Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin production or insulin action. The main types are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes. The long-term complications of diabetes include damage to various organs such as the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and heart. Management of diabetes focuses on lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise as well as medication including oral hypoglycemic drugs and insulin therapy to control blood glucose levels and minimize health risks.
The document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM), including its types and management. DM is characterized by high blood glucose levels due to defects in insulin production or action. The main types are type 1 DM resulting from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells, type 2 DM associated with insulin resistance, and gestational DM occurring during pregnancy. Lifestyle changes including diet and exercise, as well as medication, are used to manage blood glucose levels and prevent complications of DM such as damage to organs and tissues.
Diabetes Mellitus is a group of disorders characterized by high levels of blood glucose in the body which is a result from the defects caused by insulin production, insulin action and sometimes both.
The document reviews criteria for diagnosing diabetes and pre-diabetes, treatment goals, and therapeutic options. It discusses classifying diabetes types 1 and 2, criteria for diagnosis including HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose and oral glucose tolerance tests. Goals for glycemic control include HbA1c less than 7% and fasting/post-prandial blood glucose targets. Treatment options include lifestyle changes, metformin, other oral medications, and insulin to lower blood glucose and achieve goals.
This document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM), including its definition, symptoms, long-term effects, and global burden. DM is characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin production or action. It can cause serious complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and heart. The number of people with DM is growing rapidly worldwide and is projected to reach over 330 million by 2025, with three-quarters living in low- and middle-income countries. India has a particularly high prevalence, with over 77 million adults affected, making it the diabetes capital of the world. Without treatment, DM can be fatal, and it also increases the risks of other diseases like tuberculosis.
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus (DM), including the main types, signs and symptoms, complications, risk factors, and treatments. It discusses type 1 DM, type 2 DM, and gestational DM. Type 1 is characterized by a lack of insulin production and usually develops in childhood. Type 2 is caused by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, accounting for 90% of DM cases. Gestational DM occurs during pregnancy. The document also reviews insulin mechanisms, oral hypoglycemic drugs used to treat DM, and potential impacts of gestational DM on children.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body cannot effectively use the insulin produced. Over time, uncontrolled diabetes can damage many organs and body systems. The number of diabetes cases has risen dramatically worldwide in recent decades and poses a major global health challenge. Diabetes prevalence is increasing more rapidly in low and middle income countries. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent or delay diabetes complications.
The document discusses the epidemiology of diabetes, noting that the number of cases is rising worldwide and will continue to do so. It presents statistics on the economic burden of diabetes, especially in poorer countries. It then focuses on diabetes in India, where prevalence is highest. It provides classifications and descriptions of the main types of diabetes and discusses risk factors such as genetics, lifestyle, diet and environment.
MODY is the name given to a collection of different types of inherited forms of diabetes that usually develop in adolescence or early adulthood.
MODY stands for “Maturity-onset diabetes of the young” and was given that name in the past because it acted more like the adult type of diabetes (Type 2 Diabetes) but was found in young people.
MODY limits the body’s ability to produce insulin, but is different than the juvenile type of diabetes (Type 1 Diabetes).
When our bodies don’t produce enough insulin, it can increase blood glucose levels. High blood glucose levels lead to diabetes.
The document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM), including its types and management. DM is characterized by high blood glucose levels due to defects in insulin production or action. The main types are type 1 DM resulting from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells, type 2 DM associated with insulin resistance, and gestational DM occurring during pregnancy. Lifestyle changes including diet and exercise, as well as medication, are used to manage blood glucose levels and prevent complications of DM such as damage to organs and tissues.
Diabetes Mellitus is a group of disorders characterized by high levels of blood glucose in the body which is a result from the defects caused by insulin production, insulin action and sometimes both.
The document reviews criteria for diagnosing diabetes and pre-diabetes, treatment goals, and therapeutic options. It discusses classifying diabetes types 1 and 2, criteria for diagnosis including HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose and oral glucose tolerance tests. Goals for glycemic control include HbA1c less than 7% and fasting/post-prandial blood glucose targets. Treatment options include lifestyle changes, metformin, other oral medications, and insulin to lower blood glucose and achieve goals.
This document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM), including its definition, symptoms, long-term effects, and global burden. DM is characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin production or action. It can cause serious complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and heart. The number of people with DM is growing rapidly worldwide and is projected to reach over 330 million by 2025, with three-quarters living in low- and middle-income countries. India has a particularly high prevalence, with over 77 million adults affected, making it the diabetes capital of the world. Without treatment, DM can be fatal, and it also increases the risks of other diseases like tuberculosis.
