Diagrammatic representation of ca nasopharynx
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
2 likes•177 views
This document outlines the diagrammatic representation and staging of cancer in the nasopharynx according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer. It shows the changes in staging between 2002 and 2010, with T1 and T2a lesions moved to stage I, T2b moved to stage II, and stage IIB moved to stage II while stage IIA was merged with stage I. The document also lists the stages III through IVB for nasopharyngeal cancer staging.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Mechanical principles in orthodontic force control
The document discusses the mechanical principles behind orthodontic force control using elastic materials. It describes the basic properties of elastic materials, including stress, strain, stiffness, and strength. Different orthodontic archwire materials are examined, including precious metals, stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloys, and nickel-titanium alloys. Nickel-titanium alloys are highlighted for their ability to apply light forces over a large range through properties like shape memory and superelasticity, due to a reversible crystal structure transition between martensite and austenite phases.
Gravity dam
Gravity dams are structures designed so that their own weight resists external forces. Concrete is the preferred material. Forces acting on the dam include water pressure, uplift pressure, earthquake forces, silt pressure, wave pressure, and ice pressure. The dam's weight counters these forces. Dams are checked when full and empty, accounting for load combinations. Gravity dams can fail due to overturning, crushing, tension cracks, or sliding along foundation planes. Design aims to prevent failure from these modes.
Work, energy and power ppt
The document outlines key concepts related to work, energy, and power including defining these terms, calculating kinetic and potential energy using formulas, stating the principle of conservation of energy as it relates to the conversion of energy forms, applying these concepts to solve related problems, and calculating mechanical system efficiency. The goal is to understand these fundamental physics concepts and be able to measure, calculate and apply work, energy and power.
Force & Motion
This document discusses key concepts around motion and forces including:
1) It defines speed, velocity, and the difference between the two.
2) It explains that unbalanced forces cause changes in an object's velocity or acceleration, while balanced forces do not cause changes.
3) It describes different types of friction including static, sliding, rolling, and fluid friction and factors that affect friction.
1. theories of personality
Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality consists of the id, ego, and superego. The id operates based on the pleasure principle and seeks to satisfy basic desires, the ego mediates between the id and reality, and the superego incorporates societal morals. The three structures are often in conflict, creating anxiety, which the ego defends against using mechanisms like repression, rationalization, and displacement. Defense mechanisms distort reality to reduce anxiety from conflicts between the id, ego, and superego.
Overview of Carcinoma Prostate and Genetics
The prostate is a walnut-sized gland located below the bladder and in front of the rectum. It produces fluid that protects and transports sperm. The primary function of the prostate is to produce seminal fluid. Prostate cancer is common and can range from early stage to locally advanced to metastatic. Diagnosis involves a physical exam, PSA level, biopsy, and imaging tests. Treatment options depend on the stage and grade of cancer.
OSTEOSARCOMA
Osteosarcoma is a rare bone cancer that is most common in adolescents and older adults. It typically presents as a painful bone mass near the knee, upper arm, or thigh bone. Diagnosis involves imaging and biopsy of the tumor. Treatment consists of chemotherapy before and after surgery to remove the tumor, with the goal of complete resection. Post-treatment surveillance is important due to the risk of recurrence or metastasis, especially to the lungs. Prognosis depends on tumor stage, size, and response to initial chemotherapy.
Overview of brain tumors
1) Brain tumors are the 20th most common malignancy worldwide and their incidence varies based on factors like age, sex, and race.
2) Diagnostic workup involves imaging like MRI and CT scans, cerebrospinal fluid examination, and biopsy when needed. Molecular testing helps classify tumors.
3) Treatment depends on tumor type and grade but generally involves surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies. Management of symptoms is also important.
4) Prognosis depends on tumor specific factors and can range from months to over 10 years depending on the tumor characteristics.
Recommended
Mechanical principles in orthodontic force control
The document discusses the mechanical principles behind orthodontic force control using elastic materials. It describes the basic properties of elastic materials, including stress, strain, stiffness, and strength. Different orthodontic archwire materials are examined, including precious metals, stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloys, and nickel-titanium alloys. Nickel-titanium alloys are highlighted for their ability to apply light forces over a large range through properties like shape memory and superelasticity, due to a reversible crystal structure transition between martensite and austenite phases.
