DIABETES MELLITUS by DR SALMAN SHAHAB.pptx
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BEST NOTES OF DIABETES MELLITUS BY DR SALMAN SHAHAB,INDIA. all about diabetes mellitus and its complications . diabetic ketoacidosis and HHS. anti-diabetic drugs and newer anti-diabetic drugs.
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This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus, including the main types, pathophysiology, investigations, management, and complications. It discusses that diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion or action. The main types are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 is caused by beta cell destruction leading to insulin deficiency, while type 2 involves insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction. Investigations include fasting blood sugar, post-prandial blood sugar, HbA1c, and lipid profile. Management involves diet, exercise, oral hypoglycemic medications, and insulin therapy. Chronic complications can impact the eyes, blood vessels, kidneys, nerves, skin, and bone.
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Diabetes mellitus is caused by the pancreas's inability to produce insulin or use it effectively, resulting in high blood sugar. It is classified into type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. The main symptoms are excessive thirst, urination, and hunger. Risk factors include genetics, obesity, and lifestyle factors. Treatment involves patient education, pharmacological interventions like insulin, oral medications, and managing complications which can affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels if not controlled.
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This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus, including its classification, etiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria, treatment, complications, and special patient populations. It discusses the two main types of diabetes - type 1 resulting from insulin deficiency and type 2 from insulin resistance and relative deficiency. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise as well as pharmacological therapies like insulin, oral hypoglycemics, and management of complications through monitoring.
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This document defines diabetes mellitus and discusses its classification and clinical features. It begins by defining diabetes as a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion or action. It then classifies diabetes into four main types: type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, and other specific types. The document goes on to describe the clinical features of diabetes and various investigations used to diagnose and monitor the disease, including urine testing, blood glucose levels, glycated hemoglobin, and renal function tests.
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels due to either insufficient insulin production or resistance to insulin. It was first described in 1500 BC and variously classified, with the main types being type 1 caused by beta cell destruction and type 2 involving insulin resistance. Clinical signs include excessive thirst, urination, and hunger. Diagnosis involves blood glucose and A1C testing. Management focuses on diet, exercise, medication like insulin or oral drugs, monitoring, and education to control glucose and prevent complications.
Diabetes mellitus.pptx
Nursing Management · Monitor blood sugar and use a sliding scale to treat high levels of glucose · Educate patient about diabetes · Examine feet .
Diagnosis involves measuring blood glucose levels. Ongoing specialized assessment and evaluation for complications are essential for diabetes management.
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This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus, including the main types, pathophysiology, investigations, management, and complications. It discusses that diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion or action. The main types are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Type 1 is caused by beta cell destruction leading to insulin deficiency, while type 2 involves insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction. Investigations include fasting blood sugar, post-prandial blood sugar, HbA1c, and lipid profile. Management involves diet, exercise, oral hypoglycemic medications, and insulin therapy. Chronic complications can impact the eyes, blood vessels, kidneys, nerves, skin, and bone.
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Diabetes mellitus is caused by the pancreas's inability to produce insulin or use it effectively, resulting in high blood sugar. It is classified into type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. The main symptoms are excessive thirst, urination, and hunger. Risk factors include genetics, obesity, and lifestyle factors. Treatment involves patient education, pharmacological interventions like insulin, oral medications, and managing complications which can affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels if not controlled.
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This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus, including its classification, etiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria, treatment, complications, and special patient populations. It discusses the two main types of diabetes - type 1 resulting from insulin deficiency and type 2 from insulin resistance and relative deficiency. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise as well as pharmacological therapies like insulin, oral hypoglycemics, and management of complications through monitoring.
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This document discusses pharmacotherapy for diabetes mellitus. It begins by defining diabetes and describing the long-term damage it can cause. It then provides statistics on diabetes prevalence in India. The main types of diabetes - type 1, type 2, and gestational - are classified and their characteristics summarized. The mechanisms and treatments of type 1 and type 2 diabetes are explained at a high level. The document also briefly outlines diabetes investigation methods, treatment guidelines, insulin discovery and mechanisms of action, and types of insulin preparations.
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This document defines diabetes mellitus and discusses its classification and clinical features. It begins by defining diabetes as a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion or action. It then classifies diabetes into four main types: type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, and other specific types. The document goes on to describe the clinical features of diabetes and various investigations used to diagnose and monitor the disease, including urine testing, blood glucose levels, glycated hemoglobin, and renal function tests.
