The Endoparasites , their diagnosis, their pictures. Treatment

2. Diagnosis and control of endoparasites in
wild animals and Birds
Submitted to
Respected Prof. Dr. Asif Raza
Submitted by
FOUZIA TABASSUM
SHAHEEN
Course code: 715
Parasitology

4. Content List
 Most prevalent endoparasites in wild animals, Birds and Mammals
 Diagnosis in Wild Animals
 Diagnosis in Birds
 Diagnosis in Mammals
 Control of endoparasites in wild animals and Birds

5. Diagnosis in Wild Animals

8. Diagnosis in Birds

10. Diagnosis in Mammals

13. Internal Parasite Diagnosis
in Small Animals
 Diagnosis of internal parasites in small animals is
typically performed by examination of feces for parasite
eggs.
 Fecal samples should be fresh, preferably collected from
the animal during the act of defecation or from the
rectum using a fecal loop during the physical
examination
 Specimens should be submitted to a diagnostic
laboratory in a sealed container, labeled with proper
identification.
 Specimens should be fixed in 10% formaldehyde
solution or sent chilled.
 Other preservative solutions (eg, sodium acetate
formalin, polyvinyl alcohol, available in commercial
mailer kits) better preserve protozoa and facilitate
special staining (eg, trichrome, iron hematoxylin).

14. Cont…
 Routine examinations should be done by both direct fecal smear and fecal flotation.
 Direct smears are prepared by mixing feces (an amount of feces fitting on one-half the tip of a
wooden applicator stick) with 1 drop each of saline (for motile organisms) and Lugol’s iodine stain
(to see internal morphologic structures, eg, those of Giardia), and covering with separate coverslips
on the same slide.
 Flotation methods concentrate diagnostic stages and provide a cleaner final preparation, using ~2 g
of feces.
 Sugar (specific gravity [SG] 1.27) and sodium nitrate (SG 1.39) are commonly used flotation media.
Zinc sulfate flotation (SG 1.18), repeated on 3 consecutive days, is the method of choice to
reveal Giardia cysts, which are intermittently shed in feces.

15. Cont…
 Motile nematode larvae may be collected and concentrated by Baermann sedimentation; a
convenient method is to place ~2 g of feces on several sheets of cotton gauze in a tea strainer
suspended in the wide end of a large, conical funnel fitted with a rubber tube and stopcock.
 The funnel is filled with warm tap water or saline for 1 hr before sediment examination.
 Larvae descend within the funnel due to gravity and are collected from the end of the stopcock
for microscopic examination.
 Special procedures, such as formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation, may be used for parasitic
larval stages that do not float well.
 Sheather’s sugar (SG 1.30) can be used to detect small oocysts of Cryptosporidium (4–6 μ)
or Toxoplasma (12 μ) by focusing just under the coverslip.
 Oocysts “float up” to the under-surface of a coverslip placed on the slide for 10 min before
examination.

16. Cont…
 A direct smear using 1 drop of blood can be used to detect motile microfilariae of Dirofilaria immitis, but
this should not be the sole means of detection.
 More accurate examination of blood may be done by a modified Knotts’ test: 1 mL blood is added to 9
mL of 2% formalin solution in a 15-mL tube and centrifuged at 1,500 rpm.
 The supernatant is discarded and a drop of methylene blue stain is mixed with the sediment “button,”
which is pipetted onto a microscope slide, covered with a coverslip, and examined to differentiate
microfilariae of D immitis from those of the nonpathogenic Dipetalonema reconditum.
 Commercial filtration and staining procedures are effective alternatives to the modified Knotts’ test.
Animals on heartworm preventive become amicrofilaremic, and an occult heartworm test using a
commercially available ELISA for circulating uterine antigen of adult female Dirofilaria is the method of
choice for treated dogs.
 Feline dirofilariasis cannot be reliably diagnosed by microfilaremia or antigenemia tests, because
heartworm numbers are typically too low; antibody titers to D immitis are used to detect prior exposure
and possible current infection in cats.

17. Control of
Endoparasites
in Wild Animals

28. THANKYOU