Gravity dam
Gravity dams are structures designed so that their own weight resists external forces. Concrete is the preferred material. Forces acting on the dam include water pressure, uplift pressure, earthquake forces, silt pressure, wave pressure, and ice pressure. The dam's weight counters these forces. Dams are checked when full and empty, accounting for load combinations. Gravity dams can fail due to overturning, crushing, tension cracks, or sliding along foundation planes. Design aims to prevent failure from these modes.
Work, energy and power ppt
The document outlines key concepts related to work, energy, and power including defining these terms, calculating kinetic and potential energy using formulas, stating the principle of conservation of energy as it relates to the conversion of energy forms, applying these concepts to solve related problems, and calculating mechanical system efficiency. The goal is to understand these fundamental physics concepts and be able to measure, calculate and apply work, energy and power.
Force & Motion
This document discusses key concepts around motion and forces including:
1) It defines speed, velocity, and the difference between the two.
2) It explains that unbalanced forces cause changes in an object's velocity or acceleration, while balanced forces do not cause changes.
3) It describes different types of friction including static, sliding, rolling, and fluid friction and factors that affect friction.
1. theories of personality
Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality consists of the id, ego, and superego. The id operates based on the pleasure principle and seeks to satisfy basic desires, the ego mediates between the id and reality, and the superego incorporates societal morals. The three structures are often in conflict, creating anxiety, which the ego defends against using mechanisms like repression, rationalization, and displacement. Defense mechanisms distort reality to reduce anxiety from conflicts between the id, ego, and superego.
Overview of Carcinoma Prostate and Genetics
The prostate is a walnut-sized gland located below the bladder and in front of the rectum. It produces fluid that protects and transports sperm. The primary function of the prostate is to produce seminal fluid. Prostate cancer is common and can range from early stage to locally advanced to metastatic. Diagnosis involves a physical exam, PSA level, biopsy, and imaging tests. Treatment options depend on the stage and grade of cancer.
OSTEOSARCOMA
Osteosarcoma is a rare bone cancer that is most common in adolescents and older adults. It typically presents as a painful bone mass near the knee, upper arm, or thigh bone. Diagnosis involves imaging and biopsy of the tumor. Treatment consists of chemotherapy before and after surgery to remove the tumor, with the goal of complete resection. Post-treatment surveillance is important due to the risk of recurrence or metastasis, especially to the lungs. Prognosis depends on tumor stage, size, and response to initial chemotherapy.
Overview of brain tumors
1) Brain tumors are the 20th most common malignancy worldwide and their incidence varies based on factors like age, sex, and race.
2) Diagnostic workup involves imaging like MRI and CT scans, cerebrospinal fluid examination, and biopsy when needed. Molecular testing helps classify tumors.
3) Treatment depends on tumor type and grade but generally involves surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies. Management of symptoms is also important.
4) Prognosis depends on tumor specific factors and can range from months to over 10 years depending on the tumor characteristics.
Hormonal therapy in breast cancer
1) Around 60-70% of breast cancer patients have estrogen receptor positive tumors, making them candidates for hormonal therapy which has been shown to improve survival rates.
2) Tamoxifen is the standard adjuvant hormonal therapy and has been shown to reduce breast cancer recurrence rates by 24-43% and mortality by 14-23% depending on duration of therapy.
3) Aromatase inhibitors like letrozole and anastrazole are also used as adjuvant therapy and have been shown in trials to further reduce recurrence rates compared to tamoxifen alone.
Multiple myeloma
Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells that produce abnormal proteins and can cause issues like kidney damage, anemia, and bone lesions. It is diagnosed based on blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, and imaging showing signs of bone damage. Prognosis depends on factors like age, kidney function, and chromosome abnormalities. Treatment may include chemotherapy, steroids, stem cell transplant, and newer drugs like bortezomib, lenalidomide, and thalidomide. Patients are monitored after treatment for signs of recurrence.
Ear carcinoma
This document provides information on ear carcinoma, including:
1) It describes the anatomy of the external, middle, and inner ear.
2) Diagnostic workup involves CT, MRI, and biopsy to establish diagnosis and determine extent of disease.
