Page 9 of 15
Capstone Project
Yaima Ortiz
IDS-4934
March 1st, 2020
Abstract
Topic:
Privacy- What medical information should be confidential? Who, if anybody, should have access to medical records?
Thesis Statement
In healthcare centers and overall privacy is the right of every US citizen that should be protected in all its forms by the healthcare organization.
Rationale
1. The purpose of this paper is to identify why security measures are necessary to protect one’s privacy in the medical industry.
2. There are numerous laws, policies and healthcare organizational rules and regulations and statistics that would be helpful for conducting this research.
3. Privacy of a person whether this is me or you, is important then everything. I want to talk on this topic because I think most of us do not know what is happening to us.
4. I have selected textual analysis of books and available internet sources. The reason of this limited research methodology is that I cannot perform field study because of shortage of time.
Rough Draft Ideas
Identity theft in healthcare industry become a common practice and leads to information leakage that may destroy someone’s life. We can eliminate this human right violation by enforcing effective and practical laws. Healthcare organizations should understand their responsibilities and tighten security to protect information of patients.
Table of Contents
Introduction 3
Overview of Privacy Protections with Respect to Medical Records 4
Data Breaches in the Healthcare Industry 5
Healthcare is the biggest Target for Cyber Attack 7
Penalties and Punishments for Hacking Personal Information 9
Penalties 9
Devastating Consequences of Healthcare Data Breaches 10
Conclusion 10
Recommendations 11
Bibliography 12
Introduction
While operating in healthcare organizations need to gather patient’s information that is mostly personal information. It is the moral and legal responsibility of health care organizations to protect the information of their patients and do not share it with people outside of the organization without the patient’s consent. Protecting patient’s information is a crucial element of respect and essential for patients' autonomy and trust in the organization — the US healthcare industry currently facing patient mistrust that is caused because of a lack of trust. When patients experience a lack of confidence they do not share their information with a healthcare professional that causes ineffective treatment. In a 2018 study, Levy, Scherer, Zikmund-Fisher, Larkin, Barnes, & Fagerlin concluded that approximately 81.1% of people withheld medically relevant information from their health-care providers. Patients fail to disclose medically relevant information in front of their clinicians undermine their health and cause patient harm (Levy, 2018).
There are numerous components of patient privacy in healthcare that are personal space, religious and cultural affiliations, physical privacy ...
1)Health data is sensitive and confidential; hence, it should .docxteresehearn
1)
Health data is sensitive and confidential; hence, it should be kept safe. Data security is one of the critical activities which has become challenging for many organizations (Frith, 2019). Due to technology advancements, people can save their health data online. Similarly, people are also able to share data with close friends or any other person of interest. Using online platforms to store the data has brought a lot of benefits. The primary benefit is the fact that individuals can share data with medical experts easily. By, this the medical experts will be able to assist the sick people if possible. The data is always accessible as long as one is authorized.
I read different articles that shared information concerning health data breaches. Various health organizations have been affected by data breaches (Garner, 2017). A good example is the University of Washington Medicine. This organization reported that 974,000 patients' data was affected. The attack was noticed by a patient who found some files containing personal information on public sites. The patient then notified the organization, which claimed that some employees made some errors, which led to the leakage. The files were accessible through Google, so the organization had to ask Google to remove the data. Fortunately, the files were removed from the search list, and this occurred in January 2019.
It was risky to let the files containing personal information available on the website (Ronquillo, Erik Winterholler, Cwikla, Szymanski & Levy, 2018). The organization was lucky that the data breach was not significant, and hence, the patients were not significantly affected. It is good to ensure that files containing health data are handled carefully to avoid some problems. In keeping the health data secure, it is good to ensure that the systems are well-protected. The systems can be protected by making use of firewalls which prevent unauthorized people from accessing them. During the data sharing process, a health organization should ensure that the information is encrypted. Encryption prevents unauthorized people from understanding the message that is being shared using different channels. Users should make sure that they use strong passwords.
2)
Protection of patient’s information is the top most priority of health care providers and professionals. Patient’s health information contains personal data and their health conditions hence the federal laws requires to maintain security and privacy to safeguards health information. Privacy, as distinct from confidentiality, is viewed as the right of the individual client or patient to be let alone and to make decisions about how personal information is shared (Brodnik, 2012). Health data is usually stored on paper or electronically, in both these ways it is important to respect the privacy of the patients and hence follow policies to maintain security and privacy rules.
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountabili.
Running head DATA PRIVACY 1 DATA PRIVACY10Short- and .docxtodd271
Running head: DATA PRIVACY 1
DATA PRIVACY 10
Short- and Long-Term Effects of Sharing Personal and Medical Data
1. Introduction
The advancement in technology has led to the production of a large volume of human information for economic and medicinal uses. Information plays a significant part in the identification of social issues and helps effective device solutions to daily problems in human life. Although personal and medical info is essential, there are at times when people who have access to the data misuse it for financial gains. When it comes to data privacy, a lot of controversies exists as most people are unaware of their right to privacy. People use internet services where they input sensitive personal or medical data. Most online platforms such as social media have become a significant source of traffic for advertising consumer products and services.
Most websites use the information which the users enter and optimize the searches on the internet. Search engines such as Google use browser cookies to direct specific ads to some clients depending on the critical works in the history of individual searches. Online targeted adverts seem like exploitation of internet users or a form of manipulating people to buy some products from an online store. The psychology of the ads employs smart algorithms which use human information to identify what someone likes on the internet. It is a form of attracting potential clients or generating substantial traffic to a website. As the online adverts become a social issue, there is a need for awareness concerning the impacts of sharing personal or medical info over the internet. Some people claim that information leakage leads to misuse of human information and hence there is a need to educate individuals on temporary and lasting consequences of sharing personal info.
2. Personal Data
In Europe, personal info means more than human names alone. A simple detail is shown in the identification documents, bills, and other critical documents which reveal the identity of an individual. Information is a broad field of knowledge which helps Europeans to be aware of their cultural identity, internet addresses, and even critical locational data. In Europe and other modern countries with advanced internet infrastructure, an IP address is personal information which is essential for human identification (ICO, 2018). Own names, addresses, and location data identifies are used to keep a human updated with the time of his location since it is provided by the satellites, and hence information plays an essential role in the process of identifying what people who use the internet. Internet service users do love various things which they search on the internet in their life and the intelligence gathered is then applied in designing catchy adverts which generate traffic to people and benefit some individuals.
There is various information which people input in website forms to open accounts on th.
