This document describes a digital blood pressure meter concept that uses an integrated pressure sensor, analog signal conditioning circuitry, microcontroller, and LCD display. It measures blood pressure using the oscillometric method by detecting pressure oscillations in a blood pressure cuff. The pressure sensor outputs the cuff pressure signal, which is filtered and amplified to extract oscillation pulses for analysis by the microcontroller to determine systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures. The microcontroller also controls the LCD display and audio/visual indicators to present the measurements and alerts.
The document describes the design of a digital blood pressure meter that uses an integrated pressure sensor, analog signal conditioning circuitry, a microcontroller, and LCD display to measure blood pressure using the oscillometric method. It details the hardware components, software algorithms, and measurement principles for extracting systolic and diastolic pressure readings from the pressure oscillations detected by the sensor.
1. The document describes the parameters, wiring methods, and fault diagnosis of Roots and gear flow meters.
2. It provides details on setting parameters like accumulated flow, instantaneous flow, temperature, pressure, instrument information and user-defined settings.
3. Wiring methods are described for sensors, current output, communications, alarms and networking. Troubleshooting tips are given for common issues like no output, unstable readings, accumulation errors.
The document describes two digital multimeters, the 7461A and 7451A. They offer high-speed sampling up to 20,000 and 5,000 readings per second respectively. They also feature variable integration time from 10μs to 10s for the 7461A and 100μs to 10s for the 7451A, allowing accurate measurement of pulsed signals. Both models provide two-channel DC voltage measurement and standard GPIB and USB interfaces for automated data collection.
5½-digit DMM with twin A/D converters
offering two-channel synchronous measurement
● New measurement environment by twin A/D converters
● Double the throughput by Ach/Bch synchronous measurement
● Wide dynamic range of 5½ digits on both Ach and Bch
● Wider current measurement range and parallel measurement with voltage or temperature
Ach: 10pA to 2A Bch: 100µA to 10A
● A variety of interfaces
7352A: USB, GPIB, RS-232 7352E: USB
A sweep frequency generator is a type of signal generator that generates a sinusoidal output signal whose frequency is automatically varied or swept between two selected frequencies. It uses two oscillators - a master oscillator that produces a constant frequency and a voltage-controlled oscillator whose frequency varies. A mixer combines the outputs of the two oscillators to produce a sinusoidal output whose frequency is swept between the frequencies of the two oscillators. Sweep frequency generators are primarily used to measure the responses of amplifiers, filters, and other electrical components over various frequency bands.
A sweep frequency generator generates a sinusoidal output whose frequency is automatically varied or swept between two selected frequencies. One complete cycle of the frequency variation is called a sweep. Sweep frequency generators are primarily used to measure the responses of amplifiers, filters, and electrical components over various frequency bands. The frequency is varied either linearly or logarithmically over the entire sweep range, while the signal amplitude remains constant.
The document provides information about engine sensors and their testing procedures. It discusses temperature sensors like ECT and IAT, their purpose, testing methods using multimeters and scan tools. It also covers throttle position sensors, their operation, and testing using voltage measurements. Further, it describes MAP sensors, their working based on manifold pressure changes, and relationship to other parameters.
The document describes the design of a digital blood pressure meter that uses an integrated pressure sensor, analog signal conditioning circuitry, a microcontroller, and LCD display to measure blood pressure using the oscillometric method. It details the hardware components, software algorithms, and measurement principles for extracting systolic and diastolic pressure readings from the pressure oscillations detected by the sensor.
1. The document describes the parameters, wiring methods, and fault diagnosis of Roots and gear flow meters.
2. It provides details on setting parameters like accumulated flow, instantaneous flow, temperature, pressure, instrument information and user-defined settings.
3. Wiring methods are described for sensors, current output, communications, alarms and networking. Troubleshooting tips are given for common issues like no output, unstable readings, accumulation errors.
The document describes two digital multimeters, the 7461A and 7451A. They offer high-speed sampling up to 20,000 and 5,000 readings per second respectively. They also feature variable integration time from 10μs to 10s for the 7461A and 100μs to 10s for the 7451A, allowing accurate measurement of pulsed signals. Both models provide two-channel DC voltage measurement and standard GPIB and USB interfaces for automated data collection.
5½-digit DMM with twin A/D converters
offering two-channel synchronous measurement
● New measurement environment by twin A/D converters
● Double the throughput by Ach/Bch synchronous measurement
● Wide dynamic range of 5½ digits on both Ach and Bch
● Wider current measurement range and parallel measurement with voltage or temperature
Ach: 10pA to 2A Bch: 100µA to 10A
● A variety of interfaces
7352A: USB, GPIB, RS-232 7352E: USB
A sweep frequency generator is a type of signal generator that generates a sinusoidal output signal whose frequency is automatically varied or swept between two selected frequencies. It uses two oscillators - a master oscillator that produces a constant frequency and a voltage-controlled oscillator whose frequency varies. A mixer combines the outputs of the two oscillators to produce a sinusoidal output whose frequency is swept between the frequencies of the two oscillators. Sweep frequency generators are primarily used to measure the responses of amplifiers, filters, and other electrical components over various frequency bands.
A sweep frequency generator generates a sinusoidal output whose frequency is automatically varied or swept between two selected frequencies. One complete cycle of the frequency variation is called a sweep. Sweep frequency generators are primarily used to measure the responses of amplifiers, filters, and electrical components over various frequency bands. The frequency is varied either linearly or logarithmically over the entire sweep range, while the signal amplitude remains constant.