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus (DM), including the main types, signs and symptoms, complications, risk factors, and treatments. It discusses type 1 DM, type 2 DM, and gestational DM. Type 1 is characterized by a lack of insulin production and usually develops in childhood. Type 2 is caused by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, accounting for 90% of DM cases. Gestational DM occurs during pregnancy. The document also reviews insulin mechanisms, oral hypoglycemic drugs used to treat DM, and potential impacts of gestational DM on children.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body cannot effectively use the insulin produced. Over time, uncontrolled diabetes can damage many organs and body systems. The number of diabetes cases has risen dramatically worldwide in recent decades and poses a major global health challenge. Diabetes prevalence is increasing more rapidly in low and middle income countries. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent or delay diabetes complications.
The document discusses the epidemiology of diabetes, noting that the number of cases is rising worldwide and will continue to do so. It presents statistics on the economic burden of diabetes, especially in poorer countries. It then focuses on diabetes in India, where prevalence is highest. It provides classifications and descriptions of the main types of diabetes and discusses risk factors such as genetics, lifestyle, diet and environment.
MODY is the name given to a collection of different types of inherited forms of diabetes that usually develop in adolescence or early adulthood.
MODY stands for “Maturity-onset diabetes of the young” and was given that name in the past because it acted more like the adult type of diabetes (Type 2 Diabetes) but was found in young people.
MODY limits the body’s ability to produce insulin, but is different than the juvenile type of diabetes (Type 1 Diabetes).
When our bodies don’t produce enough insulin, it can increase blood glucose levels. High blood glucose levels lead to diabetes.
1) The document summarizes new classifications and diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus put forth by the American Diabetes Association and World Health Organization.
2) Key changes include eliminating classifications based on treatment (IDDM, NIDDM) and focusing on etiology. The main types are now type 1, type 2, and other specific types.
3) Diagnosis of diabetes can now be made based on fasting plasma glucose alone using cutoffs of ≥126 mg/dL. Confirmation with a second test is still required.
What Pre-Diabetes Is And What The Risk Factors Are For Pre-DiabetesJamie Madsen
Prevention is always the best way and is even more important with diabetes and the various symptoms of diabetes especially if you think you or a loved one is at risk and are wondering what pre-diabetes is and what the risk factors for pre-diabetes are. Not being ignorant of your risk factors will help you determine the actions you need to take to reduce your risks of developing diabetes and the various symptoms of diabetes.
This document provides information about diabetes, including:
- There are several types of diabetes defined by etiology and treatment needs. Type 1 is insulin dependent while Type 2 is typically non-insulin dependent.
- Diabetes is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular, eye, kidney, and neurological complications if not properly managed and controlled. Tight glycemic control is important to reduce risks.
- Risk factors include family history, obesity, age, and ethnicity. Management involves lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, and medication to control blood sugar, lipids, and blood pressure.
The document discusses diabetes mellitus and its implications for prosthodontic treatment. It covers the classification, pathophysiology, diagnosis and complications of diabetes. It notes that diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by insulin deficiency or resistance that can lead to various complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, nerves and cardiovascular system if not properly managed. The document outlines prosthodontic considerations for patients with diabetes, such as reducing stress, maintaining proper oral hygiene and controlling blood sugar levels during dental procedures to prevent hypoglycemic emergencies. Special design techniques are described for prostheses in diabetic patients.
This document discusses different types of diabetes mellitus. It describes the three main types: type 1 diabetes which results from failure to produce insulin; type 2 diabetes which results from insulin resistance; and gestational diabetes which occurs during pregnancy. It provides details on symptoms, causes, treatment and prevalence of each type. Other less common forms are also mentioned. The document emphasizes the importance of proper treatment and control of diabetes to prevent complications.
Diabetes is a serious, chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin (a hormone that regulates blood glucose), or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces (1). Raised blood glucose, a common effect of uncontrolled diabetes, may, over time, lead to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves. More than 400 million people live with diabetes.
This document discusses the epidemiology of diabetes mellitus. It defines diabetes as a metabolic disorder resulting from defects in insulin secretion or action that causes high blood sugar. There are three main types of diabetes: type 1 caused by lack of insulin production; type 2 caused by insulin resistance; and gestational diabetes during pregnancy. The magnitude of diabetes is large, with nearly half of all cases found in China, India, and the US. In India specifically, there are 65.1 million people with diabetes, with a prevalence of 8.56% that is projected to increase to 87 million cases by 2030. The epidemiological determinants of diabetes include agent factors like pancreatic disorders, host factors like age and genetics, and environmental risks such
Diabetes Mellitus : History and Clinical Examination BhoopendraKumar28
The presentation covers clinical aspects of diabetes mellitus. Common Symptoms. Acute Presentation. Examination of different systems.Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar state. Diabetic Ketoacidosis. Hypoglycaemia, Hyperglycaemia
Diabetes mellitus is a disease caused by deficiency or diminished effectiveness of endogenous insulin. It is characterised by hyperglycaemia, deranged metabolism and sequelae predominantly affecting the vasculature.