MANAGING THE INFORMATION SECURITY ISSUES OF ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORDSijsptm
All healthcare providers should have enough knowledge and sufficient information to understand the potential risk, which can lead to a breach in the Jordanian health information system (Hakeem program). This study aims to emphasise the importance of sharing sensitive health information among healthcare providers, create laws and regulations to keep the electronic medical records secure, and increase the
awareness about health information security among healthcare providers. The study conducted seven interviews with medical staff and an information technology technician. The study results showed that sharing sensitive information in a secure environment, creating laws and regulations, and increasing the
awareness about health information security render the electronic medical records of patients more secure and safe
Why merging medical records, hospital reports, and clinical trial data is a v...Arete-Zoe, LLC
Medical privacy and breaches of personal health information (PHI) has been a hot topic for several years. For the clinical trial industry, the main concerns are decline in recruitment resulting from lack of confidence in data handling and instances of breaches that affect data integrity that adversely affect NDA and MA applications in major markets, which precipitates administrative action taken by national regulators in response to local incidents.
European legislators rely extensively on administrative measures implemented by national competent authorities. Although specific and detailed EU-level legislation exists, specific information about data breaches, cases and incidents, volume and type of affected data, root causes and analysis of consequences is largely missing. According to Howard and Gulyas (2014), this lack of organized event records is currently an empirical obstacle but provides opportunity to generate new knowledge about data and privacy protection that could bolster future trial recruitment.
In the U.S., summary details of breaches that involved more than 500 individuals are available at the OCR portal called Wall of Shame for everyone to analyze. Disclosure obligations in HIPAA made the problem of data breaches in healthcare obvious and protection of the privacy of patients has been an important part of physicians’ code of conduct. This offers lessons learned to mitigate systemic vulnerabilities that undermine trial participation.
1)Health data is sensitive and confidential; hence, it should .docxteresehearn
1)
Health data is sensitive and confidential; hence, it should be kept safe. Data security is one of the critical activities which has become challenging for many organizations (Frith, 2019). Due to technology advancements, people can save their health data online. Similarly, people are also able to share data with close friends or any other person of interest. Using online platforms to store the data has brought a lot of benefits. The primary benefit is the fact that individuals can share data with medical experts easily. By, this the medical experts will be able to assist the sick people if possible. The data is always accessible as long as one is authorized.
I read different articles that shared information concerning health data breaches. Various health organizations have been affected by data breaches (Garner, 2017). A good example is the University of Washington Medicine. This organization reported that 974,000 patients' data was affected. The attack was noticed by a patient who found some files containing personal information on public sites. The patient then notified the organization, which claimed that some employees made some errors, which led to the leakage. The files were accessible through Google, so the organization had to ask Google to remove the data. Fortunately, the files were removed from the search list, and this occurred in January 2019.
It was risky to let the files containing personal information available on the website (Ronquillo, Erik Winterholler, Cwikla, Szymanski & Levy, 2018). The organization was lucky that the data breach was not significant, and hence, the patients were not significantly affected. It is good to ensure that files containing health data are handled carefully to avoid some problems. In keeping the health data secure, it is good to ensure that the systems are well-protected. The systems can be protected by making use of firewalls which prevent unauthorized people from accessing them. During the data sharing process, a health organization should ensure that the information is encrypted. Encryption prevents unauthorized people from understanding the message that is being shared using different channels. Users should make sure that they use strong passwords.
2)
Protection of patient’s information is the top most priority of health care providers and professionals. Patient’s health information contains personal data and their health conditions hence the federal laws requires to maintain security and privacy to safeguards health information. Privacy, as distinct from confidentiality, is viewed as the right of the individual client or patient to be let alone and to make decisions about how personal information is shared (Brodnik, 2012). Health data is usually stored on paper or electronically, in both these ways it is important to respect the privacy of the patients and hence follow policies to maintain security and privacy rules.
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountabili.
Running head DATA PRIVACY 1 DATA PRIVACY10Short- and .docxtodd271
Running head: DATA PRIVACY 1
DATA PRIVACY 10
Short- and Long-Term Effects of Sharing Personal and Medical Data
1. Introduction
The advancement in technology has led to the production of a large volume of human information for economic and medicinal uses. Information plays a significant part in the identification of social issues and helps effective device solutions to daily problems in human life. Although personal and medical info is essential, there are at times when people who have access to the data misuse it for financial gains. When it comes to data privacy, a lot of controversies exists as most people are unaware of their right to privacy. People use internet services where they input sensitive personal or medical data. Most online platforms such as social media have become a significant source of traffic for advertising consumer products and services.
Most websites use the information which the users enter and optimize the searches on the internet. Search engines such as Google use browser cookies to direct specific ads to some clients depending on the critical works in the history of individual searches. Online targeted adverts seem like exploitation of internet users or a form of manipulating people to buy some products from an online store. The psychology of the ads employs smart algorithms which use human information to identify what someone likes on the internet. It is a form of attracting potential clients or generating substantial traffic to a website. As the online adverts become a social issue, there is a need for awareness concerning the impacts of sharing personal or medical info over the internet. Some people claim that information leakage leads to misuse of human information and hence there is a need to educate individuals on temporary and lasting consequences of sharing personal info.
2. Personal Data
In Europe, personal info means more than human names alone. A simple detail is shown in the identification documents, bills, and other critical documents which reveal the identity of an individual. Information is a broad field of knowledge which helps Europeans to be aware of their cultural identity, internet addresses, and even critical locational data. In Europe and other modern countries with advanced internet infrastructure, an IP address is personal information which is essential for human identification (ICO, 2018). Own names, addresses, and location data identifies are used to keep a human updated with the time of his location since it is provided by the satellites, and hence information plays an essential role in the process of identifying what people who use the internet. Internet service users do love various things which they search on the internet in their life and the intelligence gathered is then applied in designing catchy adverts which generate traffic to people and benefit some individuals.
There is various information which people input in website forms to open accounts on th.
MANAGING THE INFORMATION SECURITY ISSUES OF ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORDSijsptm
All healthcare providers should have enough knowledge and sufficient information to understand the potential risk, which can lead to a breach in the Jordanian health information system (Hakeem program). This study aims to emphasise the importance of sharing sensitive health information among healthcare providers, create laws and regulations to keep the electronic medical records secure, and increase the
awareness about health information security among healthcare providers. The study conducted seven interviews with medical staff and an information technology technician. The study results showed that sharing sensitive information in a secure environment, creating laws and regulations, and increasing the
awareness about health information security render the electronic medical records of patients more secure and safe
Why merging medical records, hospital reports, and clinical trial data is a v...Arete-Zoe, LLC
Medical privacy and breaches of personal health information (PHI) has been a hot topic for several years. For the clinical trial industry, the main concerns are decline in recruitment resulting from lack of confidence in data handling and instances of breaches that affect data integrity that adversely affect NDA and MA applications in major markets, which precipitates administrative action taken by national regulators in response to local incidents.