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This document provides information on therapy for diabetes mellitus. It defines diabetes and describes its pathophysiology and complications. Risk factors and diagnostic tests are outlined. The goals of therapy are to control symptoms and prevent complications. Nonpharmacologic therapy involves diet, exercise and weight control. Pharmacologic options include insulin, oral hypoglycemics like sulfonylureas, biguanides, thiazolidinediones and others. Adverse effects of different drugs are also discussed.
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by high blood glucose levels due to either insufficient insulin production or resistance to insulin. It was first described in 1500 BC and variously classified, with the main types being type 1 caused by beta cell destruction and type 2 involving insulin resistance. Clinical signs include excessive thirst, urination, and hunger. Diagnosis involves blood glucose and A1C testing. Management focuses on diet, exercise, medication like insulin or oral drugs, monitoring, and education to control glucose and prevent complications.
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Type 1 diabetes results from beta cell destruction and insulin deficiency. It typically develops in younger people and requires lifelong insulin treatment. Type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance where cells do not respond properly to insulin. It usually develops in older, overweight individuals and can sometimes be managed with lifestyle changes and oral medications instead of insulin. Diabetes can also be caused by excess hormones from conditions like Cushing's syndrome. Management involves lifestyle modifications, glucose monitoring, medications, and treatment of complications by a multidisciplinary team.
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Type 1 diabetes results from a failure of insulin production due to destruction of pancreatic beta cells, often due to an autoimmune reaction. It typically develops in younger people and requires lifelong insulin treatment. Type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance where cells do not respond properly to insulin despite adequate insulin secretion. It usually develops in older, overweight individuals and can often be managed with oral medications and lifestyle changes initially. Diabetes management involves monitoring blood glucose levels, taking medications as prescribed, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and screening for complications involving the eyes, feet, kidneys, and other organs.
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This document discusses the classification and types of diabetes that can present in young people. It describes Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA), Ketosis Prone Diabetes (KPD), and Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY). Key differences between these types include phenotypes, presence of insulin resistance, family history, fasting c-peptide levels, and autoantibodies. The document provides guidance on approaches to diagnosis diabetes in young patients based on these distinguishing factors.
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Diabetes mellitus
The document discusses diabetes, including:
- Diabetes is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion or action.
- India currently has 63 million people with diabetes, the second highest number after China.
- There are two main types of diabetes - type 1 caused by beta cell destruction leading to insulin deficiency, and type 2 caused by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.
- Treatment involves diet, exercise, oral medications like metformin and sulfonylureas, and sometimes insulin therapy. The goal is to control blood sugar levels and prevent complications like damage to eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels.
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This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus (DM), including its epidemiology, classification, etiology, clinical features, complications, oral manifestations, diagnostic criteria, investigations, management, and differences between type 1 and type 2 DM. DM is characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion or insulin action. It is classified into type 1, type 2, gestational DM, and other types. Clinical features and complications are discussed, along with oral manifestations like periodontal disease and increased risk of infection. Diagnostic testing and treatment focus on glycemic control to prevent microvascular and macrovascular complications.
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DIABETES MELLITUS
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of diseases characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both.
The term diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder of multiple aetiology characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
The effects of diabetes mellitus include long–term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs.
Diabetes mellitus part 2
This document summarizes the classification, diagnosis, and pharmacological treatment of diabetes mellitus. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of beta cells leading to insulin deficiency. Type 2 diabetes involves progressive loss of insulin secretion against a background of insulin resistance. Gestational diabetes involves any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. The document also discusses glycemic targets, criteria for diagnosing diabetes and prediabetes, screening for gestational diabetes, and the pharmacological approaches including metformin, sulfonylureas, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and DPP-4 inhibitors.
Diabetes
Diabetes is a disease characterized by high blood glucose levels due to either the body not producing enough insulin or cells not properly responding to insulin. There are two main types: type 1 diabetes results from the body failing to produce insulin and requires lifelong insulin treatment, while type 2 diabetes occurs when cells become resistant to insulin and may be treated through lifestyle changes, medication, or insulin. Complications from high blood glucose can include damage to nerves, blood vessels, eyes, and kidneys. Treatment aims to control blood sugar levels through diet, exercise, medication including insulin, and regular screening for complications.
Diabetes management
The document summarizes the management of diabetes mellitus. It discusses the types and pathophysiology of diabetes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment goals, and management of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Recent advances discussed include new insulin regimens, hypoglycemic drugs for type 1 diabetes, and combination drug therapies for type 2 diabetes.
Type2 dm
Type 2 diabetes results from insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion. It is characterized by hyperglycemia and increases the risk of microvascular and macrovascular complications if poorly controlled. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medications to control blood glucose levels and prevent complications. The goals are to eliminate symptoms, prevent complications, and achieve an A1C under 7%. First line treatment is often metformin, while additional drugs may be added if goals are not met.