The document provides information about a presentation on diabetes. It will define diabetes, its causes, symptoms, and how to manage the disease. Attendees will learn to determine if they have diabetes, control blood sugar levels, and identify types 1, 2, and 3 diabetes. The presentation covers symptoms, testing blood sugar levels, diet, exercise, medications, and the importance of eating well and exercising regularly to prevent and control diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of diseases characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both.
The term diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder of multiple aetiology characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
The effects of diabetes mellitus include long–term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs.
This document provides definitions and descriptions of diabetes mellitus and its classification. It states that diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion or action. The main types of diabetes are type 1, resulting from autoimmune destruction of beta cells leading to insulin deficiency, and type 2, caused by a combination of insulin resistance and inadequate compensatory insulin secretion. The classification of diabetes depends on circumstances at diagnosis as some cases do not fit clearly into one type or another.
Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus (Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medic...Batoul Ghosn
This presentation talks about the Pathophysiology part of Diabetes Mellitus I & II as well as Diabetic Ketoacidosis & Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State and Finally with Medical Nutrition Therapy in DIabetes Mellitus. It is made entirely from the Harrsion's Book 19th edition.
Diabetes Mellitus is one of the leading causes of death through its effects on cardiovascular disease. It is also a leading cause of blindness, renal failure and lower limb amputation, with type 2 diabetes accounting for 85-95% of cases. The global prevalence of type 2 diabetes is projected to increase significantly by 2025, including in India where it is expected to grow to 80 million cases by 2030. Screening guidelines recommend screening those over age 30, overweight individuals, those with family history or other risk factors. Treatment targets glycemic control through monitoring HbA1c, lipids, blood pressure, weight, and screening for complications.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to either lack of insulin production or resistance to insulin. It ranges from asymptomatic to causing severe health issues like cardiovascular disease if uncontrolled. Risk factors include genetics, obesity, physical inactivity, and diet. Prevention strategies involve education, screening high risk groups, early treatment, and ongoing management of the condition and related health factors.
This document provides an overview of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D), including:
- T1D results from the immune system destroying pancreatic beta cells.
- The prevalence of T1D is increasing globally.
- Genetic and environmental factors both contribute to risk, and certain populations have higher rates of T1D.
- Diagnosis is based on symptoms of hyperglycemia and confirmed by blood glucose testing, with autoantibodies serving as predictive markers.
- Management requires lifelong insulin replacement therapy.
This document discusses the epidemiology of diabetes mellitus. It notes that diabetes prevalence is increasing worldwide and is influenced by factors like age, residence in urban vs. rural areas, obesity levels, physical activity levels, and ethnicity. It provides statistics on the prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in various countries and populations over time. It also examines trends in obesity globally and its association with increased risk of diabetes.
Diabetes Mellitus Complete (Introduction, Pathophysiology, Types, Diagnostic Tests, Treatment, Insulin, Prevention)
Table of Contents
Introduction
Normal Physiology
Pathophysiology
Types of Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes
Difference
Common Symptoms
How does diabetes transmit?
Diagnostic Tests for Checking Diabetes
Management of Diabetes
Treatment Strategies of Diabetes
Oral Hypoglycaemic Agents
Insulin & Insulin Analogues
Insulin preparation and Treatment
Prevention
This document provides an outline and overview of diabetes mellitus. It defines diabetes as a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion or insulin action. The document classifies diabetes according to the American Diabetes Association and discusses the main types: type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, and other specific rare types. It also covers the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and management of diabetes.
Prediabetes is a stage where blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be considered diabetes, and it affects 79 million Americans who are already experiencing damage to their bodies, especially the heart and circulatory system. Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and young adults where the pancreas does not produce insulin. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form where the body does not produce enough insulin or cells ignore the insulin, and it often affects African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans and Native Americans. Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy for 3-8% of women and increases their risk of later developing Type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin production or insulin action. There are several types of diabetes including type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, and other rare forms. The long-term complications of diabetes include damage to various organs such as the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and heart. Prediabetes is a condition where blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes. Lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise have been shown to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes in those with prediabetes.
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus (DM), including the different types of DM, symptoms, complications, risk factors, management, and treatment options. It discusses the key types of DM: type 1 DM resulting from beta cell destruction leading to insulin deficiency; type 2 DM associated with insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency; and gestational DM occurring during pregnancy. Lifestyle changes including diet and exercise are the first approach to managing all types of DM, along with medications such as oral hypoglycemics and insulin therapy. The goal of treatment is to maintain blood glucose as close to normal levels as possible to prevent complications and control symptoms.