European legislators rely extensively on administrative measures implemented by national competent authorities. Although specific and detailed EU-level legislation exists, specific information about data breaches, cases and incidents, volume and type of affected data, root causes and analysis of consequences is largely missing. According to Howard and Gulyas (2014), this lack of organized event records is currently an empirical obstacle but provides opportunity to generate new knowledge about data and privacy protection that could bolster future trial recruitment.
In the U.S., summary details of breaches that involved more than 500 individuals are available at the OCR portal called Wall of Shame for everyone to analyze. Disclosure obligations in HIPAA made the problem of data breaches in healthcare obvious and protection of the privacy of patients has been an important part of physicians’ code of conduct. This offers lessons learned to mitigate systemic vulnerabilities that undermine trial participation.
Page 1 Executive Summary Policy makers are looking.docxsmile790243
Page 1
Executive Summary
Policy makers are looking carefully at the best ways to improve our healthcare system with much
emphasis being placed on the need for electronic health records for every American. This effort also
includes creating an infrastructure to allow the exchange of these records at the regional, state and
national levels. With the passing of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), the
federal government is poised to invest over $19 billion in healthcare information technology (HITECH
Act).1 This investment will provide significant incentives for healthcare providers to implement electronic
medical record (EMR) systems over the next five years. This action has the potential to dramatically
change the landscape of modern medicine and is generally seen as a tremendous step forward; however,
we must ensure that this course achieves the ultimate goals of this initiative.
If we are to improve healthcare information management, we must start with the accurate identification of
each person receiving or providing healthcare services, and anyone accessing or using this information.
As we move away from paper-based medical records that are controlled by physical access to buildings,
rooms, and files, we need to have an infrastructure that supports strong identity and security controls.
The issues with establishing identity are compounded as electronic medical records are used by many
different organizations at the regional, state, and national levels. There must be a way to uniquely and
securely authenticate each person across the healthcare infrastructure, whether that interaction is in
person or over the Internet.
Until now, there has been a slow and uncoordinated transition toward electronic medical records. There
are a myriad of systems on the market today, each with its own methods for handling patient and record
identification and each with varying levels of security and privacy controls. Many systems rely on simple
usernames and passwords to identify and control access. Far fewer implement strong multi-factor
authentication (such as smart cards). It is critical that a set of standards be established for identifying the
patient, the medical provider, and all others handling electronic records so that information across
different locations can be shared easily and securely and so that patient privacy is maintained. Accurate
identification and authentication seem like capabilities that should already exist in healthcare; however,
identification and authentication are currently uncontrolled and not standardized among medical systems,
locations, and organizations within the healthcare community.
This paper introduces the current challenges and explains why identity management in healthcare is an
essential and foundational element that must be made a priority by policy makers in order to achieve the
goals of widespread use of electronic health records to support t.
Company names mentioned herein are the property of, and may be trademarks of, their respective owners and are for educational purposes only.
17 U.S. Code § 107 - Limitations on exclusive rights: Fair use
Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright.
Part of the "2016 Annual Conference: Big Data, Health Law, and Bioethics" held at Harvard Law School on May 6, 2016.
This conference aimed to: (1) identify the various ways in which law and ethics intersect with the use of big data in health care and health research, particularly in the United States; (2) understand the way U.S. law (and potentially other legal systems) currently promotes or stands as an obstacle to these potential uses; (3) determine what might be learned from the legal and ethical treatment of uses of big data in other sectors and countries; and (4) examine potential solutions (industry best practices, common law, legislative, executive, domestic and international) for better use of big data in health care and health research in the U.S.
The Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology, and Bioethics at Harvard Law School 2016 annual conference was organized in collaboration with the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University and the Health Ethics and Policy Lab, University of Zurich.
Learn more at http://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/events/details/2016-annual-conference.
PLEASE POST EACH DISCUSSION SEPARATELYEach healthcare organisamirapdcosden
PLEASE POST EACH DISCUSSION SEPARATELY
Each healthcare organization has its own internal policies related to how data is managed. There are also
federal guidelines and regulations
regarding the use of patient data. The data harvested by healthcare organizations is no longer uniquely derived from HIT systems.
Wearable technologies
have emerged in the market. Mega companies like Apple and Samsung, have also teamed up with some telehealth platforms to connect doctors, institutions, and insurance companies.
Evaluate the impact of data derived from wearable technology on healthcare technology.
Include the following aspects in the discussion:
Select
Apple's Health Kit
or another consumer platform of your choice.
Discuss how the consumer wearable market is changing the healthcare delivery process.
Summarize why cybersecurity continues to be a major obstacle to consumer wearable adoption specifically in the H.I.T. space.
Discuss your personal perspective on how the lack of ethnic diversity in data collection impacts the future of healthcare research.
REPLY TO 2 OF MY CLASSMATES DISCUSSION TO THE ABOVE QUESTIONS AND EXPLAIN WHY YOU AGREE. MINIMUM OF 150 WORDS EACH
CLASSMATE POST 1
The Apple Health Kit and the many other wearable device technology is creating data in a bountiful way. What the Health Kit does is collect the relevant data and process it specifically for the person wearing the device. The device monitors things such as blood pressure, heart rate, calories burned in a day etc. and that data can be directly sent to your doctor as well. The wearable market is impacting healthcare in that it is making it more accessible, and your data is becoming more personable. If something is on you every day it will learn your habits, your sleep patterns, your calories burned each day and be able to tell you where improvements could be made and commend a healthy change. According to the International Journal of Recent Research Aspects the number of connected medical devices is expected to increase from 10 billion to 50 billion over the next decade (Chawala, 2020). With an increased number of connected devices, it also increases the likelihood of someone accessing private information that is not a health care team member. Cyber security is becoming as important as homeland security as most attackers can do the same damage anonymously and behind a computer screen. The problem with wearable devices is that they are connected mainly via Bluetooth which is a public network were others could see the device connected. Secondly, the data that is being sent or monitored could be interfered while in transmission or an apple watch or device could be stolen that has all the owner’s information freely on it. Despite the tracking and privacy networks they have installed, it is easily overcome or stolen off a wrist.
The ethical concerns in the lack of diversity in data entry is inter ...