3) Treatment depends on location, with early-stage external ear cancers often treated with radiation alone, while surgery plus radiation is recommended for more advanced or middle ear/mastoid cancers.
Medulloblastoma
1) Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. It arises in the cerebellum and has a tendency to metastasize through the CSF pathways.
2) It is classified into molecular subgroups - WNT, SHH, Group 3, and Group 4 - which have different characteristics and predict survival outcomes.
3) Treatment involves maximal safe surgical resection followed by craniospinal radiation and chemotherapy based on risk stratification into standard-risk and high-risk groups. Modified radiation schedules are being studied to reduce long-term side effects.
Role of palliative care in oncology
This document discusses palliative and supportive care in oncology. It defines palliative care as preventing and relieving suffering through early management of pain and other physical, psychosocial, and spiritual problems across the cancer experience. The goals of palliative care are to anticipate, prevent, and reduce suffering and support the best possible quality of life regardless of disease stage. Early palliative care involvement has benefits like improved quality of life and mood over traditional late palliative care. An interdisciplinary team approach to palliative care is recommended.
Breast cancer screening, prevention and genetic counselling
Mrs. X is a 46-year-old woman concerned about breast cancer risk due to a friend's recent diagnosis. She has no family history of breast cancer herself. The document discusses guidelines for breast cancer screening, genetic screening, and prevention. For Mrs. X, the assistant recommends annual mammography and clinical breast examination in line with screening guidelines for average-risk women over age 40. The benefits of screening increase with age, so annual screening is advised to detect any potential issues earlier.
Role of SBRT in lung cancer
SBRT is a precise form of radiation therapy that delivers very high ablative doses of radiation to tumors in a small number of fractions. It has become the standard of care for early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSC LC) that is not surgically resectable. Key aspects of SBRT planning and delivery include delineating targets and organs at risk on imaging, determining appropriate dose and fractionation based on tumor location, using motion management strategies to account for tumor motion, precise daily image guidance, and ensuring dose constraints are met to minimize risks to critical structures like the spinal cord. SBRT provides superior local tumor control compared to conventional fractionation for early stage NSCLC with a favorable toxicity profile.
Role of hpv in head and neck tumors
The most common HPV subtype associated with head and neck cancers in humans is HPV-16.
Carcinoma esophagus
This document provides information on staging and treatment for carcinoma of the esophagus. It begins with an overview of the AJCC TNM classification system and staging for squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Diagnostic workup is discussed including endoscopy, CT, EUS, PET and other imaging. Treatment options described are surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy including techniques for external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy. Several trials evaluating preoperative and postoperative radiotherapy are summarized.
Cancer vaccines final
Cancer vaccines aim to stimulate the immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells. There are two major categories: specific vaccines target individual cancer types, while universal vaccines can target many cancer types. Cancer vaccines work by exposing the immune system to tumor antigens, stimulating immune cells to produce a targeted attack on cancer. Current clinical trials are testing vaccines for cancers like melanoma, lung cancer, and prostate cancer, with some showing improved survival rates.
EXTRANODAL EXTENSION
ENE refers to extracapsular extension or spread of cancer from a lymph node. The AJCC 8th edition guidelines describe clinical signs of ENE as a matted lymph node mass, involvement of overlying skin or soft tissue, or signs of cranial nerve or nerve plexus invasion. Radiologically, ENE is suggested by an indistinct nodal margin, irregular capsular enhancement, or infiltration into fat or muscle on CT or MRI. The presence or absence of clinical or radiologic ENE is designated ENE(+) or ENE(-) respectively.
Management of ca prostate
1) Short term ADT added to radiation therapy improved outcomes for intermediate risk prostate cancer, while long term ADT showed benefits in high risk disease based on multiple trials.
2) The AFFIRM trial showed that enzalutamide improved median survival to 18.4 months compared to 13.6 months for placebo in metastatic CRPC patients after docetaxel failure.
3) The COU-AA-301 trial found that abiraterone acetate plus prednisone improved median survival to 15.8 months compared to 11.2 months for placebo in metastatic CRPC patients after docetaxel failure.