The document provides information about engine sensors and their testing procedures. It discusses temperature sensors like ECT and IAT, their purpose, testing methods using multimeters and scan tools. It also covers throttle position sensors, their operation, and testing using voltage measurements. Further, it describes MAP sensors, their working based on manifold pressure changes, and relationship to other parameters.
- Harmonics are multiples of the supply frequency that are produced by non-linear loads such as AC to DC converters. They can cause overheating, overloading, and failures in electrical equipment.
- Common sources of harmonics are computers, electronic ballasts, variable speed drives, UPS systems, and rectifiers. Harmonics can lead to issues like overloading of neutrals, overheating of transformers, and tripping of circuit breakers.
- Solutions to harmonics include passive filters using inductors and capacitors, active harmonic filters that inject compensating currents, and improving power factor using capacitors or active power factor correction.
This presentation discusses distortion analysis using a distortion analyzer. It defines distortion as any alteration in a signal's waveform. A distortion analyzer is used to analyze distortion, which is needed to ensure proper output from a signal. The presentation describes the basic block diagram of a distortion analyzer and its operation principle. It then explains different types of distortion analysis that can be performed using a distortion analyzer, including frequency/amplitude distortion analysis, harmonic distortion analysis, intermodulation distortion analysis, and phase distortion analysis. Finally, it shows an image of a laboratory-quality distortion analyzer that can precisely measure low levels of distortion.
This document summarizes key concepts related to signal conditioning. It discusses how signals from transducers need to be conditioned through amplification and other processes before being transmitted and displayed. It covers categories of signal conditioning techniques including linear processes like amplification using operational amplifiers and instrumentation amplifiers. It also discusses sources of noise like thermal noise and shot noise, as well as how to calculate signal-to-noise ratio. Key elements of instrumentation amplifiers are explained, including their practical applications and advantages over ordinary op-amps.
Axpert i-sine - Multi Function Active Harmonic Filteractiveharmonics
AXPERT-i-sine is designed with the intelligent control algorithm which dynamically changes the switching frequency to optimize the performance & efficiency. The performance of AXPERT-i-sine is less affected by supply voltage harmonic distortion. AXPERT-i-sine provides selective harmonic attenuation up to 51st order.
This document provides an overview of various electrical measuring instruments from Hioki, organized by product category. It includes power analyzers and power meters for measuring power parameters of inverters, motors, and power grids. It also lists current sensors, power quality analyzers, recorderscopes, memory recorders, wireless data loggers, impedance analyzers, and LCR meters. The models highlighted include high accuracy and high speed devices for applications like testing of batteries, capacitors, motors, and inverters.
This document provides an overview of frequency response and different instruments used to measure it. It discusses how frequency response analyzers (FRAs) work and their advantages over other instruments. FRAs can measure gain and phase characteristics of a device over frequency with high precision. They generate a single frequency signal, measure the input and output separately, and calculate the frequency response at that point. This allows FRAs to achieve very high dynamic ranges and flexible frequency resolutions not possible with spectrum analyzers or FFT analyzers. Examples are given of common frequency response measurements and tips for reducing errors.
This document discusses data acquisition and conversion. It begins by defining a data acquisition system and its typical components like sensors, signal conditioning, data conversion, processing, multiplexing, and storage/display. It then provides block diagrams of general and data logger systems. Key aspects covered include transducers, signal conditioners, multiplexers, AD conversion, real-time clocks, and programming. The document also explains sampling theory, sample and hold circuits, and concludes by summarizing the key topics discussed.
The document discusses sensors and transducers. It defines a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy to another, with sensors detecting signals from the real world and actuators generating signals. Electronic sensors typically use primary transducers to convert a parameter into an electrical signal, and secondary transducers to further process the signal. Common sensor components and configurations are described such as op-amps, instrumentation amplifiers, and connecting sensors to microcontrollers and networks. The document also covers transducer types including mechanical, thermal, optical, and chemical. Sensor calibration techniques are discussed to address non-ideal sensor effects.
This document discusses signal conditioning for piezoelectric sensors. Piezoelectric materials generate an electrical charge in response to mechanical movement. Two common signal conditioning circuits are described: a voltage mode amplifier that is used close to the sensor, and a charge mode amplifier for when the amplifier is remote from the sensor. Key considerations for signal conditioning piezoelectric sensors include frequency of operation, signal amplitude, input impedance, and mode of operation.
In real inverters' operations, it is essential to insert delay time in the pulses provided to the inverter switches to protect the DC link against the short circuits. From this situation, the dead time phenomenon is introduced that causes undesirable performance and distortion of the output signal. Previously, researchers have proposed various schemes for compensating or eliminating dead-time. In this paper, a new dead-time elimination (DTE) scheme is proposed with a guarantee algorithm to eliminate dead-time and overcome the issues produced at the zero-currents-crossing point (ZCC). This method does not require additional hardware or filters to determine the polarity of the output current, and its principle is very simple to implement. The developed DTE method completely removes the dead-time issues on the magnitude and phase of the output voltage, and avoid the problems which can be induced around the ZCC. The results confirm the effectiveness and safety of this method.
