Most people will know the two main diabetes types, simply called Type I and Type II, but at least th...
Read more at: http://www.living-healthy-with-diabetes.com/diabetes-types.html
Secondary diabetes occurs when diabetes is caused by another underlying condition or medical treatment. Some examples of secondary diabetes included cystic fibrosis related diabetes, which occurs when cystic fibrosis damages the pancreas, preventing proper insulin production. Hemochromatosis, also called "bronze diabetes", occurs when excess iron absorption causes skin darkening and hyperglycemia. Conditions like pancreatitis, polycystic ovary syndrome, Cushing's syndrome, and rare tumors can also potentially lead to secondary diabetes by impacting insulin regulation and production.
Many medications can cause drug-induced diabetes by increasing insulin resistance or affecting insulin secretion. Widely used medications like thiazide diuretics, beta-blockers, and statins weakly increase diabetes risk, while steroids, antipsychotics, immunosuppressants, protease inhibitors confer a high risk. Diabetes induced by medications may not always be permanent and blood glucose levels could return to normal after stopping the medication, but lifestyle changes are often needed to manage drug-induced diabetes.
This document discusses various drug classes used to treat type 2 diabetes, including their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, and side effects. It describes sulfonylureas, metformin, thiazolidinediones, meglitinide analogues, DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, amylin analogues, and SGLT2 inhibitors. For each class, it provides details on representative drugs, how they work, considerations around use, and common adverse effects. The document aims to comprehensively cover oral and injectable pharmacologic options for managing hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes.
A 42-year-old male presented with excessive urination and fatigue over the past 8 months. Laboratory tests showed elevated fasting blood glucose, post-prandial blood glucose, HbA1c, and ketones in the urine. Further testing found low C-peptide levels and positive GAD antibodies, confirming a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), a type of diabetes that shares characteristics of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. LADA is characterized by autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta cells and low insulin production in adults, treated primarily with insulin therapy.
This document discusses monogenic diabetes, which is caused by mutations in single genes. It can mimic type 1 or type 2 diabetes but occurs independently of environmental factors. Diagnosing monogenic diabetes is important because it can change treatment approaches, such as replacing insulin injections with tablets in some forms. The document outlines different pathogenic classifications of monogenic diabetes and provides examples like neonatal diabetes, Wolcott-Rallison syndrome, and Wolfram syndrome. Careful patient selection is needed before molecular testing to correctly diagnose the underlying genetic cause of monogenic diabetes.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is a form of diabetes mellitus that results from the autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Genetic factors are believed to be a major com- ponent for the development of type 1diabetes, but the con- cordance rate for the development of diabetes in identical twins is only about 40%, suggesting that non-genetic factors play an important role in the expression of the disease. Viruses are one environmental factor that is implicated in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Shashikiran Umakanth made this presentation at the "First Endocrine Update Program” – ENDO EGYPT 2015, from 17-20 December 2015 in the Historic City of Luxor, Egypt. This endocrine update was organised by the Egyptian Association of Endocrinology , Diabetes and Atherosclerosis (EAEDA) in collaboration with the Endocrine Society, USA.
MODY, or Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young, is a form of diabetes that is caused by single-gene mutations. It is characterized by an onset of diabetes early in life, often before age 25, and autosomal dominant inheritance. There are several subtypes of MODY based on the gene involved, including MODY1-6. MODY often presents with mild, stable hyperglycemia that does not progress rapidly and may initially respond to oral medications rather than insulin injections. Genetic testing can confirm a MODY diagnosis but is not necessary as clinical features are also diagnostic. Management depends on the specific gene mutation but usually involves diet, exercise and oral medications long-term.
Secondary diabetes occurs when diabetes is caused by another underlying condition or medical treatment. Some examples of secondary diabetes included cystic fibrosis related diabetes, which occurs when cystic fibrosis damages the pancreas, preventing proper insulin production. Hemochromatosis, also called "bronze diabetes", occurs when excess iron absorption causes skin darkening and hyperglycemia. Conditions like pancreatitis, polycystic ovary syndrome, Cushing's syndrome, and rare tumors can also potentially lead to secondary diabetes by impacting insulin regulation and production.
Many medications can cause drug-induced diabetes by increasing insulin resistance or affecting insulin secretion. Widely used medications like thiazide diuretics, beta-blockers, and statins weakly increase diabetes risk, while steroids, antipsychotics, immunosuppressants, protease inhibitors confer a high risk. Diabetes induced by medications may not always be permanent and blood glucose levels could return to normal after stopping the medication, but lifestyle changes are often needed to manage drug-induced diabetes.