Clinical Trials in Carcinoma Prostate
This document discusses various treatment options for prostate cancer based on risk level. For low risk prostate cancer with a life expectancy under 10 years, observation is recommended. For intermediate risk prostate cancer, options include radiation therapy with a short course of hormone therapy or surgery with radiation and hormone therapy if high risk features are present. For high risk prostate cancer, initial treatment involves radiation therapy with a long course of hormone therapy or surgery with radiation and long course hormone therapy if high risk features or positive lymph nodes are present. Very high risk prostate cancer may be treated with hormone therapy alone or similarly to metastatic disease.
Prognostic index in brain metastasis
This document contains abbreviations for two medical prognostic tools: RPA (Recursive Partition Analysis) and GPA (Graded Prognostic Assessment). It also lists the word "Prognosis" and the term "Disease Specific GPA".
Supportive care and quality of life
Supportive care involves preventing and managing the adverse effects of cancer and its treatment across the entire cancer experience. This includes managing physical and psychological symptoms. Palliative care focuses on pain management and addressing other distressing symptoms while incorporating psychosocial and spiritual support. Supportive care includes symptom control and psychosocial support, while palliative care becomes the main focus when curative treatment is no longer effective or desired. The document discusses various symptoms experienced by cancer patients and their management, including pain, xerostomia, oral mucositis, nausea, diarrhea, dermatitis, and nutritional issues.
Palliation brain, spinal and bone mets
The document summarizes guidelines for palliation of brain, spinal cord, and bone metastases. It addresses epidemiology and clinical presentation of brain metastases and recommendations for various treatment approaches including whole brain radiation therapy, surgical resection, radiosurgery, chemotherapy, and management of recurrent metastases. It also covers prophylactic use of anticonvulsants and steroids. Key recommendations include that surgical resection plus WBRT is superior to WBRT alone for single brain metastases, and radiosurgery is effective for lesions under 3cm and not causing significant midline shift.
Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma is a cancer of the retina. The eye has three layers - an outer fibrous layer, inner sensory retina, and middle vascular layer. Retinoblastoma appears as opaque, yellow-white tumors in the retina seen on fundus examination. Diagnosis is confirmed through imaging like CT/MRI showing enhancement and retinal detachment. Treatment involves radiation therapy using plaques or external beam, with doses of 40-45Gy over 5 days to treat the whole retina while sparing other tissues. Follow up is needed every 4-6 weeks initially and yearly long term to monitor for recurrence.
Small cell lung cancer
This document provides information about small cell lung cancer (SCLC). It discusses that tobacco consumption is the primary cause of SCLC and accounts for 80-90% of lung cancer cases. It also notes that SCLC accounts for 13% of lung cancer worldwide. The natural history of untreated SCLC is rapid progression with a median survival of 2-4 months if extensive stage disease is present at diagnosis in approximately two thirds of patients. Diagnostic workup involves imaging like CT scans and PET scans to stage the cancer as well as biopsies to confirm the diagnosis. Prognostic factors like limited versus extensive stage disease and performance status impact survival outcomes.
LOCALLY ADVANCED BREAST CANCER
1) Locally advanced breast cancer involves large tumors that have often spread to nearby lymph nodes but not distant sites. This makes the cancer inoperable with surgery alone.
2) Left untreated, locally advanced breast cancer can cause skin and tissue damage from ulceration, bleeding, and infection at the breast as well as pain, swelling, and blockages from spread to lymph nodes in the armpit.
3) Treatment options include chemotherapy to shrink the tumor and make it operable, radiation therapy to the breast and nearby lymph nodes, and hormone therapy for hormone receptor-positive cancers.
Radiotherapy in CA Penis
Radiotherapy is an important treatment option for penile carcinoma. It can be used as curative treatment for early stage tumors, as adjuvant treatment after surgery to reduce the risk of recurrence, and for palliation of advanced tumors. The main radiotherapy techniques are external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy. Brachytherapy involves placing radioactive sources inside or next to the tumor and is often used for small early stage tumors, providing good tumor control rates and organ preservation. External beam radiotherapy uses external radiation beams and can treat larger tumors or be used as adjuvant therapy. Proper patient positioning and immobilization is important for both techniques to precisely target the tumor while sparing surrounding organs. Radiotherapy is generally well-tol
Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
More Related Content
More from DrAyush Garg
Hormonal therapy in breast cancer
1) Around 60-70% of breast cancer patients have estrogen receptor positive tumors, making them candidates for hormonal therapy which has been shown to improve survival rates.