Company names mentioned herein are the property of, and may be trademarks of, their respective owners and are for educational purposes only. - Medical identity theft has existed in various forms for decades, but it was in 2006 that World Privacy Forum published the first major report about the crime. The report called for medical data breach notification laws and more research about medical identity theft and its impacts. Since that time, medical data breach notification laws have been enacted, and other progress has been made, particularly in the quality of consumer complaint datasets gathered around identity theft, including medical forms of the crime. This report uses new data arising from consumer medical identity theft complaint reporting and medical data breach reporting to analyze and document the geography of medical identity theft and its growth patterns. The report also discusses new aspects of consumer harm resulting from the crime that the data has brought to light
Modern medicine is facing a complex environment, not from medical technology but rather government regulations and information vulnerability. HIPPA is the government’s attempt to protect patient’s information yet this only addresses traditional record handling. The main threat is from the evolving security issues. Many medical offices and facilities have multiple areas of information security concerns. Physical security is often weak, office personnel are not always aware of security needs and application security and transmission protocols are not consistently maintained. Health insurance needs and general financial opportunity has created an emerging market in medical identity theft. Medical offices have the perfect storm of information collection, personal, credit, banking, health, and insurance. Thieves have realized that medical facilities have as much economic value as banks and the security is much easier to crack. Mostly committed by insiders, medical identity theft is a well-hidden information crime. In spite of its covert nature, the catastrophic ramification to the victims is overt. This information crime involves stealing patients’ records to impersonate the patients in an effort of obtaining health care services or claiming Medicare on the patients’ behalf. Unlike financial identity theft, there is a lack of recourse for the victims to recover from damages. Medical identity theft undermines the quality of health care information systems and enervates the information security of electronic patient record.
Security, Confidentiality and Privacy in Health of Healthcare Dataijtsrd
Background One of the most important facts that should be considered is confidentiality in order to maintain privacy turning out to be matters of security. Keeping up confidentiality is a crucial factor in any field, as well as health realms. Professionals who have the ingress to approach the patients' communications must keep confidentiality in health. The priority for any human being is privacy to information especially related to health. Security enables us to live peacefully, without anxiety and in full insurance. Methods The interpretive methodology was used in this research as it gives an impression of face to face interactions in healthcare bringing in social reality of what is happening in the health society.Results In consultations on gathering these results for our research, we also realized that the most common threats of loss of data and theft come under certain types of disclosures mainly third parties, routine and inadvertent. Upon this realization, there must be notification to protect security, confidentiality and privacy when security breaches occur mainly to patients. As a result, patients must provide consent about their medical information in electronically form or in writing and the consent must be signed by the patient or family member or trusted entity. The patients must come clear on the nature of the information to be disclosed and where it should be disclosed and also when the consent should expire. At the same time, a health facility must take care of the institution's database and can only disclose to the management of the health institution whose obligation would also be to protect the data, as they might need the information for research purposes, where the researchers have approval from their institution's or to legal representatives.Conclusion The advent of the hype of electronic information technology leads to major inconvenience in the main areas of human life. This manuscript explores issues in maintaining confidentiality and privacy in healthcare and other analysis of its value to individual and society as a whole. “Right to privacy is really important. You pull that brick out and another and pretty soon the house falls.†Tim Cook 2016 1 Jomin George | Takura Bhila ""Security, Confidentiality and Privacy in Health of Healthcare Data"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23780.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/23780/security-confidentiality-and-privacy-in-health-of-healthcare-data/jomin-george
Resources Assigned readings, ERRs, the Internet,and other resources.docxkarlhennesey
Resources: Assigned readings, ERRs, the Internet,and other resources
Write
a no more than 3 page paper, in which you identify a total compensation plan for an organization focused on internal equity, and a total compensation plan for an organization focused on external equity.
Identify
advantages and disadvantages of internal and external equity for the organizations.
Explain
how each plan supports that organization's total compensation objective and the relationship of the organization's financial situation to its plan.
Draw conclusions based upon Electronic Reserve Readings in eCampus
, Martocchio (2009) and/or Milkovich and Newman (2008),
personal experience, and data collected from organizations.
Integrate Week 2 readings
,
Martocchio (2009) and/or Milkovich and Newman (2008),
throughout paper.
Direct quotations should be avoided.
Research should be summarized and synthesized using your own words
; be certain to cite sources of knowledge.
Format
your paper consistent with
APA 6
th
Edition
guidelines.
.
Resource Review Documenting the Face of America Roy Stryker and.docxkarlhennesey
Resource:
Review "Documenting the Face of America: Roy Stryker and the FSA/OWI Photographers," and Ch. 5 of
Oxford History of Art: Twentieth-Century American Art
.
Write
a 200- to 350-word summary responding to the following:
How was photography used as an instrument for social reform? What photograph do you think makes the most powerful social commentary? Why?
Submit
your assignment in a Microsoft
®
Word document using the Assignment Files tab above.
.
More Related Content
Similar to Page 9 of 15Capstone ProjectYaima OrtizIDS-4934.docx
Page 1 Executive Summary Policy makers are looking.docxsmile790243
Page 1
Executive Summary
Policy makers are looking carefully at the best ways to improve our healthcare system with much
emphasis being placed on the need for electronic health records for every American. This effort also
includes creating an infrastructure to allow the exchange of these records at the regional, state and
national levels. With the passing of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), the
federal government is poised to invest over $19 billion in healthcare information technology (HITECH
Act).1 This investment will provide significant incentives for healthcare providers to implement electronic
medical record (EMR) systems over the next five years. This action has the potential to dramatically
change the landscape of modern medicine and is generally seen as a tremendous step forward; however,
we must ensure that this course achieves the ultimate goals of this initiative.
If we are to improve healthcare information management, we must start with the accurate identification of
each person receiving or providing healthcare services, and anyone accessing or using this information.
As we move away from paper-based medical records that are controlled by physical access to buildings,
rooms, and files, we need to have an infrastructure that supports strong identity and security controls.
The issues with establishing identity are compounded as electronic medical records are used by many
different organizations at the regional, state, and national levels. There must be a way to uniquely and
securely authenticate each person across the healthcare infrastructure, whether that interaction is in
person or over the Internet.
Until now, there has been a slow and uncoordinated transition toward electronic medical records. There
are a myriad of systems on the market today, each with its own methods for handling patient and record
identification and each with varying levels of security and privacy controls. Many systems rely on simple
usernames and passwords to identify and control access. Far fewer implement strong multi-factor
authentication (such as smart cards). It is critical that a set of standards be established for identifying the
patient, the medical provider, and all others handling electronic records so that information across
different locations can be shared easily and securely and so that patient privacy is maintained. Accurate
identification and authentication seem like capabilities that should already exist in healthcare; however,
identification and authentication are currently uncontrolled and not standardized among medical systems,
locations, and organizations within the healthcare community.
This paper introduces the current challenges and explains why identity management in healthcare is an
essential and foundational element that must be made a priority by policy makers in order to achieve the
goals of widespread use of electronic health records to support t.