MEASUREMENT AND DISPLAY OF THE MAINS FREQUENCY USING PIC18F4520/50Ruthvik Vaila
This document summarizes the key aspects of a project to build a frequency measuring device using a PIC microcontroller. It includes a block diagram of the system with components like the PIC, LCD display, voltage regulator and near zero detection circuit. The near zero detection circuit detects pulses from the AC mains supply which are counted by the PIC microcontroller to calculate the frequency. The frequency is then displayed on the LCD screen. The document also provides the program code and flowchart for the PIC microcontroller to implement this frequency measurement functionality.
Data Teknis Gossen Metrawatt Multimeter : METRAHIT ISO & METRAHIT COILPT. Siwali Swantika
Pemesanan produk, hubungi PT Siwali Swantika melalui WhatsApp, Jakarta : 0811-1519-949 (chat only) | Surabaya : 0811-1519-948 (chat only). Kunjungi website kami di www.siwali.com, untuk detail informasi spesifikasi dan model alat.
Compensation of Harmonics of Fully Controlled Loads by Using SAHFIOSRJEEE
In this paper, Three Phase Shunt Active Harmonic Filter is used for harmonic compensation of fully Controlled loads by using new thyristorized Pulse Generator Circuits which generates 12 Pulses for two NonLinear three phase Loads. The three phase Non-Linear Loads are connected at the secondary of three phase Transformers with Three Phase Breakers having Transition time 5/60seconds. A new Pulse Generator topology is used for generating pulses for each of three phase non-linear loads. The Circuit used for Compensation of Harmonics having three phase IGBT based Inverter. The IGBT base d Shunt Active Harmonic Filter gets firing Pulses from PLL phase Locked Loop& Hysteresis Switching HS. The used PLL extracts the Fundamental component of load current which is then multiplied with same RMS gain for generating the Reference current for Hysteresis Current Controller. The used Hysteresis Current Controller compares the reference current
Signal conditioning is useful in making of the circuits related to small signals and setting the signals ranges. Sensors are having different outputs and we can set the desired ranges of the voltages as per the necessity.
Power Quality Analyzer
• Simultaneous Power & Power quality measurements
• Helpful support functions
• Measurement with high accuracy
• Remote monitoring on PC and Android device
• Various Clamp Current Sensors
• Energy consumption check on site
• IEC 61010-1 CAT IV 300V, CAT III 600V, CAT II 1000V
Inc. Accessories: 7141B (Voltage test lead), 7170 (Power cord), 7219 (USB cable)
8326-02 (SD card 2GB), 9125 (Carrying case for KEW 6315), 9135 (Carrying case for KEW 6315-03), Input terminal plate × 6, KEW Windows for KEW 6315 (software), Quick manual, Alkaline size AA battery (LR6) × 6
Inquiry at info.f@kew-india.co.in
1. The document provides instructions for testing the settings of a SPAD 3G1 J6 differential protection relay using an MP3000 relay tester. The relay detects current differences in the generator stator winding.
2. The test involves injecting differential currents into the relay and measuring the trip time. Both the basic and bias settings will be tested by incrementally increasing the differential current and observing the relay's response.
3. Parameters such as the differential and restrain currents, test duration, and interval times are configured in the MPWIN software to automatically test the relay's operation and record the results.
This document provides an overview of sensors and interfacing techniques. It discusses the basic components and principles of sensors, including the different types (e.g. temperature, pressure, humidity), as well as resistor, capacitor and inductor sensor types. It also describes interfacing temperature, humidity, pressure and proximity sensors to microcontrollers, with examples of interfacing the LM35 temperature sensor and a capacitive humidity sensor to an 8051 microcontroller using an ADC0809 analog-to-digital converter. Circuit diagrams and assembly language code are included.
Close Loop V/F Control of Voltage Source Inverter using Sinusoidal PWM, Third...IAES-IJPEDS
The aim of this paper to presents a comparative analysis of Voltage Source
Inverter using Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation Method, Third Harmonic
Injection Pulse Width Modulation Method and Space Vector Pulse Width
Modulation Two level inverter for Induction Motor. In this paper we have
designed the Simulink model of Inverter for different technique. An above
technique is used to reduce the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) on the AC
side of the Inverter. The Simulink model is close loop. Results are analyzed
using Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) which is for analysis of the Total
Harmonic Distortion. All simulations are performed in the MATLAB
Simulink / Simulink environment of MATLAB.
The LM231/LM331 family of integrated circuits are precision voltage-to-frequency converters suited for analog-to-digital conversion and other applications. They output a pulse train whose frequency is precisely proportional to the input voltage. The devices use a temperature-compensated bandgap reference for excellent accuracy over a wide temperature range from 4V to 40V supply. They can drive TTL loads or provide higher voltage outputs while being short-circuit proof. Key features include high linearity, temperature stability, and wide dynamic range at frequencies from 1Hz to 100kHz.
This document describes a simple heart rate monitor that uses an 8051 microcontroller. It senses the heart rate from the fingertip using an IR reflection method and displays it on a three digit seven segment display in beats per minute. The circuit uses a photoplethysmography sensor and signal conditioning circuitry to process the pulse signal from the fingertip into a form readable by the microcontroller. The microcontroller then counts the pulse beats over a 15 second period and multiplies the count by 4 to display the heart rate in beats per minute.
A simple heart rate monitor using 8051 microcontroller. The device senses the heart rate from the finger tip using IR reflection method and displays it on a three digit seven segment display in beats per minute
The pulsating reflection is converted to a suitable current or voltage pulse by the sensor. The sensor output is processed by suitable electronic circuits to obtain a visible indication (digital display or graph).