2) Tamoxifen is the standard adjuvant hormonal therapy and has been shown to reduce breast cancer recurrence rates by 24-43% and mortality by 14-23% depending on duration of therapy.
3) Aromatase inhibitors like letrozole and anastrazole are also used as adjuvant therapy and have been shown in trials to further reduce recurrence rates compared to tamoxifen alone.
Multiple myeloma
Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells that produce abnormal proteins and can cause issues like kidney damage, anemia, and bone lesions. It is diagnosed based on blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, and imaging showing signs of bone damage. Prognosis depends on factors like age, kidney function, and chromosome abnormalities. Treatment may include chemotherapy, steroids, stem cell transplant, and newer drugs like bortezomib, lenalidomide, and thalidomide. Patients are monitored after treatment for signs of recurrence.
Ear carcinoma
This document provides information on ear carcinoma, including:
1) It describes the anatomy of the external, middle, and inner ear.
2) Diagnostic workup involves CT, MRI, and biopsy to establish diagnosis and determine extent of disease.
3) Treatment depends on location, with early-stage external ear cancers often treated with radiation alone, while surgery plus radiation is recommended for more advanced or middle ear/mastoid cancers.
Medulloblastoma
1) Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. It arises in the cerebellum and has a tendency to metastasize through the CSF pathways.
2) It is classified into molecular subgroups - WNT, SHH, Group 3, and Group 4 - which have different characteristics and predict survival outcomes.
3) Treatment involves maximal safe surgical resection followed by craniospinal radiation and chemotherapy based on risk stratification into standard-risk and high-risk groups. Modified radiation schedules are being studied to reduce long-term side effects.
Role of palliative care in oncology
This document discusses palliative and supportive care in oncology. It defines palliative care as preventing and relieving suffering through early management of pain and other physical, psychosocial, and spiritual problems across the cancer experience. The goals of palliative care are to anticipate, prevent, and reduce suffering and support the best possible quality of life regardless of disease stage. Early palliative care involvement has benefits like improved quality of life and mood over traditional late palliative care. An interdisciplinary team approach to palliative care is recommended.
Breast cancer screening, prevention and genetic counselling
Mrs. X is a 46-year-old woman concerned about breast cancer risk due to a friend's recent diagnosis. She has no family history of breast cancer herself. The document discusses guidelines for breast cancer screening, genetic screening, and prevention. For Mrs. X, the assistant recommends annual mammography and clinical breast examination in line with screening guidelines for average-risk women over age 40. The benefits of screening increase with age, so annual screening is advised to detect any potential issues earlier.
Role of SBRT in lung cancer
SBRT is a precise form of radiation therapy that delivers very high ablative doses of radiation to tumors in a small number of fractions. It has become the standard of care for early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSC LC) that is not surgically resectable. Key aspects of SBRT planning and delivery include delineating targets and organs at risk on imaging, determining appropriate dose and fractionation based on tumor location, using motion management strategies to account for tumor motion, precise daily image guidance, and ensuring dose constraints are met to minimize risks to critical structures like the spinal cord. SBRT provides superior local tumor control compared to conventional fractionation for early stage NSCLC with a favorable toxicity profile.
Role of hpv in head and neck tumors
The most common HPV subtype associated with head and neck cancers in humans is HPV-16.
Carcinoma esophagus
This document provides information on staging and treatment for carcinoma of the esophagus. It begins with an overview of the AJCC TNM classification system and staging for squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Diagnostic workup is discussed including endoscopy, CT, EUS, PET and other imaging. Treatment options described are surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy including techniques for external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy. Several trials evaluating preoperative and postoperative radiotherapy are summarized.
Cancer vaccines final
Cancer vaccines aim to stimulate the immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells. There are two major categories: specific vaccines target individual cancer types, while universal vaccines can target many cancer types. Cancer vaccines work by exposing the immune system to tumor antigens, stimulating immune cells to produce a targeted attack on cancer. Current clinical trials are testing vaccines for cancers like melanoma, lung cancer, and prostate cancer, with some showing improved survival rates.