Company names mentioned herein are the property of, and may be trademarks of, their respective owners and are for educational purposes only.
17 U.S. Code § 107 - Limitations on exclusive rights: Fair use
Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright.
Part of the "2016 Annual Conference: Big Data, Health Law, and Bioethics" held at Harvard Law School on May 6, 2016.
This conference aimed to: (1) identify the various ways in which law and ethics intersect with the use of big data in health care and health research, particularly in the United States; (2) understand the way U.S. law (and potentially other legal systems) currently promotes or stands as an obstacle to these potential uses; (3) determine what might be learned from the legal and ethical treatment of uses of big data in other sectors and countries; and (4) examine potential solutions (industry best practices, common law, legislative, executive, domestic and international) for better use of big data in health care and health research in the U.S.
The Petrie-Flom Center for Health Law Policy, Biotechnology, and Bioethics at Harvard Law School 2016 annual conference was organized in collaboration with the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University and the Health Ethics and Policy Lab, University of Zurich.
Learn more at http://petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/events/details/2016-annual-conference.
PLEASE POST EACH DISCUSSION SEPARATELYEach healthcare organisamirapdcosden
PLEASE POST EACH DISCUSSION SEPARATELY
Each healthcare organization has its own internal policies related to how data is managed. There are also
federal guidelines and regulations
regarding the use of patient data. The data harvested by healthcare organizations is no longer uniquely derived from HIT systems.
Wearable technologies
have emerged in the market. Mega companies like Apple and Samsung, have also teamed up with some telehealth platforms to connect doctors, institutions, and insurance companies.
Evaluate the impact of data derived from wearable technology on healthcare technology.
Include the following aspects in the discussion:
Select
Apple's Health Kit
or another consumer platform of your choice.
Discuss how the consumer wearable market is changing the healthcare delivery process.
Summarize why cybersecurity continues to be a major obstacle to consumer wearable adoption specifically in the H.I.T. space.
Discuss your personal perspective on how the lack of ethnic diversity in data collection impacts the future of healthcare research.
REPLY TO 2 OF MY CLASSMATES DISCUSSION TO THE ABOVE QUESTIONS AND EXPLAIN WHY YOU AGREE. MINIMUM OF 150 WORDS EACH
CLASSMATE POST 1
The Apple Health Kit and the many other wearable device technology is creating data in a bountiful way. What the Health Kit does is collect the relevant data and process it specifically for the person wearing the device. The device monitors things such as blood pressure, heart rate, calories burned in a day etc. and that data can be directly sent to your doctor as well. The wearable market is impacting healthcare in that it is making it more accessible, and your data is becoming more personable. If something is on you every day it will learn your habits, your sleep patterns, your calories burned each day and be able to tell you where improvements could be made and commend a healthy change. According to the International Journal of Recent Research Aspects the number of connected medical devices is expected to increase from 10 billion to 50 billion over the next decade (Chawala, 2020). With an increased number of connected devices, it also increases the likelihood of someone accessing private information that is not a health care team member. Cyber security is becoming as important as homeland security as most attackers can do the same damage anonymously and behind a computer screen. The problem with wearable devices is that they are connected mainly via Bluetooth which is a public network were others could see the device connected. Secondly, the data that is being sent or monitored could be interfered while in transmission or an apple watch or device could be stolen that has all the owner’s information freely on it. Despite the tracking and privacy networks they have installed, it is easily overcome or stolen off a wrist.
The ethical concerns in the lack of diversity in data entry is inter ...
Company names mentioned herein are the property of, and may be trademarks of, their respective owners and are for educational purposes only. - Medical identity theft has existed in various forms for decades, but it was in 2006 that World Privacy Forum published the first major report about the crime. The report called for medical data breach notification laws and more research about medical identity theft and its impacts. Since that time, medical data breach notification laws have been enacted, and other progress has been made, particularly in the quality of consumer complaint datasets gathered around identity theft, including medical forms of the crime. This report uses new data arising from consumer medical identity theft complaint reporting and medical data breach reporting to analyze and document the geography of medical identity theft and its growth patterns. The report also discusses new aspects of consumer harm resulting from the crime that the data has brought to light
Modern medicine is facing a complex environment, not from medical technology but rather government regulations and information vulnerability. HIPPA is the government’s attempt to protect patient’s information yet this only addresses traditional record handling. The main threat is from the evolving security issues. Many medical offices and facilities have multiple areas of information security concerns. Physical security is often weak, office personnel are not always aware of security needs and application security and transmission protocols are not consistently maintained. Health insurance needs and general financial opportunity has created an emerging market in medical identity theft. Medical offices have the perfect storm of information collection, personal, credit, banking, health, and insurance. Thieves have realized that medical facilities have as much economic value as banks and the security is much easier to crack. Mostly committed by insiders, medical identity theft is a well-hidden information crime. In spite of its covert nature, the catastrophic ramification to the victims is overt. This information crime involves stealing patients’ records to impersonate the patients in an effort of obtaining health care services or claiming Medicare on the patients’ behalf. Unlike financial identity theft, there is a lack of recourse for the victims to recover from damages. Medical identity theft undermines the quality of health care information systems and enervates the information security of electronic patient record.
Security, Confidentiality and Privacy in Health of Healthcare Dataijtsrd
Background One of the most important facts that should be considered is confidentiality in order to maintain privacy turning out to be matters of security. Keeping up confidentiality is a crucial factor in any field, as well as health realms. Professionals who have the ingress to approach the patients' communications must keep confidentiality in health. The priority for any human being is privacy to information especially related to health. Security enables us to live peacefully, without anxiety and in full insurance. Methods The interpretive methodology was used in this research as it gives an impression of face to face interactions in healthcare bringing in social reality of what is happening in the health society.Results In consultations on gathering these results for our research, we also realized that the most common threats of loss of data and theft come under certain types of disclosures mainly third parties, routine and inadvertent. Upon this realization, there must be notification to protect security, confidentiality and privacy when security breaches occur mainly to patients. As a result, patients must provide consent about their medical information in electronically form or in writing and the consent must be signed by the patient or family member or trusted entity. The patients must come clear on the nature of the information to be disclosed and where it should be disclosed and also when the consent should expire. At the same time, a health facility must take care of the institution's database and can only disclose to the management of the health institution whose obligation would also be to protect the data, as they might need the information for research purposes, where the researchers have approval from their institution's or to legal representatives.Conclusion The advent of the hype of electronic information technology leads to major inconvenience in the main areas of human life. This manuscript explores issues in maintaining confidentiality and privacy in healthcare and other analysis of its value to individual and society as a whole. “Right to privacy is really important. You pull that brick out and another and pretty soon the house falls.†Tim Cook 2016 1 Jomin George | Takura Bhila ""Security, Confidentiality and Privacy in Health of Healthcare Data"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23780.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/23780/security-confidentiality-and-privacy-in-health-of-healthcare-data/jomin-george
Similar to Page 9 of 15Capstone ProjectYaima OrtizIDS-4934.docx (20)
Resources Assigned readings, ERRs, the Internet,and other resources.docxkarlhennesey
Resources: Assigned readings, ERRs, the Internet,and other resources
Write
a no more than 3 page paper, in which you identify a total compensation plan for an organization focused on internal equity, and a total compensation plan for an organization focused on external equity.