- Harmonics are multiples of the supply frequency that are produced by non-linear loads such as AC to DC converters. They can cause overheating, overloading, and failures in electrical equipment.
- Common sources of harmonics are computers, electronic ballasts, variable speed drives, UPS systems, and rectifiers. Harmonics can lead to issues like overloading of neutrals, overheating of transformers, and tripping of circuit breakers.
- Solutions to harmonics include passive filters using inductors and capacitors, active harmonic filters that inject compensating currents, and improving power factor using capacitors or active power factor correction.
This presentation discusses distortion analysis using a distortion analyzer. It defines distortion as any alteration in a signal's waveform. A distortion analyzer is used to analyze distortion, which is needed to ensure proper output from a signal. The presentation describes the basic block diagram of a distortion analyzer and its operation principle. It then explains different types of distortion analysis that can be performed using a distortion analyzer, including frequency/amplitude distortion analysis, harmonic distortion analysis, intermodulation distortion analysis, and phase distortion analysis. Finally, it shows an image of a laboratory-quality distortion analyzer that can precisely measure low levels of distortion.
This document summarizes key concepts related to signal conditioning. It discusses how signals from transducers need to be conditioned through amplification and other processes before being transmitted and displayed. It covers categories of signal conditioning techniques including linear processes like amplification using operational amplifiers and instrumentation amplifiers. It also discusses sources of noise like thermal noise and shot noise, as well as how to calculate signal-to-noise ratio. Key elements of instrumentation amplifiers are explained, including their practical applications and advantages over ordinary op-amps.
Axpert i-sine - Multi Function Active Harmonic Filteractiveharmonics
AXPERT-i-sine is designed with the intelligent control algorithm which dynamically changes the switching frequency to optimize the performance & efficiency. The performance of AXPERT-i-sine is less affected by supply voltage harmonic distortion. AXPERT-i-sine provides selective harmonic attenuation up to 51st order.
This document provides an overview of various electrical measuring instruments from Hioki, organized by product category. It includes power analyzers and power meters for measuring power parameters of inverters, motors, and power grids. It also lists current sensors, power quality analyzers, recorderscopes, memory recorders, wireless data loggers, impedance analyzers, and LCR meters. The models highlighted include high accuracy and high speed devices for applications like testing of batteries, capacitors, motors, and inverters.
This document provides an overview of frequency response and different instruments used to measure it. It discusses how frequency response analyzers (FRAs) work and their advantages over other instruments. FRAs can measure gain and phase characteristics of a device over frequency with high precision. They generate a single frequency signal, measure the input and output separately, and calculate the frequency response at that point. This allows FRAs to achieve very high dynamic ranges and flexible frequency resolutions not possible with spectrum analyzers or FFT analyzers. Examples are given of common frequency response measurements and tips for reducing errors.
This document discusses data acquisition and conversion. It begins by defining a data acquisition system and its typical components like sensors, signal conditioning, data conversion, processing, multiplexing, and storage/display. It then provides block diagrams of general and data logger systems. Key aspects covered include transducers, signal conditioners, multiplexers, AD conversion, real-time clocks, and programming. The document also explains sampling theory, sample and hold circuits, and concludes by summarizing the key topics discussed.
The document discusses sensors and transducers. It defines a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy to another, with sensors detecting signals from the real world and actuators generating signals. Electronic sensors typically use primary transducers to convert a parameter into an electrical signal, and secondary transducers to further process the signal. Common sensor components and configurations are described such as op-amps, instrumentation amplifiers, and connecting sensors to microcontrollers and networks. The document also covers transducer types including mechanical, thermal, optical, and chemical. Sensor calibration techniques are discussed to address non-ideal sensor effects.
This document discusses signal conditioning for piezoelectric sensors. Piezoelectric materials generate an electrical charge in response to mechanical movement. Two common signal conditioning circuits are described: a voltage mode amplifier that is used close to the sensor, and a charge mode amplifier for when the amplifier is remote from the sensor. Key considerations for signal conditioning piezoelectric sensors include frequency of operation, signal amplitude, input impedance, and mode of operation.
In real inverters' operations, it is essential to insert delay time in the pulses provided to the inverter switches to protect the DC link against the short circuits. From this situation, the dead time phenomenon is introduced that causes undesirable performance and distortion of the output signal. Previously, researchers have proposed various schemes for compensating or eliminating dead-time. In this paper, a new dead-time elimination (DTE) scheme is proposed with a guarantee algorithm to eliminate dead-time and overcome the issues produced at the zero-currents-crossing point (ZCC). This method does not require additional hardware or filters to determine the polarity of the output current, and its principle is very simple to implement. The developed DTE method completely removes the dead-time issues on the magnitude and phase of the output voltage, and avoid the problems which can be induced around the ZCC. The results confirm the effectiveness and safety of this method.
MEASUREMENT AND DISPLAY OF THE MAINS FREQUENCY USING PIC18F4520/50Ruthvik Vaila
This document summarizes the key aspects of a project to build a frequency measuring device using a PIC microcontroller. It includes a block diagram of the system with components like the PIC, LCD display, voltage regulator and near zero detection circuit. The near zero detection circuit detects pulses from the AC mains supply which are counted by the PIC microcontroller to calculate the frequency. The frequency is then displayed on the LCD screen. The document also provides the program code and flowchart for the PIC microcontroller to implement this frequency measurement functionality.