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This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus. It begins by defining type 2 diabetes and noting its increasing prevalence globally and in India. It then discusses the history and terminology of diabetes. The document outlines the anatomy and function of the pancreas and hormones insulin and glucagon. It describes the classification, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of diabetes through medical nutrition therapy, oral hypoglycemic agents, and insulin.
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Diabetes mellitus
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This document discusses the regulation of plasma glucose levels and classification, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and complications of diabetes mellitus. It covers the main types of diabetes (type 1, type 2, and gestational), their defining features and causes. The key tests for diagnosing diabetes are described. Treatment aims to control blood glucose and involves lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise as well as medications. Major complications of diabetes discussed are retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, peripheral vascular disease, foot ulcers, hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, and hypersomolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome.
DIABETES-MELLITUS.pptx
This document provides information on dietary management of diabetes mellitus. It defines diabetes as a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion or action. It describes the main types of diabetes - type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes - and their characteristics. The document also outlines symptoms of diabetes, diagnostic tests, complications, methods of insulin therapy, and the key aspects of diabetes management: monitoring, education, diet, exercise, and medication.
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MODY is a monogenic form of diabetes caused by mutations in genes regulating insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells, with some subtypes requiring no treatment while others need low or high-dose sulfonylurea therapy; secondary diabetes can be caused by various conditions and drugs that induce insulin resistance or impair insulin secretion; prediabetes is characterized by impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance and lifestyle changes can prevent or delay progression to diabetes.
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This document discusses the drug management of diabetes mellitus. It begins by classifying the different types of diabetes and criteria for diagnosis. It then discusses the therapeutic aims of glycemic control and treatment of associated conditions. The main therapeutic strategies discussed are medical nutrition therapy, exercise, and pharmacologic therapy including insulin for type 1 diabetes and oral glucose lowering agents or insulin for type 2 diabetes. Finally, it summarizes the mechanisms and examples of common classes of oral glucose lowering drugs including sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors.
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Type 1 diabetes results from beta cell destruction and insulin deficiency. It typically develops in younger people and requires lifelong insulin treatment. Type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance where cells do not respond properly to insulin. It usually develops in older, overweight individuals and can sometimes be managed with lifestyle changes and oral medications instead of insulin. Diabetes can also be caused by excess hormones from conditions like Cushing's syndrome. Management involves lifestyle modifications, glucose monitoring, medications, and treatment of complications by a multidisciplinary team.
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Type 1 diabetes results from a failure of insulin production due to destruction of pancreatic beta cells, often due to an autoimmune reaction. It typically develops in younger people and requires lifelong insulin treatment. Type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance where cells do not respond properly to insulin despite adequate insulin secretion. It usually develops in older, overweight individuals and can often be managed with oral medications and lifestyle changes initially. Diabetes management involves monitoring blood glucose levels, taking medications as prescribed, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and screening for complications involving the eyes, feet, kidneys, and other organs.
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This document discusses the classification and types of diabetes that can present in young people. It describes Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA), Ketosis Prone Diabetes (KPD), and Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY). Key differences between these types include phenotypes, presence of insulin resistance, family history, fasting c-peptide levels, and autoantibodies. The document provides guidance on approaches to diagnosis diabetes in young patients based on these distinguishing factors.
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This document discusses insulin and antidiabetic drugs. It defines diabetes mellitus and describes the different types. It then classifies and describes the mechanisms and uses of various oral antidiabetic drugs including insulin secretagogues, insulin sensitizers, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and DPP-4 inhibitors. It also discusses the mechanisms and uses of synthetic analogs of amylin and GLP-1. Finally, it covers the types and mechanisms of insulin and its effects in the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue.
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This document outlines the key aspects of diabetes mellitus (DM), including its definition, types, causes, symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and treatment. It discusses the two main types of DM - type 1 caused by insulin deficiency and type 2 caused by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. The major complications of DM include both microvascular complications that affect small blood vessels (like retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy) and macrovascular complications that affect large blood vessels (like atherosclerosis, stroke). Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise as well as pharmacological interventions including insulin, oral hypoglycemic drugs, and insulin sensitizers.
Diabetes mellitus
The document discusses diabetes, including:
- Diabetes is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia due to defects in insulin secretion or action.
- India currently has 63 million people with diabetes, the second highest number after China.
- There are two main types of diabetes - type 1 caused by beta cell destruction leading to insulin deficiency, and type 2 caused by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.
- Treatment involves diet, exercise, oral medications like metformin and sulfonylureas, and sometimes insulin therapy. The goal is to control blood sugar levels and prevent complications like damage to eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels.