Identify
advantages and disadvantages of internal and external equity for the organizations.
Explain
how each plan supports that organization's total compensation objective and the relationship of the organization's financial situation to its plan.
Draw conclusions based upon Electronic Reserve Readings in eCampus
, Martocchio (2009) and/or Milkovich and Newman (2008),
personal experience, and data collected from organizations.
Integrate Week 2 readings
,
Martocchio (2009) and/or Milkovich and Newman (2008),
throughout paper.
Direct quotations should be avoided.
Research should be summarized and synthesized using your own words
; be certain to cite sources of knowledge.
Format
your paper consistent with
APA 6
th
Edition
guidelines.
.
Resource Review Documenting the Face of America Roy Stryker and.docxkarlhennesey
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Review "Documenting the Face of America: Roy Stryker and the FSA/OWI Photographers," and Ch. 5 of
Oxford History of Art: Twentieth-Century American Art
.
Write
a 200- to 350-word summary responding to the following:
How was photography used as an instrument for social reform? What photograph do you think makes the most powerful social commentary? Why?
Submit
your assignment in a Microsoft
®
Word document using the Assignment Files tab above.
.
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Review "Thelma Golden--How Art Gives Shape to Cultural Change," Ch. 9 and 11 of
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, and the Week Five Electronic Reserve Readings.
Write
a 200- to 350-word summary responding to the following:
How has art, in the context of the social justice movements of the twentieth century, challenged, and shaped American society?
Submit
in a Microsoft
®
Word document using the Assignment Files tab above
.
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Resource:
Review "Representational Cityscape," and Ch. 3 of
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Write
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Where did this abstract style originate? Describe at least one art work in your summary.
Choose one art form or cultural development that originated elsewhere but which is currently a part of American culture.
Describe how this art form has directly affected you.
Submit
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®
Word document using the Assignment Files tab above.
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Resource Part 2 of Terrorism TodayYou work on a national se.docxkarlhennesey
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: Part 2 of
Terrorism Today
You work on a national security team of intelligence analysts and you have been asked to give a threat analysis presentation to intelligence agents who are assigned to work in various regions around the world. Your small team is assigned to present on one region specifically.
Select
one of the following eleven regions:
The Persian Gulf
Create
a 2 slide Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation with
detailed speaker notes
. Use complete sentences, with correct grammar and punctuation, to fully explain each slide as if you were giving an in-person presentation.
Address
the following in your presentation:
Explain the purpose of counterterrorism analysis
Format
your presentation following APA guidelines.
.
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Appendix A, The Home Depot, Inc. Annual Report in
Fundamentals of Financial Accounting
Write
a 1,050- word paper in which you address the following:
Does management’s assessment of the financial condition agree with your assessment from the Financial Statements Paper Part I? Explain your response. Support your answer using trend analysis, vertical analysis, or ratio analysis.
In the Annual Report, there are several concerns from management. Discuss these concerns, and identify other weaknesses not discussed by management. Then, recommend a course of action addressing these concerns.
Format
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Create a Microsoft® PowerPoint® or another multimedia tool presentation of at least 8 slides on the presidencies of Kennedy and Johnson.
Include the following:
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University of Phoenix Material: Data Set
Download
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Review
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Display
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Calculate
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Ch. 6 & 7 of
Financial Accounting
Complete
Brief Exercises BE6-2, BE6-3, BE6-4, BE7-3, BE7-8 & BE7-9.
Complete
Exercise E7-8.
Submit
as either a Microsoft
®
Excel
®
or a Microsoft
®
Word document.
*Due on 06/10/2015
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Films on Demand
“Crime and Punishment”
“Experiment Research and Design”
“Selecting a Sample”
Resource: Types of Crime video in CJ Criminology
“Introduction to Crimes Kiosk”
Resource:
Criminology in the 21st Century
How Crimes are Measured
Utilize
FBI Uniform Crime Report data and select one offense, such as burglary, in two metropolitan areas.
Choose
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Write
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Which area had more reported incidents?
What were the rates of the crime for each area?
Did the rates change over time in either area?
What factors might explain the differences in the rates?
Include
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Format
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Resource Managing Environmental Issues Simulation(or research a.docxkarlhennesey
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Managing Environmental Issues Simulation
(or research an instance where a city council may need to consider all angles for a local community and its surrounding natural environment.)
Write
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Address
the following:
Take the role of one of these stakeholders listed in the simulation
You have investments that total $250,000.
Decide how you would spend this money to improve the status of the environment in this community.
Explain how environmental justice plays a part in your proposal.
Explain to the council why they should choose your proposal.
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Resource Ch. 9 of Introduction to Business Create a 5-to-7 slide .docxkarlhennesey
Resource: Ch. 9 of Introduction to Business
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Transaction processing systems
Knowledge management systems
Expert system and artificial intelligence
Enterprise resource planning systems
E-commerce systems
Include detailed speaker notes and examples.
Use images as well.
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Resource Ch. 9 of Introduction to Business Complete the table in .docxkarlhennesey
Resource: Ch. 9 of Introduction to Business
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Legacy systems
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Microprocessors
PCs
Network computers
World Wide Web and the Internet
Wired and wireless broadband technology
PC software
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Ch. 3 of
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Describe each step of your process.
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Significant Health Care Event Paper Grading Criteria
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Write
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How does this significant event relate to the changes on health care?
In your opinion, has this event impacted the historical evolution of health care? If so, how? If not, could it?
Do you personally agree with the event’s significance, based on your beliefs and values? How so?
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Ch. 3 of
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as either a Microsoft
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Excel
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or Microsoft
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Click
the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.
A
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is provided for this weeks' assignment; please see materials.
****Due today before 8 pm central time
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Resource University of Phoenix Material Appendix AIdentify.docxkarlhennesey
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University of Phoenix Material: Appendix A
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Use
University of Phoenix Material: Appendix A to identify five threats against your critical asset. Consider both terrorist and non-terrorist threats and include at least one weapon of mass destruction.
