involves volunteers without formal scientific training assisting researchers by performing tasks like observation, measurement, and data collection. It provides examples of citizen science projects like monitoring earthquakes through the USGS "Did You Feel It?" website, testing local water quality on World Water Monitoring Day, and mapping ant populations for the School of Ants project. A distributed system is important for citizen science as it allows data and findings to be shared from volunteers in different locations and systems. Citizen science benefits scientific research by increasing available data and public engagement with science.
This document discusses citizen science, which involves volunteers without formal scientific training assisting researchers by performing tasks like observation, measurement, and data collection. It provides examples of citizen science projects like monitoring earthquakes through the USGS "Did You Feel It?" website, testing local water quality on World Water Monitoring Day, and mapping ant populations for the School of Ants project. A distributed system is important for citizen science as it allows data to be collected and shared from various locations and device types. Citizen science benefits scientific research by increasing available data and public engagement with science.
Ideation for Resilience: Prepared presentation (Sample work)Heath Rezabek
Note: This session was originally commissioned to be part of the 2015 London Environmental Challenge program at Imperial College. Regrettably, the session had to be postponed.
I include it here as sample work and a representative example of my approach to interdisciplinary ideation, innovation, and creative session leadership.
Similar to Digital sustainability of open source communities, Matthias Stürmer, SMWCon Fall 2014, Vienna (20)
Linked Data has become a broadly adopted approach for information management and data management not only by government organisations but also more and more by various industries.
Enterprise linked data tackles several challenges like the improvement of information retrieval tools or the integration of distributed data silos. Enterprises understand better and better why their information management should not be limited by organisational boundaries but should rather consider to integrate and link information from different spheres like the public internet, government organisations, professional information providers, customers and even suppliers.
On the other hand, enterprise IT architects still tend to pull down the shutters wherever possible. The continuation of the success of the Semantic Web doesn't seem to be limited by technical barriers anymore but rather by people's mindsets of intranets being strictly cut off from other information sources.
In this talk I will throw new light on the reasons why metadata is key for professional information management, and why W3C's semantic web standards are so important to reduce costs of data management through economies of scale. I will discuss from a multi-stakeholder perspective several use cases for the industrialization of semantic technologies and linked data.
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Digital sustainability of open source communities, Matthias Stürmer, SMWCon Fall 2014, Vienna
1. Digital sustainability
of open source communities
Dr. Matthias Stürmer
Head of Research Center for Digital Sustainability at the
Institute of Information Systems at University of Bern
www.digitale-nachhaltigkeit.unibe.ch
2 October 2014
10th Semantic MediaWiki Conference
SMWCon Fall 2014 in Vienna
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 1
2. Research Center for
Digital Sustainability
Research, teaching and consulting on
● Open Source Software: Community
governance, business models etc.
● Open Data: Visualization apps, open
finance, participatory budgeting etc.
● Open Government: open government
apps, Open Government Partnership etc.
● Net politics: net neutrality, copyright, data
security, Internet governance etc.
● IT procurement: vendor dependencies,
transparency, WTO regulations etc.
Dr. Matthias Stürmer
Post-doc and
Head of the Research Center
for Digital Sustainability
University of Bern
Institute of Information Systems
Chair of Information Management
Engehaldenstrasse 8
CH-3012 Bern
Phone: +41 31 631 38 09
Mobile: +41 76 368 81 65
matthias.stuermer@iwi.unibe.ch
www.digitale-nachhaltigkeit.unibe.ch
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 2
3. Agenda
1.A historic example of digital sustainability
2.The concept of digital sustainability
3.Knowledge perspective in open source communities
4.Elements of a sustainable open source community
5.Conclusions and topics for discussion
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 3
4. Pioneer Plaque (1972)
Source: NASA, Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_plaque
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 4
5. Voyager Golden Record (1977)
● Gramophone records included in Voyager
1 and 2 spacecrafts
● A „bottle in the cosmic ocean“ intended to
communicate to extra-terrestrials a story
of the world of humans on Earth
● Content: 116 images, natural sounds,
classical music, spoken languages
● Travelling at 60'000 km/h, now around 20
billion km away
● In about 40'000 years Voyager 1 and 2
will be within 1.8 light-years of other stars
Source: NASA, Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 5
6. Method how to read the content
EXPLANATION OF RECORDING COVER DIAGRAM
DEFINE THE VIDEO PORTION OF THE RECORDING
THIS DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATES THE TWO LOWEST STATES OF THE HYDROGEN ATOM.