This document discusses various drug classes used to treat type 2 diabetes, including their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, and side effects. It describes sulfonylureas, metformin, thiazolidinediones, meglitinide analogues, DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, amylin analogues, and SGLT2 inhibitors. For each class, it provides details on representative drugs, how they work, considerations around use, and common adverse effects. The document aims to comprehensively cover oral and injectable pharmacologic options for managing hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes.
A 42-year-old male presented with excessive urination and fatigue over the past 8 months. Laboratory tests showed elevated fasting blood glucose, post-prandial blood glucose, HbA1c, and ketones in the urine. Further testing found low C-peptide levels and positive GAD antibodies, confirming a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), a type of diabetes that shares characteristics of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. LADA is characterized by autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta cells and low insulin production in adults, treated primarily with insulin therapy.
This document discusses monogenic diabetes, which is caused by mutations in single genes. It can mimic type 1 or type 2 diabetes but occurs independently of environmental factors. Diagnosing monogenic diabetes is important because it can change treatment approaches, such as replacing insulin injections with tablets in some forms. The document outlines different pathogenic classifications of monogenic diabetes and provides examples like neonatal diabetes, Wolcott-Rallison syndrome, and Wolfram syndrome. Careful patient selection is needed before molecular testing to correctly diagnose the underlying genetic cause of monogenic diabetes.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is a form of diabetes mellitus that results from the autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Genetic factors are believed to be a major com- ponent for the development of type 1diabetes, but the con- cordance rate for the development of diabetes in identical twins is only about 40%, suggesting that non-genetic factors play an important role in the expression of the disease. Viruses are one environmental factor that is implicated in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Shashikiran Umakanth made this presentation at the "First Endocrine Update Program” – ENDO EGYPT 2015, from 17-20 December 2015 in the Historic City of Luxor, Egypt. This endocrine update was organised by the Egyptian Association of Endocrinology , Diabetes and Atherosclerosis (EAEDA) in collaboration with the Endocrine Society, USA.
MODY, or Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young, is a form of diabetes that is caused by single-gene mutations. It is characterized by an onset of diabetes early in life, often before age 25, and autosomal dominant inheritance. There are several subtypes of MODY based on the gene involved, including MODY1-6. MODY often presents with mild, stable hyperglycemia that does not progress rapidly and may initially respond to oral medications rather than insulin injections. Genetic testing can confirm a MODY diagnosis but is not necessary as clinical features are also diagnostic. Management depends on the specific gene mutation but usually involves diet, exercise and oral medications long-term.
The document discusses the results of a study on the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on air pollution. Researchers found that lockdowns led to significant short-term reductions in nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter pollution globally as transportation and industrial activities declined substantially. However, the document notes that the improvements in air quality were temporary and pollution levels rose back to pre-pandemic levels as restrictions eased and activity increased again.
The document discusses the results of a study on the impact of climate change on global wheat production. Researchers found that rising temperatures will significantly reduce wheat yields across different regions of the world by the end of the century. Under a high emissions scenario, the study projects a global average decrease in wheat production of around 7.4% with reductions as high as 25% in Central Asia and West Africa.
http://www.living-healthy-with-diabetes.com/diabetes-complications-faq.html Answers to a Diabetes Complications FAQ can give you a general idea of what to expect and how to pro...
http://www.living-healthy-with-diabetes.com/diabetes-cure.html When seeking out diabetes cures, you need to understand the type of Diabetes you have - Type I, II o...
http://www.living-healthy-with-diabetes.com/diabetes-recipes.html The growing number of delicious diabetes recipes has broken the misconception that eating will no lo...
People with diabetes need to take extra care of their body, especially their feet. Checking your bod...
Read more at: http://www.living-healthy-with-diabetes.com/diabetes-and-foot-health.html
Diabetes and itching almost always come together, in fact, 33 percent of diabetics will suffer from ...
Read more at: http://www.living-healthy-with-diabetes.com/diabetes-and-itching.html
Fasting blood sugar readings refer to the amount of glucose present in the blood of diabetics prior ...
Read more at: http://www.living-healthy-with-diabetes.com/fasting-blood-sugar.html
Problems arising from mixing diabetes and alcohol can range from minor to severe, depending on the h...
Read more at: http://www.living-healthy-with-diabetes.com/diabetes-and-alcohol.html
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
After getting it read you will definitely understand the topic.