Data Teknis Gossen Metrawatt Multimeter : METRAHIT ISO & METRAHIT COILPT. Siwali Swantika
Pemesanan produk, hubungi PT Siwali Swantika melalui WhatsApp, Jakarta : 0811-1519-949 (chat only) | Surabaya : 0811-1519-948 (chat only). Kunjungi website kami di www.siwali.com, untuk detail informasi spesifikasi dan model alat.
Compensation of Harmonics of Fully Controlled Loads by Using SAHFIOSRJEEE
In this paper, Three Phase Shunt Active Harmonic Filter is used for harmonic compensation of fully Controlled loads by using new thyristorized Pulse Generator Circuits which generates 12 Pulses for two NonLinear three phase Loads. The three phase Non-Linear Loads are connected at the secondary of three phase Transformers with Three Phase Breakers having Transition time 5/60seconds. A new Pulse Generator topology is used for generating pulses for each of three phase non-linear loads. The Circuit used for Compensation of Harmonics having three phase IGBT based Inverter. The IGBT base d Shunt Active Harmonic Filter gets firing Pulses from PLL phase Locked Loop& Hysteresis Switching HS. The used PLL extracts the Fundamental component of load current which is then multiplied with same RMS gain for generating the Reference current for Hysteresis Current Controller. The used Hysteresis Current Controller compares the reference current
Signal conditioning is useful in making of the circuits related to small signals and setting the signals ranges. Sensors are having different outputs and we can set the desired ranges of the voltages as per the necessity.
Power Quality Analyzer
• Simultaneous Power & Power quality measurements
• Helpful support functions
• Measurement with high accuracy
• Remote monitoring on PC and Android device
• Various Clamp Current Sensors
• Energy consumption check on site
• IEC 61010-1 CAT IV 300V, CAT III 600V, CAT II 1000V
Inc. Accessories: 7141B (Voltage test lead), 7170 (Power cord), 7219 (USB cable)
8326-02 (SD card 2GB), 9125 (Carrying case for KEW 6315), 9135 (Carrying case for KEW 6315-03), Input terminal plate × 6, KEW Windows for KEW 6315 (software), Quick manual, Alkaline size AA battery (LR6) × 6
Inquiry at info.f@kew-india.co.in
1. The document provides instructions for testing the settings of a SPAD 3G1 J6 differential protection relay using an MP3000 relay tester. The relay detects current differences in the generator stator winding.
2. The test involves injecting differential currents into the relay and measuring the trip time. Both the basic and bias settings will be tested by incrementally increasing the differential current and observing the relay's response.
3. Parameters such as the differential and restrain currents, test duration, and interval times are configured in the MPWIN software to automatically test the relay's operation and record the results.
This document provides an overview of sensors and interfacing techniques. It discusses the basic components and principles of sensors, including the different types (e.g. temperature, pressure, humidity), as well as resistor, capacitor and inductor sensor types. It also describes interfacing temperature, humidity, pressure and proximity sensors to microcontrollers, with examples of interfacing the LM35 temperature sensor and a capacitive humidity sensor to an 8051 microcontroller using an ADC0809 analog-to-digital converter. Circuit diagrams and assembly language code are included.
Close Loop V/F Control of Voltage Source Inverter using Sinusoidal PWM, Third...IAES-IJPEDS
The aim of this paper to presents a comparative analysis of Voltage Source
Inverter using Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation Method, Third Harmonic
Injection Pulse Width Modulation Method and Space Vector Pulse Width
Modulation Two level inverter for Induction Motor. In this paper we have
designed the Simulink model of Inverter for different technique. An above
technique is used to reduce the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) on the AC
side of the Inverter. The Simulink model is close loop. Results are analyzed
using Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) which is for analysis of the Total
Harmonic Distortion. All simulations are performed in the MATLAB
Simulink / Simulink environment of MATLAB.
The LM231/LM331 family of integrated circuits are precision voltage-to-frequency converters suited for analog-to-digital conversion and other applications. They output a pulse train whose frequency is precisely proportional to the input voltage. The devices use a temperature-compensated bandgap reference for excellent accuracy over a wide temperature range from 4V to 40V supply. They can drive TTL loads or provide higher voltage outputs while being short-circuit proof. Key features include high linearity, temperature stability, and wide dynamic range at frequencies from 1Hz to 100kHz.
This document describes a simple heart rate monitor that uses an 8051 microcontroller. It senses the heart rate from the fingertip using an IR reflection method and displays it on a three digit seven segment display in beats per minute. The circuit uses a photoplethysmography sensor and signal conditioning circuitry to process the pulse signal from the fingertip into a form readable by the microcontroller. The microcontroller then counts the pulse beats over a 15 second period and multiplies the count by 4 to display the heart rate in beats per minute.
A simple heart rate monitor using 8051 microcontroller. The device senses the heart rate from the finger tip using IR reflection method and displays it on a three digit seven segment display in beats per minute
The pulsating reflection is converted to a suitable current or voltage pulse by the sensor. The sensor output is processed by suitable electronic circuits to obtain a visible indication (digital display or graph).