THE VERTICAL LINES WITH THE DOTS INDICATE THE SPIN MOMENTS OF THE
PROTON AND ELECTRON. THE TRANSITION TIME FROM ONE STATE TO THE
OTHER PROVIDES THE FUNDAMENTAL CLOCK REFERENCE USED IN ALL THE
COVER DIAGRAMS AND DECODED PICTURES.
BINARY CODE DEFINING PROPER SPEED (3.6 seconds/ROTATION)
TO TURN THE RECORD (|=BINARY 1, ―= BINARY 0)
EXPRESSED IN 0.70 × 10-9 seconds, THE TIME PERIOD ASSOCIATED
WITH THE FUNDAMENTAL TRANSITION
OF THE HYDROGEN ATOM
OUTLINE OF CARTRIDGE WITH STYLUS
TO PLAY RECORD (FURNISHED ON
SPACECRAFT)
PICTORIAL PLAN VIEW OF RECORD
ELEVATION VIEW OF CARTRIDGE
ELEVATION VIEW OF RECORD
PLAYING TIME, ONE SIDE = ~1 hour
THIS DIAGRAM DEFINES THE LOCATION OF OUR SUN UTILIZING 14
PULSARS OF KNOWN DIRECTIONS FROM OUR SUN. THE BINARY
CODE DEFINES THE FREQUENCY OF THE PULSES.
Source: NASA, Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record
THE DIAGRAMS BELOW
GENERAL APPEARANCE OF WAVE FORM OF
VIDEO SIGNALS FOUND ON THE RECORDING
BINARY CODE TELLS TIME OF THE SCAN (~8 msec)
SCAN TRIGGERING
VIDEO IMAGE FRAME SHOWING DIRECTION OF SCAN.
BINARY CODE INDICATES TIME OF EACH SCAN SWEEP
(512 VERTICAL LINES PER COMPLETE PICTURE)
IF PROPERLY DECODED, THE FIRST IMAGE
WHICH WILL APPEAR IS A CIRCLE
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 6
7. Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 7
8. Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 8
9. Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 9
10. Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 10
11. Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 11
12. Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 12
13. Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 13
14. Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 14
15. Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 15
16. Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 16
17. Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 17
18. Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 18
19. Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 19
20. Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 20
21. Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 21
22. Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 22
23. Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 23
24. Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 24
25. Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 25
26. Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 26
27. Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 27
28. Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 28
29. Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 29
30. Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 30
31. Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 31
32. Images on the Golden Record
Source: http://re-lab.net/welcome/images.html
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 32
33. Sustainability of information
What is needed to provide sustainable information?
1. Data itself
2. Data format specification
3. Method how to read the data
4. Data storage hardware
5. Data player device
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 33
34. Agenda
1.A historic example of digital sustainability
2.The concept of digital sustainability
3.Knowledge perspective in open source communities
4.Elements of a sustainable open source community
5.Conclusions and topics for discussion
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 34
35. Definition of 'sustainability'
Original idea of sustainability: Only cut as
much wood so it can grow again.
(Hans Carl von Carlowitz, 1713)
Today's definition of sustainable
development from the Brundtlandt report:
„Sustainable development is development
that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.“
Source: Our Common Future (Brundtland Report) 1987 United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 35
36. Differenty types of sustainability
Ecological
Sustainability
Social
Sustainability
Economic
Sustainability
Digital
Sustainability
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 36
37. Definition of 'digital sustainability'
Marcus Dapp defines:
● Digital resources are handled sustainably if their utility for
society is maximized, so that digital needs of
contemporary and future generations are equally met.