EXTRANODAL EXTENSION
ENE refers to extracapsular extension or spread of cancer from a lymph node. The AJCC 8th edition guidelines describe clinical signs of ENE as a matted lymph node mass, involvement of overlying skin or soft tissue, or signs of cranial nerve or nerve plexus invasion. Radiologically, ENE is suggested by an indistinct nodal margin, irregular capsular enhancement, or infiltration into fat or muscle on CT or MRI. The presence or absence of clinical or radiologic ENE is designated ENE(+) or ENE(-) respectively.
Management of ca prostate
1) Short term ADT added to radiation therapy improved outcomes for intermediate risk prostate cancer, while long term ADT showed benefits in high risk disease based on multiple trials.
2) The AFFIRM trial showed that enzalutamide improved median survival to 18.4 months compared to 13.6 months for placebo in metastatic CRPC patients after docetaxel failure.
3) The COU-AA-301 trial found that abiraterone acetate plus prednisone improved median survival to 15.8 months compared to 11.2 months for placebo in metastatic CRPC patients after docetaxel failure.
Clinical Trials in Carcinoma Prostate
This document discusses various treatment options for prostate cancer based on risk level. For low risk prostate cancer with a life expectancy under 10 years, observation is recommended. For intermediate risk prostate cancer, options include radiation therapy with a short course of hormone therapy or surgery with radiation and hormone therapy if high risk features are present. For high risk prostate cancer, initial treatment involves radiation therapy with a long course of hormone therapy or surgery with radiation and long course hormone therapy if high risk features or positive lymph nodes are present. Very high risk prostate cancer may be treated with hormone therapy alone or similarly to metastatic disease.
Prognostic index in brain metastasis
This document contains abbreviations for two medical prognostic tools: RPA (Recursive Partition Analysis) and GPA (Graded Prognostic Assessment). It also lists the word "Prognosis" and the term "Disease Specific GPA".
Supportive care and quality of life
Supportive care involves preventing and managing the adverse effects of cancer and its treatment across the entire cancer experience. This includes managing physical and psychological symptoms. Palliative care focuses on pain management and addressing other distressing symptoms while incorporating psychosocial and spiritual support. Supportive care includes symptom control and psychosocial support, while palliative care becomes the main focus when curative treatment is no longer effective or desired. The document discusses various symptoms experienced by cancer patients and their management, including pain, xerostomia, oral mucositis, nausea, diarrhea, dermatitis, and nutritional issues.
Palliation brain, spinal and bone mets
The document summarizes guidelines for palliation of brain, spinal cord, and bone metastases. It addresses epidemiology and clinical presentation of brain metastases and recommendations for various treatment approaches including whole brain radiation therapy, surgical resection, radiosurgery, chemotherapy, and management of recurrent metastases. It also covers prophylactic use of anticonvulsants and steroids. Key recommendations include that surgical resection plus WBRT is superior to WBRT alone for single brain metastases, and radiosurgery is effective for lesions under 3cm and not causing significant midline shift.
Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma is a cancer of the retina. The eye has three layers - an outer fibrous layer, inner sensory retina, and middle vascular layer. Retinoblastoma appears as opaque, yellow-white tumors in the retina seen on fundus examination. Diagnosis is confirmed through imaging like CT/MRI showing enhancement and retinal detachment. Treatment involves radiation therapy using plaques or external beam, with doses of 40-45Gy over 5 days to treat the whole retina while sparing other tissues. Follow up is needed every 4-6 weeks initially and yearly long term to monitor for recurrence.
Small cell lung cancer
This document provides information about small cell lung cancer (SCLC). It discusses that tobacco consumption is the primary cause of SCLC and accounts for 80-90% of lung cancer cases. It also notes that SCLC accounts for 13% of lung cancer worldwide. The natural history of untreated SCLC is rapid progression with a median survival of 2-4 months if extensive stage disease is present at diagnosis in approximately two thirds of patients. Diagnostic workup involves imaging like CT scans and PET scans to stage the cancer as well as biopsies to confirm the diagnosis. Prognostic factors like limited versus extensive stage disease and performance status impact survival outcomes.