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This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus (DM), including its epidemiology, classification, etiology, clinical features, complications, oral manifestations, diagnostic criteria, investigations, management, and differences between type 1 and type 2 DM. DM is characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion or insulin action. It is classified into type 1, type 2, gestational DM, and other types. Clinical features and complications are discussed, along with oral manifestations like periodontal disease and increased risk of infection. Diagnostic testing and treatment focus on glycemic control to prevent microvascular and macrovascular complications.
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This document provides information on diabetes mellitus, including the main types of diabetes, their causes, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. It discusses type 1 and type 2 diabetes in detail. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease resulting in destruction of insulin-producing beta cells, while type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Diagnosis involves blood glucose and HbA1c testing. Treatment includes lifestyle changes, oral medications like metformin and sulfonylureas, and insulin for managing blood glucose levels. The goal of treatment is to control blood glucose and reduce risk of complications.
DIABETES MELLITUS
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of diseases characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both.
The term diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder of multiple aetiology characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
The effects of diabetes mellitus include long–term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs.
Diabetes mellitus part 2
This document summarizes the classification, diagnosis, and pharmacological treatment of diabetes mellitus. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of beta cells leading to insulin deficiency. Type 2 diabetes involves progressive loss of insulin secretion against a background of insulin resistance. Gestational diabetes involves any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. The document also discusses glycemic targets, criteria for diagnosing diabetes and prediabetes, screening for gestational diabetes, and the pharmacological approaches including metformin, sulfonylureas, GLP-1 receptor agonists, and DPP-4 inhibitors.
Diabetes
Diabetes is a disease characterized by high blood glucose levels due to either the body not producing enough insulin or cells not properly responding to insulin. There are two main types: type 1 diabetes results from the body failing to produce insulin and requires lifelong insulin treatment, while type 2 diabetes occurs when cells become resistant to insulin and may be treated through lifestyle changes, medication, or insulin. Complications from high blood glucose can include damage to nerves, blood vessels, eyes, and kidneys. Treatment aims to control blood sugar levels through diet, exercise, medication including insulin, and regular screening for complications.
Diabetes management
The document summarizes the management of diabetes mellitus. It discusses the types and pathophysiology of diabetes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment goals, and management of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Recent advances discussed include new insulin regimens, hypoglycemic drugs for type 1 diabetes, and combination drug therapies for type 2 diabetes.
Type2 dm
Type 2 diabetes results from insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion. It is characterized by hyperglycemia and increases the risk of microvascular and macrovascular complications if poorly controlled. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications and medications to control blood glucose levels and prevent complications. The goals are to eliminate symptoms, prevent complications, and achieve an A1C under 7%. First line treatment is often metformin, while additional drugs may be added if goals are not met.
Diabetes Mellitus
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus. It begins by defining type 2 diabetes and noting its increasing prevalence globally and in India. It then discusses the history and terminology of diabetes. The document outlines the anatomy and function of the pancreas and hormones insulin and glucagon. It describes the classification, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of diabetes through medical nutrition therapy, oral hypoglycemic agents, and insulin.
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This is a brief discussion on diabetes mellitus as medical emergency that can be encountered in any dental office.
What to do in such conditions is what I've briefly tried to explain over here.
Regards,
Dr. Abhishek Sharma
(M.D.S - 2016 Batch ; Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery)
Diabetes mellitus
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus. It begins with objectives of reviewing the anatomy of the pancreas and classifications, signs, and treatments of diabetes. It then covers the anatomy of the pancreas and classifications of diabetes types I and II. Key differences and clinical manifestations are described for each type. Complications are identified including cardiovascular, renal, and neurological issues. The document concludes with nursing diagnoses and interventions for managing diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus
This document discusses the regulation of plasma glucose levels and classification, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and complications of diabetes mellitus. It covers the main types of diabetes (type 1, type 2, and gestational), their defining features and causes. The key tests for diagnosing diabetes are described. Treatment aims to control blood glucose and involves lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise as well as medications. Major complications of diabetes discussed are retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, peripheral vascular disease, foot ulcers, hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, and hypersomolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome.
DIABETES-MELLITUS.pptx
This document provides information on dietary management of diabetes mellitus. It defines diabetes as a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion or action. It describes the main types of diabetes - type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes - and their characteristics. The document also outlines symptoms of diabetes, diagnostic tests, complications, methods of insulin therapy, and the key aspects of diabetes management: monitoring, education, diet, exercise, and medication.