● Digital needs are optimally met if resources are accessible
to the largest number and reuseable with minimal
restrictions.
● Digital resources encompass knowledge and cultural
artefacts represented in digital form, e.g. text, image,
audio, video, or software.
In German: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitale_Nachhaltigkeit
Source: Dapp, M. 2013. Open Government Data and Free Software – Cornerstones of a Digital Sustainability Agenda. In The
2013 Open Reader – Stories and articles inspired by OKCon 2013: Open Data, Broad, Deep, Connected.
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 37
38. Classification of goods
Rivalry
rivalrous non-rivalrous
Private Good Club Good
Common
Resources
excludable
Access
non-excludable
Source: N. Gregory Mankiw, Principles of Economics, Dryden 1998.
e.g. proprietary software
Public Good
e.g. open source software
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 38
39. Characteristics of digital sustainability
1. Intergenerational justice
No legal obstacles
2. Regenerative capacity
Distributed tacit knowledge
3. Economic use of resources
Reuse of digital assets
4. Risk reduction
No firm dependencies,
transparent architecture
5. Absorptive capacity
Comprehensible content
6. Highest added value
Ideal policy conditions
Source: Stuermer, M. 2014 Characteristics of Digital Sustainability – Proceedings of The 8th International Conference on
Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance ICEGOV 2014
sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 39
40. Why not 'informational sustainability'?
Source: IDC's Digital Universe Study, sponsored by EMC, December 2012
http://www.emc.com/collateral/analyst-reports/idc-the-digital-universe-in-2020.pdf
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 40
41. Agenda
1.A historic example of digital sustainability
2.The concept of digital sustainability
3.Knowledge perspective in open source communities
4.Elements of a sustainable open source community
5.Conclusions and topics for discussion
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 41
42. Knowledge management theory
● Explicit knowledge
– Raw data, databases, documents, multimedia, source code
– Easy to transfer because it is documented
● Tacit knowledge
– Intuition, experience, skills (speaking languages etc.)
– Difficult to transfer because it 'sticks' within individuals
● Organizational learning
– Knowledge creation, acquisition, diffusion etc.
– Knowledge transformations within organizations
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 42
43. Organizational learning
Source: Nonaka, I. (1994). A Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation. Organization Science. Vol. 5, No. 1, pp.14-37.
Drawing from http://gotogemba.com/tag/tacit-knowledge/
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 43
44. Knowledge in open source communities
What does this mean for open source communities?
● Source code is publicly available explicit knowledge
● Know-how about the source code is tacit knowledge
● An open source community has collective intelligence
● Open source projects consist of many components
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 44
45. Mozilla Firefox
As an Example of Package Dependencies in Debian: The Graph of Mozilla Firefox
UNIX command: apt-cache dotty firefox | dot -Tps > dependencygraph_firefox.ps
Source: Sebastian Spaeth, Matthias Stuermer, Stefan Haefliger, Georg von Krogh 2007 „Sampling in Open Source Software
Development: The case for using the Debian GNU/Linux Distribution“
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 45
46. Agenda
1.A historic example of digital sustainability
2.The concept of digital sustainability
3.Knowledge perspective in open source communities
4.Elements of a sustainable open source community
5.Conclusions and topics for discussion
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 46
47. Growing of open source projects
Source: 2014 Future of Open Source - 8th Annual Survey results
http://www.slideshare.net/mjskok/2014-future-of-open-source-8th-annual-survey-results
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 47
48. Elements of a
sustainable open source community
A) Good governance
B) Heterogeneous community
C) Non-for-profit foundation
D) Ecosystem of commercial service providers
E) Opportunity for users to get things done
More about sustainable open source communities:
OSS Watch (UK), Building Communities
http://oss-watch.ac.uk/resources/buildingcommunities
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 48
49. Good governance
● Transparent decision processes, participative culture
● Successful example: Eclipse community initiated by IBM
Launch of the
Eclipse Foundation
Release of source
code by IBM
Source: Spaeth, S., Stuermer, M. and von Krogh, G. (2010) ‘Enabling knowledge creation through outsiders: towards a push model
of open innovation’, Int. J. Technology Management, Vol. 52, Nos. 3/4, pp.411–431.