The document describes implementing pulse oximetry using a GreenPAK SLG46140 mixed-signal array device. It discusses driving red and infrared LEDs with pulse-width modulation to illuminate a finger, acquiring the signal from an infrared sensor using the device's ADC, and extracting blood oxygen saturation measurements from the signal based on light absorption properties. The implementation includes circuitry for the finger probe, programming the GreenPAK for LED control, ADC sampling and basic processing to transmit data for further processing. Extensions mentioned include integrating the GreenPAK with a microcontroller and improving signal processing for more accurate measurements.
HEARTBEAT RATE SENSOR USING MICROCONTROLLERRinku Meena
This document describes a technique for measuring heartbeat rate by sensing changes in blood volume in a finger artery using a light dependent resistor sensor. The signal is amplified over 10000 times using a two-stage active low-pass filter to boost the weak signal into a pulse that can be detected by a microcontroller. The microcontroller then counts the pulses over 15 seconds and displays the heart rate in beats per minute on a 7-segment display. The device is inexpensive enough for home use and flexible enough to integrate into vehicles to monitor heart rate.
The document discusses the basics of signal processing in polysomnography (PSG) systems from the physiological signals being recorded to their digital representation. It covers topics like: where EEG signals originate from neurons, the analog components like electrodes, amplifiers and filters used to process analog signals, and the digital components like sampling rate and resolution that determine the digital waveform display. The key stages of signal processing from the patient to the PSG tracing are also outlined.
micro controller based heart rate monitoring systemEldhose George
This document describes a mini project report on a microcontroller-based heart rate monitoring system. The system uses a photoplethysmography sensor consisting of an IR diode-phototransistor pair to detect changes in blood volume in the fingertip with each heartbeat. The sensor signal is amplified and filtered before being fed to a microcontroller. The microcontroller counts the heartbeat pulses and displays the heart rate in beats per minute on a LCD display. The system aims to provide a low-cost and portable means for measuring heart rate compared to existing methods.
An instrumentation amplifier is used in heart monitoring devices to amplify small biomedical signals from electrodes on the skin. It provides very low noise and high common mode rejection. The amplified signal is processed by a microcontroller which calculates heart rate in beats per minute and displays it on an LCD screen. Power is supplied from batteries to allow for portability.
This document describes the development of an electro-optical photoplethysmography (PPG) system to noninvasively monitor blood volume changes. The system uses an infrared light emitting diode as the light source, a photodiode sensor, and filter circuits to extract the pulsatile PPG signal related to heartbeats from noise. Experimental results show the PPG waveform obtained from a finger with characteristic peaks corresponding to heartbeats. The developed system provides a simple, effective method for monitoring blood volume changes using PPG.
Instrumentation amplifier in heart beat monetering.Shrikant Chandan
The document discusses the use of an instrumentation amplifier in heart monitoring applications. An instrumentation amplifier is used as the initial stage to amplify the small voltage signals from the heart. It provides high gain while rejecting common mode noise. The amplified signal is then processed using a microcontroller to calculate heart rate, which is displayed on an LCD screen. Power is supplied from batteries using voltage regulators to provide the necessary voltages to different stages of the circuit.
The document discusses sensors, actuators, and input/output devices used in computer-controlled processes. It describes:
1) Sensors that measure continuous and discrete process variables and transmit signals to computers.
2) Actuators that receive signals from computers to control continuous and discrete process parameters.
3) Analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion devices that allow computers to interface with analog sensors and actuators.
4) Input/output devices that allow computers to interface with discrete and pulse data from processes.
Heart beat monitor using AT89S52 microcontrollerSushil Mishra
We , in this project are measuring the heart beat using the pulse oximetry logic.
The timer we have set for counting the heart beat is 30s.
There is a set point we can decide, after 30 s the heartbeat would be shown on the LCD along with a buzzer sound (if it exceeds the set point).
Analog to Digitalconvertor for Blood-Glucose Monitoringcsijjournal
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the design of a low-power CMOS current-frequency (I–F) Analog–Digital Converter. The ADC is designed for implantable blood-glucose monitoring. This current frequency ADC uses nArange of input currents to set and compare voltage oscillations against a self-produced reference to resolve 0–32nA with an accuracy of 5-bits at a 225MHz sampling rate. The comparator used is a dynamic latch comparator and the output is fetched from a 5-bit counter. This is designed in 180nm CMOS technology with a supply of 1.8V, it operating voltage taken here is 0.0- 1.8V with power consumption of 12.3nW using Cadence tools.
ANALOG TO DIGITALCONVERTOR FOR BLOOD-GLUCOSE MONITORING csijjournal
This paper presents the design of a low-power CMOS current-frequency (I–F) Analog–Digital Converter. The ADC is designed for implantable blood-glucose monitoring. This current frequency ADC uses nArange of input currents to set and compare voltage oscillations against a self-produced reference to resolve 0–32nA with an accuracy of 5-bits at a 225MHz sampling rate. The comparator used is a dynamic latch comparator and the output is fetched from a 5-bit counter. This is designed in 180nm CMOS technology with a supply of 1.8V, it operating voltage taken here is 0.0- 1.8V with power consumption of 12.3nW using Cadence tools.