Calculate
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Write
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Use
at least two sources for support.
Format
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University of Phoenix Material
Appendix A
Security Assessment
THREAT
Examples
RISK
COUNTERMEASURE
Probability
Criticality
Total
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3/10
8/10
11/20
Bomb dogs
Sniper attack
4/10
6/10
10/20
Spot scopes and increase officer presence
Biological weapon
1/10
9/10
10/20
Contamination equipment
Cyber virus
8/10
3/10
11/20
Enhanced virus protection and biometric access
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The Threat of Bioterrorism Video
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a 700 to 850-word paper discussing the goals of biological terrorism and how the potential threat of terrorist activity effects the public’s perception of risk.
Include
the following information in your paper:
Provide at least two examples of potential and past biological threats.
Describe how the potential threat of bioterrorism affects society
Discuss ways to mitigate the public’s perception of risk of biological threats.
Format
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Anxiety disorders
Dissociative disorders
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Page 9 of 15Capstone ProjectYaima OrtizIDS-4934.docx
1. Page 9 of 15
Capstone Project
Yaima Ortiz
IDS-4934
March 1st, 2020
Abstract
Topic:
Privacy- What medical information should be confidential?
Who, if anybody, should have access to medical records?
Thesis Statement
In healthcare centers and overall privacy is the right of every
US citizen that should be protected in all its forms by the
healthcare organization.
Rationale
1. The purpose of this paper is to identify why security
measures are necessary to protect one’s privacy in the medical
industry.
2. There are numerous laws, policies and healthcare
organizational rules and regulations and statistics that would be
helpful for conducting this research.
3. Privacy of a person whether this is me or you, is important
then everything. I want to talk on this topic because I think
most of us do not know what is happening to us.
4. I have selected textual analysis of books and available
internet sources. The reason of this limited research
2. methodology is that I cannot perform field study because of
shortage of time.
Rough Draft Ideas
Identity theft in healthcare industry become a common practice
and leads to information leakage that may destroy someone’s
life. We can eliminate this human right violation by enforcing
effective and practical laws. Healthcare organizations should
understand their responsibilities and tighten security to protect
information of patients.
Table of Contents
Introduction 3
Overview of Privacy Protections with Respect to Medical
Records 4
Data Breaches in the Healthcare Industry 5
Healthcare is the biggest Target for Cyber Attack 7
Penalties and Punishments for Hacking Personal Information 9
Penalties 9
Devastating Consequences of Healthcare Data Breaches 10
Conclusion 10
Recommendations 11
Bibliography 12
3. Introduction
While operating in healthcare organizations need to gather
patient’s information that is mostly personal information. It is
the moral and legal responsibility of health care organizations
to protect the information of their patients and do not share it
with people outside of the organization without the patient’s
consent. Protecting patient’s information is a crucial element of
respect and essential for patients' autonomy and trust in the
organization — the US healthcare industry currently facing
patient mistrust that is caused because of a lack of trust. When
patients experience a lack of confidence they do not share their
information with a healthcare professional that causes
ineffective treatment. In a 2018 study, Levy, Scherer, Zikmund-
Fisher, Larkin, Barnes, & Fagerlin concluded that
approximately 81.1% of people withheld medically relevant
information from their health-care providers. Patients fail to
disclose medically relevant information in front of their
clinicians undermine their health and cause patient harm (Levy,
2018).
There are numerous components of patient privacy in
healthcare that are personal space, religious and cultural
affiliations, physical privacy, decisional privacy, associational
privacy that includes patient's personal relationships and
informational privacy that provides for the protection of
patient's personal data. Healthcare organizations and physicians
should protect the patient’s information and kept strict privacy
measures in all its forms;
1. Minimize interpretation of external members with patients
4. personal information
2. Inform patients about every single happening and use of their
information wherever physician it is needed
3. Patients information must be protected in all of the above-
mentioned areas whether informational or associational (AMA,
2019)
Medical records contain personal information of patients and
sometimes sensitive information like physical records that is
disclosed in front of the public by any means, cause
embarrassment and uneasiness in front of others. These things
could affect the patient’s personal and professional life.
Although records at healthcare organizations are promised to be
protected but still we need effective and long-term legal
implications that bring satisfaction among patients. The
protection of medical records through privacy policies is still in
its infancy. Over time medical records are started to save in
computers instead of written documents. Although this
transition is taken to keep records more efficiently but
unfortunately still information from healthcare organizations
moves out, which needs to be settled. Overview of Privacy
Protections with Respect to Medical Records
The word privacy was not a bounded definition but it changed
along with legal changes. Civil law, common law, and criminal
define privacy differently for example, common and
constitutional law define privacy as “it is a right to be let alone”
and to be free from any external interpretation like government
institutions. With respect to medical records constitutional and
common law privacy of patients in different contexts while
statutory laws see and deal with patients privacy policy in a
different ways. In 1888, the right to privacy was first introduced
by Thomas Cooley. Roots of this right can be found in the
Warren and Brandeis law review article that is known as the
creation of tort right to privacy.
During the 1970s, Supreme court raise a decision for
privacy issues in medical records and after reviewing the case
two implications were introduced in the privacy policy of
5. healthcare organizations;
1. Avoid disclosure or sharing of patients’ information with
anyone for personal gain
2. Make independent decisions
During that period, the question for abortion privacy rights has
been raised, that states government involvement in abortion
decisions disturbs women’s independent decision-making
authority and also violate their privacy (Cleaver, 1985). Data
Breaches in the Healthcare Industry
From current sources, it is clear that in the current world data
breaches are a regular practice. Every day, news channels reveal
a hospital or healthcare organization breaching their personal
records. According to a report from, Ponemon Institute and
Verizon Data Breach Investigations healthcare industry are
facing more data breaches than any other industry across the
world, and mainly in the United States. The healthcare sector
faces more breaches because of numerous incidents that include
stealing malware for professional or personal gain, purposeful
harm to a patient or through lost devices of healthcare
professionals. Data breaches in the healthcare sector through
cybercriminals is a controversial topic these days. According to
the health and service report, more than 15 million health
records have been breached and shared for different purposes.
The black market behind the healthcare organization is
working for long, and many patients are not aware of the thing
that their personal information has been sold out to third
parties. 2019, proved as the worst year regarding healthcare
breaches and lack of security measures. Sean Curran, West
Monroe Partners’ senior director states that based on the
previous year attacks and data breaches healthcare professionals
need to reset their infrastructure and adjust their security
measures to limit the activities of hackers. According to this
report, healthcare organizations need to understand that they
need to understand, recover, minimize and get backup of lost
data of patient's healthcare (CIS, 2020).