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 49
50. Bad governance may result in a fork
● Unfriendly separation of an open source community (mostly)
● Important sword of damocles of open source projects
– Necessary if initiator or another central player missuses his control
– Sometimes necessary for radical innovations (OpenSSL - LibreSSL)
Some famous examples of open source forks:
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 50
51. History of OpenOffice.org etc.
Source: Presentation of Apache OpenOffice at OSB Alliance Workshop, 30 October 2013 in Stuttgart
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 51
52. LibreOffice fork of OpenOffice.org
Source: Jonas Gamalielsson/Björn Lundell, Sustainability of Open Source software communities beyond a fork:
How and why has the LibreOffice project evolved? The Journal of Systems and Software 89 (2014) 128– 145
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 52
53. Source code statistics
Source: OpenHub comparison https://www.openhub.net/p/compare?project_0=LibreOffice&project_1=Apache+OpenOffice
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 53
54. Elements of a
sustainable open source community
A) Good governance
B) Heterogeneous community
C) Non-for-profit foundation
D) Ecosystem of commercial service providers
E) Opportunity for users to get things done
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 54
55. Linux kernel development
Source: YouTube Video „Linux Kernel Development Visualization (git commit history - past 6 weeks - june 02 2012)“
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P_02QGsHzEQ
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 55
56. Linux contributions by companies
Companies contributing to the kernel from 2012-03-18 till 2013-06-30:
Source: Linux Foundation 2013 „Linux Kernel Development – How Fast It is Going, Who is Doing It, What They are Doing, and
Who is Sponsoring It“ http://www.linuxfoundation.org/publications/linux-foundation/who-writes-linux-2013
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 56
57. Linux kernel facts
● Linux kernel development is one of the
largest cooperative software projects ever
● Over 10'000 patches for each kernel release, kernel
updates every 2-3 months
● Since 2005 nearly 10'000 individual developers from
over 1000 different companies contributed to the kernel
● Distributor kernels contain relatively few distribution-specific
changes
● At least 80% of developers are paid to work on Linux
Source: Linux Foundation 2013 „Linux Kernel Development – How Fast It is Going, Who is Doing It, What They are Doing, and
Who is Sponsoring It“ http://www.linuxfoundation.org/publications/linux-foundation/who-writes-linux-2013
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 57
58. Diverse motivations
Why do individuals develop open source software?
Ideology
Altruism
Kinship
Fun
Reputation
Reciprocity
Learning
Own-use
Extrinsic
motivation
Career
Pay
Intrinsic
motivation
Source: Georg von Krogh, Stefan Haefliger, Sebastian Spaeth, and Martin W. Wallin "Carrots and Rainbows: Motivation and
Social Practice in Open Source Software Development" MIS Quarterly 2012, Vol 36 Issue 2, pp. 649-676
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 58
59. Elements of a
sustainable open source community
A) Good governance
B) Heterogeneous community
C) Nonprofit foundation
D) Ecosystem of commercial service providers
E) Opportunity for users to get things done
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 59
60. Nonprofit association
● Many large open source communities have an nonprofit
umbrella organization: Linux, Apache, Eclipse, Gnome,
KDE, Mozilla, Python, TYPO3 etc.
● Association/foundation takes care of
– Legal issues (copyright, committer agreements, liability etc.)
– Community building events (conferences, hackathons etc.)
– Documentation (end users, developers, statistics etc.)
– Public relations and marketing
● So why is marketing so important?
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 60
61. Because today's big software corporations are
marketing companies!