Telemetry involves measuring values at a remote location and transmitting the data to another location. It involves three steps - measuring a value, converting it to a signal, transmitting the signal, and reconverting it back to the original data. Factors like accuracy, whether the data is analog or digital, error detection/correction, and bandwidth influence telemetry system design. There are two main types - landline systems which use wires/cables over short distances, and radio frequency systems which use radio links from 1km to beyond 50km. Landline systems transmit current or voltage and have simple circuitry but limited range. Radio frequency systems transmit via radio links and are used for long range applications like spacecraft. Modulation schemes include amplitude modulation for
This document discusses signal conditioning, which involves processing sensor output signals to prepare them for the next stage of a measurement system. Common issues with raw sensor outputs are low amplitude, noise, and incorrect voltage/current form. Signal conditioning circuits are used to amplify, filter, convert, and isolate signals to meet requirements. Processes like amplification, filtering, attenuation, linearization, and bridge completion are described. Signal conditioning is necessary to convert sensor outputs into a form that can be accurately measured, processed, transmitted, and stored in digital systems.
1) The document discusses measurement systems and provides definitions for key terms like accuracy, sensitivity, hysteresis, and resolution. It describes analog and digital measurement systems and the components that make them up, including sensors, signal conditioning, and controllers.
2) Common units for physical quantities like length, time, mass and current are discussed as well as standards for measurement. Analog signals like 4-20 mA and 3-15 psi are described for representing variable ranges.
3) Drawings like P&IDs (piping and instrumentation diagrams) and electrical schematics are addressed along with the standards that define their symbols. Sensor response curves are examined, including first-order exponential curves. Tutorial problems are presented at the
This document describes the design of a non-contact tachometer that uses an infrared sensor to measure the rotational speed of a shaft or disk remotely. It consists of a transmitter section with the sensor that converts angular velocity to a frequency signal, and a receiver section with a microcontroller that calculates RPM using an algorithm. The RPM value is transmitted wirelessly using RF modules and displayed. The non-contact design allows measurement in situations where direct contact is not possible and improves safety.
This document describes the design of a frequency counter that uses an 8051 microcontroller. It includes:
- A block diagram showing the microcontroller is connected to an LCD display, CRO, and power supply to determine and display the input frequency.
- Descriptions of the hardware components including the 8051 microcontroller, counters, prescalers, amplifiers, and an LCD display.
- Explanations of the direct counting and reciprocal methods used to measure frequency.
- Details of the software modes for frequency counting and time interval measurement.
The document discusses sensors and microcontrollers. It defines sensors as devices that sense physical changes and convert them to electrical signals. Microcontrollers read inputs from sensors, process the data, and control outputs to actuators. Common sensors are digital buttons/switches and analog sensors that produce a continuous output like light or temperature sensors. Sensor characteristics like sensitivity, offset, linearity, and resolution are described. The document also discusses how to interface sensors to microcontrollers using voltage dividers and explains how different sensor types like resistive, capacitive, and inductive sensors operate.
2. AN1571
2 Motorola Sensor Device Data
The filter consists of two RC networks which determine two
cut–off frequencies. These two poles are carefully chosen to
ensure that the oscillation signal is not distorted or lost. The
two cut–off frequencies can be approximated by the following
equations. Figure 2 describes the frequency response of the
filter. This plot does not include the gain of the amplifier.
10
0
–10
–20
–30
–40
–50
–60
–70
–80
10 10010.10.01
Frequency (Hz)
Figure 2. Filter Frequency Response
Oscillation Signal (1 Hz)
CP Signal (0.04 Hz)
Attenuation(dB)
fP1 =
1
2pR1C1
fP2 =
1
2pR3C2
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3. AN1571
3Motorola Sensor Device Data
The oscillation signal varies from person to person. In
general, it varies from less than 1 mmHg to 3 mmHg. From the
transfer function of MPX5050GP, this will translate to a voltage
output of 12 mV to 36 mV signal. Since the filter gives an
attenuation of 10 dB to the 1 Hz signal, the oscillation signal
becomes 3.8 mV to 11.4 mV respectively. Experiments
indicate that, the amplification factor of the amplifier is chosen
to be 150 so that the amplified oscillation signal is within the
output limit of the amplifier (5 mV to 3.5 V). Figure 3(a) shows
the output from the pressure sensor and Figure 3(b) shows the
extracted oscillation signal at the output of the amplifier.
Figure 3. CP signal at the output of the pressure sensor
Oscillation signal is extracted here
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time (seconds)
Vi(volts)
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Vo(volts)
10 15 20 25 30 35
Time (seconds)
MAP
DBP
SBP
3.5
Figure 3b. Extracted oscillation signal at the output of amplifier
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4. AN1571
4 Motorola Sensor Device Data
Referring to the schematic, Figure 4, the MPX5050GP
pressure sensor is connected to PORT D bit 5 and the output
of the amplifier is connected to PORT D bit 6 of the
microcontroller. This port is an input to the on–chip 8–bit
analog–to–digital (A/D) converter. The pressure sensor
provides a signal output to the microprocessor of
approximately 0.2 Vdc at 0 mmHg to 4.7 Vdc at 375 mmHg of
applied pressure whereas the amplifier provides a signal from
0.005 V to 3.5 V. In order to maximize the resolution, separate
voltage references should be provided for the A/D instead of
using the 5 V supply. In this example, the input range of the A/D
converter is set at approximately 0 Vdc to 3.8 Vdc. This
compresses the range of the A/D converter around 0 mmHg
to 300 mmHg to maximize the resolution; 0 to 255 counts is the
range of the A/D converter. VRH and VRL are the reference
voltage inputs to the A/D converter. The resolution is defined
by the following:
Count = [(VXdcr – VRL)/(VRH – VRL)] x 255
The count at 0 mmHg = [(0.2 – 0)/(3.8 – 0)] x 255 ≈ 14
The count at 300 mmHg = [(3.8 – 0)/(3.8 – 0)] x 255 ≈ 255
Therefore the resolution = 255 – 14 = 241 counts. This
translates to a system that will resolve to 1.24 mmHg.