Twenty-five million patients' health record has been lost or
6. shared according to ongoing investigations. Investigations are
still in process that makes it clear that patients are still
impacted but the accurate number of impacted patients is still
unclear. 12 million people from Quest Diagnostics have been
affected and the lost data includes social and medical
information. The information was leaked through lab reports
and tests performed outside of the hospital organization.
According to the AMCA data breach report, about 7.7
million patients from LabCorp were impacted with data breach
and almost 422,000 patients from BioReference are impacted
with the data breach. These patient’s medical and personal
information has been lost by people within the organization
such as by employees. 1.5 million Patients from immediate
health groups are impacted by the misconfigured database. The
examination decided patient segment subtleties, therapeutic case
information, and other individual data were conceivably broken.
In any case, when Immediate sent the warnings to patients about
the security occurrence, a few patients announced that they
were getting various letters, some routed to different patients
(Davis, 2019).
By 2009-2018 healthcare data breaches evolve 500 health
records. During these year data breaches, records are almost
189,945,874 healthcare records. Almost 59% of the US
population is affected by healthcare record theft and the irony is
half of the impacted population do not have understanding nor
they are informed by healthcare organizations for the leakage of
their personal and medical history (HIPAA, 2019).
Healthcare Breached Records during 2009-18Healthcare is the
biggest Target for Cyber Attack
The healthcare industry is at risk because organizations are
becoming technologically advanced. Although organizations are
becoming technologically advanced still professionals in
organizations do not have the training to manage online risks.
From a few past years, cybercrimes are happening every second
day, and healthcare data is revealed and hacked through these
7. activities. There are many reasons hack patient’s medical
information because of its worth thousands of dollars for
hackers. Employees within the healthcare organization get
trapped by hackers and for their personal gain share patient’s
information outside dealers. Organizations need to keep a sharp
eye on such employees and introduce hard policies that restrict
behaviors within and outside of the organization. IT
professionals are thinking to introduce effective security
measures to prevent data breaches from healthcare organizations
but they understand that this is a high-cost process.
Another big reason for being the big target for attackers is
the low security of medical devices. The healthcare providers in
the United States is becoming totally technologically innovative
and depend on advanced machinery. But the drawback of the
devices that these are not security optimized nor protect data of
patients. These devices are manufactured on one way working
principle without thinking for protection as a need. And this is
the reason hackers can easily access information available in
these devices like X-rays, insulin pumps and many other
devices.
Remote assessment of healthcare data is another point to
ponder. Accessibility of healthcare data of the patient can be
accessed from any desktop or multiple devices from different
places. These availabilities are also risky for healthcare
organizations. Remotely connections should be more secure
than it can identify the actual user and prevent loss of data.
Risk-based authentication is a way to improve security for risk
authentication in the healthcare department (risk, 2018).
Penalties and Punishments for Hacking Personal Information
The term hacking was first introduced in the 1950s in the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The word hacking means
feeling pleasure in itself. But over time, the concept has been
changed into a negative meaning because of its association with
negative or criminal activities for a long time. Hackers pulled
out information for someone’s computer and use this
8. information for personal gain, like earn money by selling this
information to a third party. In 2011, Aaron Swartz the founder
of Reddit hacked JSTOR and penalize to pay $1 million and 35
years of imprisonment and all his property was forfeiture, at
last, he committed suicide.
Another important act that protects the privacy and
personal information of people in the United States is The
Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. This act experiences some
amendments that are known as “exceeds authorized access”
which means access to someone’s computer without
authorization. The punishment for the one who accesses
someone’s information without authorization, like in the
healthcare sector will be punished based on the sensitivity of
information hacked. Penalties
In the US a hacker who accesses and uses someone’s personal
information will be imprisoned for ten years at first but if he
again attempts to commit hacking will be kept in prison for
more than 20 years. Punishments to the offender also varied
based on the problem or damaged the victim bears (Lee, 2014).
Because of unusual attempts of a data breach during 2019,
regulators are becoming focused and attempting to enforce strict
measures for those organizations who are not taking any product
decisions. Data breach in different countries brings many
conflicts in various institutions. For example, during 2017, the
US paid a minimum of $575 million for protection against a
data breach. During 2018, the country fined a substantial
amount as a result of weak protection of the health industry
(Swinhoe, 2020).
Apart from hacking attempts, those who sell healthcare
information to others are also termed as fraudulent. Because
they commit fraud with the organization with which they are
working. Thus, penalties for fraud attempts could be termed as
criminal penalties, civil penalties or in some cases both.
Punishment for fraud activities or involvement in these
activities includes imprisonment, fine and probation or both
imprisonment and fine. These conditions are varied based on the
9. sensitivity of the case. Laws for theft from 2004, decide the
punishment for these cases that minimum is three years that
might be extended to five years (http://criminal.findlaw.com,
2016). Devastating Consequences of Healthcare Data Breaches
According to studies of 2000, US citizens have faced personal
data breaches and as a result of data breach patients have to pay
for their medical information up to $2500 that is out of pocket
cost for them. Studies have found that the healthcare sector
ranks first when it comes to data breach results. The healthcare
organization notifies only one-third of data breach victims and
only 15% are alerted by the government agencies. Because of
the ineffective management of healthcare organizations patients
face financial loss and if the information revealed by hackers, it
also causes domestic rejection for victims mostly for women
(Security, 2017). Conclusion
Privacy is paramount and to personalize it vital whether it
is me or you. Not just in the healthcare sector but everywhere
like insurance companies and banks are also impacted by these
evil attacks. After reviewing the data of healthcare breaches and
its impact on the lives of victims, I would say that healthcare
officials should stay vigilant and careful about the protection of
patients, healthcare information. Personal information and
medical history are two important things to be protected under
strong security. Recommendations
Healthcare protection laws should be improved with the aim to
protect electronically saved patient's information. Training
should be arranged for healthcare officials and employees so
they can get an insight into technical risks and enable them to
manage if occurs. Employees should be hired on a loyalty basis
in healthcare organizations, and strict punishments are needed
to impose to regulate their activities. Strong security should be
maintained to monitor the activities of healthcare workers.
Enhanced and advanced network security and application
security are required to avoid data breaches and further
complications for the organization as well as for the patient.
Encryption methods should be implemented because this is a
10. good thing to protect the patient’s personal and medical
information from any unauthorized access. Punishments stated
in constitutional and universal laws are short term that is not
enough to probate a criminal. Healthcare hacking laws need to
be improved with extended imprisonment and fined that will be
paid to the patient according to the beard loss. Government
involvement in the healthcare sector needs to eliminate or
should be on a small level, to protect data breach by undefined
ways. These recommendations help deal with privacy problems
in the United States as well as across the world.
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