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 61
62. Marketing vs. R&D at Adobe
Sales and marketing FY 2013: 1.6 billion $ → 53% of expenses
Research and development FY 2013: 0.8 billion $ → 27% of expenses
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 62
Source: ADOBE SYSTEMS INC. FY2013 Form 10-K http://www.adobe.com/investor-relations/financial-documents.html
63. Marketing&Admin vs. R&D at Apple
Sales and administration FY 2013: 10.8 billion $ → 71% of expenses
Research and development FY 2013: 4.5 billion $ → 29% of expenses
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 63
Source: APPLE INC. Form 10-K for FY13 http://investor.apple.com
64. Marketing vs. R&D at Oracle
Sales and marketing FY 2014: 7.6 billion $ → 32% of expenses
Research and development FY 2014: 5.2 billion $ → 22% of expenses
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 64
Source: ORACLE CORP FY 2014 FORM 10-K, http://investor.oracle.com/financial-reporting/sec-filings/default.aspx
65. Marketing vs. R&D at Microsoft
Sales and marketing FY 2013: 15.3 billion $ → 50% of expenses
Research and development FY 2013: 10.4 billion $ → 34% of expenses
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 65
Source: MICROSOFT CORP. 2013 10-K, http://www.microsoft.com/investor/AnnualReports/default.aspx
66. Elements of a
sustainable open source community
A) Good governance
B) Heterogeneous community
C) Nonprofit foundation
D) Ecosystem of commercial service providers
E) Opportunity for users to get things done
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 66
67. Business models with open source
1. Closed source licenses - For a version of the full project, a larger software
package, hardware appliance based on the project, or extensions to the open
source core.
2. Support subscriptions - An annual, repeatable support and service agreement.
3. Value-added subscriptions - An annual, repeatable support and service
agreement with additional features/functionality delivered as a service.
4. Services/support - Ad hoc support calls, service, training and consulting contracts.
5. Software as a service (SaaS) - Paid access to and use of the software via hosted
or cloud services.
6. Advertising - Software is free to use and is funded by associated advertising.
7. Custom development - Customers pay for the software to be customized to meet
their specific requirements.
8. Complementary products and services - Open source software is not used to
directly generate revenue; instead, complementary products provide revenue.
Source: Question 16 from the 2014 Future of Open Source Survey https://www.blackducksoftware.com/future-of-open-source
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 67
68. OSS Directory
● Website: www.ossdirectory.ch (and .de/.at/.fr/.com/.org)
● Relational database of
– open source products (projects)
– open source service providers
– open source client examples
● Statistics (2013-11-04 / 2014-10-01)
– Number of products: 282 / 386
– Number of service providers: 149 / 292
– Number of client examples: 126 / 291
● Daily approx. 150 Unique Visitors and
800 views and requests per day
● News, articles, events, jobs, videos, weekly
newsletter etc. about open source software
● French translation available since 2014,
English coming 2015
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 68
69. Private-collective model of innovation
● Private investment model
– Return on investment through intellectual property rights
● Collective innovation model
– Public funding for public good production
– Solving free riding problem with taxes
● Private-collective model of innovation
– Coined 2003 by Eric von Hippel and Georg von Krogh
– Private innovations as public goods (knowledge revealing)
– Example: production of open source software by firms
Source: von Hippel, E. and von Krogh, G. (2003) ‘Open source software and the ‘private-collective’ innovation model: issues for
organization science’, Organization Science, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp.209–223.
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 69
70. Elements of a
sustainable open source community
A) Good governance
B) Heterogeneous community
C) Nonprofit foundation
D) Ecosystem of commercial service providers
E) Opportunity for users to get things done
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 70
71. Opportunity for users to get things done
How can users influence development in case the
programmers have no „itch“ to work on certain things?