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
BBB and BCF
control the entry of compounds into the brain and
regulate brain homeostasis.
restricts access to brain cells of blood–borne compounds and
facilitates nutrients essential for normal metabolism to reach brain cells
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Allopurinol, a uric acid synthesis inhibitor acts by inhibiting Xanthine oxidase competitively as well as non- competitively, Whereas Oxypurinol is a non-competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
Dr. Tan's Balance Method.pdf (From Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin)GeorgeKieling1
Home
Organization
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
About AOMA: The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin offers a masters-level graduate program in acupuncture and Oriental medicine, preparing its students for careers as skilled, professional practitioners. AOMA is known for its internationally recognized faculty, award-winning student clinical internship program, and herbal medicine program. Since its founding in 1993, AOMA has grown rapidly in size and reputation, drawing students from around the nation and faculty from around the world. AOMA also conducts more than 20,000 patient visits annually in its student and professional clinics. AOMA collaborates with Western healthcare institutions including the Seton Family of Hospitals, and gives back to the community through partnerships with nonprofit organizations and by providing free and reduced price treatments to people who cannot afford them. The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin is located at 2700 West Anderson Lane. AOMA also serves patients and retail customers at its south Austin location, 4701 West Gate Blvd. For more information see www.aoma.edu or call 512-492-303434.
The document discusses the results of a study on the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on air pollution. Researchers found that lockdowns led to significant short-term reductions in nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter pollution globally as transportation and industrial activities declined substantially. However, the document notes that the improvements in air quality were temporary and pollution levels rose back to pre-pandemic levels as restrictions eased and activity increased again.
The document discusses the results of a study on the impact of climate change on global wheat production. Researchers found that rising temperatures will significantly reduce wheat yields across different regions of the world by the end of the century. Under a high emissions scenario, the study projects a global average decrease in wheat production of around 7.4% with reductions as high as 25% in Central Asia and West Africa.
http://www.living-healthy-with-diabetes.com/diabetes-complications-faq.html Answers to a Diabetes Complications FAQ can give you a general idea of what to expect and how to pro...
http://www.living-healthy-with-diabetes.com/diabetes-cure.html When seeking out diabetes cures, you need to understand the type of Diabetes you have - Type I, II o...
http://www.living-healthy-with-diabetes.com/diabetes-recipes.html The growing number of delicious diabetes recipes has broken the misconception that eating will no lo...
People with diabetes need to take extra care of their body, especially their feet. Checking your bod...
Read more at: http://www.living-healthy-with-diabetes.com/diabetes-and-foot-health.html
Diabetes and itching almost always come together, in fact, 33 percent of diabetics will suffer from ...
Read more at: http://www.living-healthy-with-diabetes.com/diabetes-and-itching.html
Fasting blood sugar readings refer to the amount of glucose present in the blood of diabetics prior ...
Read more at: http://www.living-healthy-with-diabetes.com/fasting-blood-sugar.html
Problems arising from mixing diabetes and alcohol can range from minor to severe, depending on the h...
Read more at: http://www.living-healthy-with-diabetes.com/diabetes-and-alcohol.html
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
After getting it read you will definitely understand the topic.
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
BBB and BCF
control the entry of compounds into the brain and
regulate brain homeostasis.
restricts access to brain cells of blood–borne compounds and
facilitates nutrients essential for normal metabolism to reach brain cells
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Allopurinol, a uric acid synthesis inhibitor acts by inhibiting Xanthine oxidase competitively as well as non- competitively, Whereas Oxypurinol is a non-competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
Dr. Tan's Balance Method.pdf (From Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin)GeorgeKieling1
Home
Organization
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
About AOMA: The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin offers a masters-level graduate program in acupuncture and Oriental medicine, preparing its students for careers as skilled, professional practitioners. AOMA is known for its internationally recognized faculty, award-winning student clinical internship program, and herbal medicine program. Since its founding in 1993, AOMA has grown rapidly in size and reputation, drawing students from around the nation and faculty from around the world. AOMA also conducts more than 20,000 patient visits annually in its student and professional clinics. AOMA collaborates with Western healthcare institutions including the Seton Family of Hospitals, and gives back to the community through partnerships with nonprofit organizations and by providing free and reduced price treatments to people who cannot afford them. The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin is located at 2700 West Anderson Lane. AOMA also serves patients and retail customers at its south Austin location, 4701 West Gate Blvd. For more information see www.aoma.edu or call 512-492-303434.
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)MuskanShingari
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
Selective alpha1 blockers are Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin, Tamsulosin and Silodosin majorly used to treat BPH, also hypertension, PTSD, Raynaud's phenomenon, CHF