Approach towards management of Diabetes mellitus management lecture
MODY is a monogenic form of diabetes caused by mutations in genes regulating insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells, with some subtypes requiring no treatment while others need low or high-dose sulfonylurea therapy; secondary diabetes can be caused by various conditions and drugs that induce insulin resistance or impair insulin secretion; prediabetes is characterized by impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance and lifestyle changes can prevent or delay progression to diabetes.
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Approach towards management of Diabetes mellitus management lecture
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This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is the summary of hypotension:
Hypotension, or low blood pressure, is when the pressure of blood circulating in the body is lower than normal or expected. It's only a problem if it negatively impacts the body and causes symptoms. Normal blood pressure is usually between 90/60 mmHg and 120/80 mmHg, but pressures below 90/60 are generally considered hypotensive.
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DIABETES MELLITUS by DR SALMAN SHAHAB.pptx
- 1. DIABETES MELLITUS BY :- DR SALMAN SHAHAB (MBBS)
- 2. TOPICS • Definition and classifications • Investigations • Management • Anti-diabetic drugs • complications
- 3. DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATIONS Diabetes mellitus:- It is a clinical syndrome characterised by chronic & persistant hyperglycemia due to absolute or relative deficiency of insulin. Absolute :- reduced insulin secretion Relative :- reduced insulin action/insulin resistance. Classifications :- Type-1(juvenile diabetes or insuline dependent) Type-2(insulin independent) Gestational diabetes mellitus Others :- pancreatitis,pancreatectomy,cystic fibrosis,cushings syndrome,drug induced eg :- steroids,diuretics.
- 4. INVESTIGATIONS :- • WHO DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA :- • Patient complaints :- polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, weakness. • Blood sugar level :- fasting >7.0mmol/L(126mg/dl) & random and 2 hrs afters breakfast > 11.1mmol/L(200mg/dl) • HbA1c level :- .6.5% • Other ivestigations :- urine examinations for glucose/protein(nephropathy) & ketone bodies, fasting lipid profile, serum urea & creatinine, serum electrolytes.
- 5. MANAGEMENT :- • History :- wt loss, family history of DM, HTN, IHD, smoking, alcohol use. • Clinical features :- polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, wt loss, weakness, frequent infections, slow healing skin lesions, mood changes, irritability,erectile dysfunction. • Treatment :- • Dietary and lifestyle modifications can control about 50% of newly diagnosed cases. • Drugs :- oral anti-diabetic drugs for type-2 DM. • Insulin :- type-1 only needs insulin therapy, type-2 needs when drug combinations fails,in pregnancy, complications such as DKA, HHS, acute MI, stroke, surgery.
- 6. ANTI-DIABETIC DRUGS :- • 1- parenteral :- insulin preprations & GLP1 analouges. • 2- oral :- insulin secretagogues, insulin sensitizers, newer drugs. • COMMON INSULIN PREPRATIONS :- • Human insulin :- • short acting :- regular insulin/soluble insulin • Intermediate acting :- isophane,lente. • Long acting • Insulin analouges :- • Rapid acting :- lispro, aspart • Long acting :- glargine, detemir.
- 7. INDICATIONS & SIDE-EFFECTS OF INSULIN • INDICATIONS :- type-1 & 2 DM, DM with complications, GDM, per-operative & post-operative, DM with severe infections, hyperkalemia. • SIDE EFFECTS :- hypoglycemia, weight gain, peripheral edema, insulin antibodies, allergy.
- 8. ORAL ANTI-DIABETIC DRUGS :- • Insulin secretagogues :- it increases insulin secretion. • a) sulfonylureas :- 1st gen :- tolbutamide, tolazamide, 2nd gen :- glibenclamide, glipizide, gliclazide, glimepiride. • b) meglitinides :- repaglinide, nateglinide. • Insulin sensitizers :- increases muscles, fat and liver sensitivity to insulin and lower the blood glucose. • a) biguanides :- metformin & phenformin ( causes lactic acidosis so not used now a days) • b) thiazolidindiones :- pioglitazone & rosiglitazone.
- 9. NEWER DRUGS :- • A) alpha glucosidase inhibitor :- acarbose, voglibose, miglitol. • B)- incretin mimetics :- • DPP-4 enzyme inhibitors :- linagliptine, vidagliptin, sitagliptin, saxagliptin. • GLP-1 analouges :- exenatide, liraglutide. • C) SGLT2 inhibitors :- dapagliflozin.
- 10. EXTRAS :- • Advantage of metformin :- • it is an insulin sparing agent. • It does not increases weight. • Does not causes hypoglycemia. • Decreases the risk of macro & micro vascular complications • Useful in prevention of type-2 DM. • Disadvantages of metformin :- • not given in AKI & CKD and CLD.
- 11. THANK YOU Lecture prepared by DR SALMAN SHAHAB(MBBS)