Ideology
Altruism
Kinship
Fun
Reputation
Reciprocity
Learning
Own-use
Extrinsic
motivation
Career
Pay
Intrinsic
motivation
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 71
72. A) Open source feature requests
e.g. on www.bountysource.com
Source: https://www.bountysource.com
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 72
73. B) Project-specific feature lists
e.g. ILIAS E-Learning System
Source: How To Suggest A New Feature
http://www.ilias.de/docu/goto.php?target=wiki_1357_How_to_suggest_a_new_feature
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 73
74. B) Project-specific feature lists
e.g. ILIAS E-Learning System
Source: How To Suggest A New Feature
http://www.ilias.de/docu/goto.php?target=wiki_1357_How_to_suggest_a_new_feature
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 74
75. B) Project-specific feature lists
e.g. ILIAS E-Learning System
Source: Who Paid What in ILIAS 4.5
http://www.ilias.de/docu/goto.php?target=wiki_1357_Who_Paid_What_in_ILIAS_4.5
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 75
76. C) Institutional crowd-funding initiative
● Overcoming the 'collective action' problem in open source
● Group of professional users of open source office suites in
order to bridge the gap between users and developers
● Under the umbrella of the OSB Alliance, organized as
Working Group Office Interoperability
● Goals of the group:
– Prioritization and specification of requirements from the
user perspective
– Coordinated funding of requirements
– Exchange of experience among
professional users
Source: Website of OSB Alliance Working Group Office Interoperability
http://www.osb-alliance.de/en/working-groups/wg-office-interoperability/
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 76
77. Process of institutional crowd-funding
Phase 1: Initialization
a) Mobilize interest of institutional open source software users, find funding for specification
b) Create clear and common understanding of the issues, ask the experts
c) Result: aggregated requirements, clustered as Use Cases within a specification
Continue only if previous phase is completed successfully
Phase 2: Funding
a) Publish specification as Request for Proposal (RfP), invite comanies to offer
b) Evaluate and decide for best proposal(s)
c) Result: find funding from institutional open source software users for each Use
Case to implement the specification
Continue only if previous phase is completed successfully
Phase 3: Implementation
a) Define project management, sign contracts, start implementing
b) Do testing among open source software users, finalize development
c) Result: Publish new source code, pass it upstream to the open source project
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 77
78. Initiating organizations in 2011
Public Institutions
● City of Freiburg i.B.
● City of München
● City of Jena
● Swiss Federal Court
● Federal Steering Unit for IT (ISB)
● Canton of Vaud
● Another Swiss federal agency
Community organizations
● Association Swiss Open Systems User Group /ch/open
● Association Freies Office Deutschland e.V.
(former association OpenOffice.org Deutschland e.V.)
● Open Source Business Alliance OSBA
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 78
79. Challenges
● Huge knowledge gap: terminology, standard
specification, structures and processes within public
administrations etc.
● Different perspectives: input oriented (=developers)
vs. output oriented (=users)
● Different interests: perfect implementation (developers)
vs. solving the problem (users)
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 79
81. Current OOXML improvements
EUR 50k
Total: approx. EUR 140k (excl. VAT)
EUR 8k
EUR 13k
EUR 4k
Ernst & Young
SUSE
Lanedo
Funding by
● City of Freiburg i.B.
● City of München
● City of Jena
● Swiss Federal Court
● Federal Steering
Unit for IT (ISB)
● Canton of Vaud
● Another Swiss
federal agency
● French ministry
of culture and
communication
EUR 13k
EUR 14k
EUR 15k
EUR 25k
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 81
82. Development results of first project
Source: http://www.osb-alliance.de/working-groups/projekte/ooxml-filter/projektergebnisse-ooxml-filter/
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 82
83. Agenda
1.A historic example of digital sustainability
2.The concept of digital sustainability
3.Knowledge perspective in open source communities
4.Elements of a sustainable open source community
5.Conclusions and topics for discussion
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 83
84. Conclusions and topics for discussion
My (no-brainer) advices:
1.Good governance:
Manage your community in a fair way.
2. Heterogeneous community:
Foster diversity within your community.
3. Nonprofit foundation:
Empower the central office of your community.
(and do as much professional marketing as possible)
4. Ecosystem of commercial service providers:
Support companies to provide services for the software.
5.Opportunity for users to get things done:
Provide feature request market place or something similar.
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 84
85. ...so Semantic MediaWiki will
continue to fly for millions of years!
Digital sustainability of open 2 October 2014 source communities 85
Source: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2