The voltage divider consisting of R5 and R6 is connected to
the +5 volts powering the system. The output of the pressure
sensor is ratiometric to the voltage applied to it. The pressure
sensor and the voltage divider are connected to a common
supply; this yields a system that is ratiometric. By nature of this
ratiometric system, variations in the voltage of the power
supplied to the system will have no effect on the system
accuracy.
The liquid crystal display (LCD) is directly driven from I/O
ports A, B, and C on the microcontroller. The operation of a
LCD requires that the data and backplane (BP) pins must be
driven by an alternating signal. This function is provided by a
software routine that toggles the data and backplane at
approximately a 30 Hz rate.
Other than the LCD, there are two more I/O devices that are
connected to the pulse length converter (PLM) of the
microcontroller; a buzzer and a light emitting diode (LED). The
buzzer, which connected to the PLMA, can produce two
different frequencies; 122 Hz and 1.953 kHz tones. For
instance when the microcontroller encounters certain error
due to improper inflation of cuff, a low frequency tone is alarm.
In those instance when the measurement is successful, a high
frequency pulsation tone will be heard. Hence, different
musical tone can be produced to differential each condition. In
addition, the LED is used to indicate the presence of a heart
beat during the measurement.
The microcontroller section of the system requires certain
support hardware to allow it to function. The MC34064P–5
provides an undervoltage sense function which is used to
reset the microprocessor at system power–up. The 4 MHz
crystal provides the external portion of the oscillator function
for clocking the microcontroller and provides a stable base for
time based functions, for instance calculation of pulse rate.
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6. AN1571
6 Motorola Sensor Device Data
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
Upon system power–up, the user needs to manually pump
the cuff pressure to approximately 160 mmHg or 30 mmHg
above the previous SBP. During the pumping of the inflation
bulb, the microcontroller ignores the signal at the output of the
amplifier. When the subroutine TAKE senses a decrease in
CP for a continuous duration of more than 0.75 seconds, the
microcontroller will then assume that the user is no longer
pumping the bulb and starts to analyze the oscillation signal.
Figure 5 shows zoom–in view of a pulse.
–7.1–7.3–7.5–7.7–7.9–8.1–8.3–8.5
Time (second)
Figure 5. Zoom–in view of a pulse
Vo(volt)
450 ms
Premature pulse
1.75
First of all, the threshold level of a valid pulse is set to be 1.75
V to eliminate noise or spike. As soon as the amplitude of a
pulse is identified, the microcontroller will ignore the signal for
450 ms to prevent any false identification due to the presence
of premature pulse ”overshoot” due to oscillation. Hence, this
algorithm can only detect pulse rate which is less than 133
beats per minute. Next, the amplitudes of all the pulses
detected are stored in the RAM for further analysis. If the
microcontroller senses a non–typical oscillation envelope
shape, an error message (“Err”) is output to the LCD. The user
will have to exhaust all the pressure in the cuff before
re–pumping the CP to the next higher value. The algorithm
ensures that the user exhausts all the air present in the cuff
before allowing any re–pumping. Otherwise, the venous blood
trapped in the distal arm may affect the next measurement.
Therefore, the user has to reduce the pressure in the cuff as
soon as possible in order for the arm to recover. Figure 6 is a
flowchart for the program that controls the system.
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7. AN1571
7Motorola Sensor Device Data
Figure 6. Main program flowchart
MAIN PROGRAM
Initialization
Clear I/O ports
Display ”CAL” and
output a musical tone
Clear all the variables
Take in the amplitude of all the
oscillation signal when the
user has stop pumping
Calculate the SBP and DBP
and also the pulse rate
Repump?
Is there any error
in the calculation or the
amplitude envelope
detected?
Output a high
frequency
musical tone
Exhaust cuff
before repump
Exhaust cuff
before repump
Display pulse rate.
Display ”SYS” follow by SBP.
Display ”dlA” follow by DBP.
Display ”Err”
Output a low
frequency
alarm
N
N
N N
Y
Y
YY
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8. AN1571
8 Motorola Sensor Device Data
SELECTION OF MICROCONTROLLER
Although the microcontroller used in this project is
MC68HC05B16, a smaller ROM version microcontroller can
also be used. The table below shows the requirement of
microcontroller for this blood pressure meter design in this
project.
Table 1. Selection of microcontroller
ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁOn–chip ROM space 2 kilobytes
ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁOn–chip RAM space 150 bytes
ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ
ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ2–channel A/D converter (min.)
ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ
ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ16–bit free running counter timer
ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ
ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ
LCD driver
ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ
ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ
On–chip EEPROM space 32 bytes
ÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁÁ
Power saving Stop and Wait modes
CONCLUSION
This circuit design concept may be used to evaluate
Motorola pressure sensors used in the digital blood pressure
meter. This basic circuit may be easily modified to provide
suitable output signal level. The software may also be easily
modified to provide better analysis of the SBP and DBP of a
person.
REFERENCES
Lucas, Bill (1991). “An Evaluation System for Direct Interface
of the MPX5100 Pressure Sensor with a Microprocessor,”
Motorola Application Note AN1305.
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