LOCALLY ADVANCED BREAST CANCER
1) Locally advanced breast cancer involves large tumors that have often spread to nearby lymph nodes but not distant sites. This makes the cancer inoperable with surgery alone.
2) Left untreated, locally advanced breast cancer can cause skin and tissue damage from ulceration, bleeding, and infection at the breast as well as pain, swelling, and blockages from spread to lymph nodes in the armpit.
3) Treatment options include chemotherapy to shrink the tumor and make it operable, radiation therapy to the breast and nearby lymph nodes, and hormone therapy for hormone receptor-positive cancers.
Radiotherapy in CA Penis
Radiotherapy is an important treatment option for penile carcinoma. It can be used as curative treatment for early stage tumors, as adjuvant treatment after surgery to reduce the risk of recurrence, and for palliation of advanced tumors. The main radiotherapy techniques are external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy. Brachytherapy involves placing radioactive sources inside or next to the tumor and is often used for small early stage tumors, providing good tumor control rates and organ preservation. External beam radiotherapy uses external radiation beams and can treat larger tumors or be used as adjuvant therapy. Proper patient positioning and immobilization is important for both techniques to precisely target the tumor while sparing surrounding organs. Radiotherapy is generally well-tol
More from DrAyush Garg (20)
Breast cancer screening, prevention and genetic counselling
Breast cancer screening, prevention and genetic counselling
Recently uploaded
Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
ARTHROLOGY PPT NCISM SYLLABUS AYURVEDA STUDENTS
PPT RELATED TO ARTHROLOGY ACCORDING TO NCISM AYURVEDA
Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations .pptx
Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations .pptxMGM SCHOOL/COLLEGE OF NURSING
Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdf
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Physiology of Chemical Sensation of smell.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Efficacy of Avartana Sneha in Ayurveda
Avartana Sneha is a unique method of Preparation of Sneha Kalpana in Ayurveda, mainly it is indicated for the Vataja rogas.
Light House Retreats: Plant Medicine Retreat Europe
Our aim is to organise conscious gatherings and retreats for open and inquisitive minds and souls, with and without the assistance of sacred plants.
How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
STIs may cause PID. For the both disease, herbal medicine Fuyan Pill can be a solution.
#cALL# #gIRLS# In Dehradun ꧁❤8107221448❤꧂#cALL# #gIRLS# Service In Dehradun W...
#cALL# #gIRLS# In Dehradun ꧁❤8107221448❤꧂#cALL# #gIRLS# Service In Dehradun W...chandankumarsmartiso
#cALL# #gIRLS# In Dehradun ꧁❤8107221448❤꧂#cALL# #gIRLS# Service In Dehradun Women Seeking Service
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Journal Article Review on Rasamanikya
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF URINARY SYSTEM.pptx
Valuable Content of Human Anatomy and Physiology of Urinary system as per PCI Syllabus for Pharmacy and PharmD Students.
Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Recently uploaded (20)
Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations .pptx
Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations .pptx
Light House Retreats: Plant Medicine Retreat Europe
Light House Retreats: Plant Medicine Retreat Europe
How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
#cALL# #gIRLS# In Dehradun ꧁❤8107221448❤꧂#cALL# #gIRLS# Service In Dehradun W...
#cALL# #gIRLS# In Dehradun ꧁❤8107221448❤꧂#cALL# #gIRLS# Service In Dehradun W...
Tests for analysis of different pharmaceutical.pptx
Tests for analysis of different pharmaceutical.pptx
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
Vestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Vestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Diagrammatic representation of ca nasopharynx
- 1. DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF CA NASOPHARYNX DR.AYUSH GARG PG JR-I
- 4. 2010 T1 + T2a T2a lesions moved to T1STAGE I-T1 N0 M0 2002
- 5. T2b moved to T2STAGEII- T1 N1 M0 OR T2 N0/1 M0 2002 2010
- 6. STAGE III-T1/2/3 N2 M0 OR T3 N1 M0
- 7. STAGE IVA-T4 N0-N2 M0
- 8. STAGE IVB-ANY T N3 M0
- 9. 2002 2010 Stage IIB was moved to II and Stage IIA merged with Stage I AJCC CANCER STAGING