1) The document summarizes new classifications and diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus put forth by the American Diabetes Association and World Health Organization.
2) Key changes include eliminating classifications based on treatment (IDDM, NIDDM) and focusing on etiology. The main types are now type 1, type 2, and other specific types.
3) Diagnosis of diabetes can now be made based on fasting plasma glucose alone using cutoffs of ≥126 mg/dL. Confirmation with a second test is still required.
What Pre-Diabetes Is And What The Risk Factors Are For Pre-DiabetesJamie Madsen
Prevention is always the best way and is even more important with diabetes and the various symptoms of diabetes especially if you think you or a loved one is at risk and are wondering what pre-diabetes is and what the risk factors for pre-diabetes are. Not being ignorant of your risk factors will help you determine the actions you need to take to reduce your risks of developing diabetes and the various symptoms of diabetes.
This document provides information about diabetes, including:
- There are several types of diabetes defined by etiology and treatment needs. Type 1 is insulin dependent while Type 2 is typically non-insulin dependent.
- Diabetes is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular, eye, kidney, and neurological complications if not properly managed and controlled. Tight glycemic control is important to reduce risks.
- Risk factors include family history, obesity, age, and ethnicity. Management involves lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, and medication to control blood sugar, lipids, and blood pressure.
The document discusses diabetes mellitus and its implications for prosthodontic treatment. It covers the classification, pathophysiology, diagnosis and complications of diabetes. It notes that diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by insulin deficiency or resistance that can lead to various complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, nerves and cardiovascular system if not properly managed. The document outlines prosthodontic considerations for patients with diabetes, such as reducing stress, maintaining proper oral hygiene and controlling blood sugar levels during dental procedures to prevent hypoglycemic emergencies. Special design techniques are described for prostheses in diabetic patients.
This document discusses different types of diabetes mellitus. It describes the three main types: type 1 diabetes which results from failure to produce insulin; type 2 diabetes which results from insulin resistance; and gestational diabetes which occurs during pregnancy. It provides details on symptoms, causes, treatment and prevalence of each type. Other less common forms are also mentioned. The document emphasizes the importance of proper treatment and control of diabetes to prevent complications.
Diabetes is a serious, chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin (a hormone that regulates blood glucose), or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces (1). Raised blood glucose, a common effect of uncontrolled diabetes, may, over time, lead to serious damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves. More than 400 million people live with diabetes.
This document discusses the epidemiology of diabetes mellitus. It defines diabetes as a metabolic disorder resulting from defects in insulin secretion or action that causes high blood sugar. There are three main types of diabetes: type 1 caused by lack of insulin production; type 2 caused by insulin resistance; and gestational diabetes during pregnancy. The magnitude of diabetes is large, with nearly half of all cases found in China, India, and the US. In India specifically, there are 65.1 million people with diabetes, with a prevalence of 8.56% that is projected to increase to 87 million cases by 2030. The epidemiological determinants of diabetes include agent factors like pancreatic disorders, host factors like age and genetics, and environmental risks such
Diabetes Mellitus : History and Clinical Examination BhoopendraKumar28
The presentation covers clinical aspects of diabetes mellitus. Common Symptoms. Acute Presentation. Examination of different systems.Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar state. Diabetic Ketoacidosis. Hypoglycaemia, Hyperglycaemia
Diabetes mellitus is a disease caused by deficiency or diminished effectiveness of endogenous insulin. It is characterised by hyperglycaemia, deranged metabolism and sequelae predominantly affecting the vasculature.
The document provides information about a presentation on diabetes. It will define diabetes, its causes, symptoms, and how to manage the disease. Attendees will learn to determine if they have diabetes, control blood sugar levels, and identify types 1, 2, and 3 diabetes. The presentation covers symptoms, testing blood sugar levels, diet, exercise, medications, and the importance of eating well and exercising regularly to prevent and control diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of diseases characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both.
The term diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder of multiple aetiology characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
The effects of diabetes mellitus include long–term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs.
This document provides definitions and descriptions of diabetes mellitus and its classification. It states that diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion or action. The main types of diabetes are type 1, resulting from autoimmune destruction of beta cells leading to insulin deficiency, and type 2, caused by a combination of insulin resistance and inadequate compensatory insulin secretion. The classification of diabetes depends on circumstances at diagnosis as some cases do not fit clearly into one type or another.
Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus (Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medic...Batoul Ghosn
This presentation talks about the Pathophysiology part of Diabetes Mellitus I & II as well as Diabetic Ketoacidosis & Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State and Finally with Medical Nutrition Therapy in DIabetes Mellitus. It is made entirely from the Harrsion's Book 19th edition.
Diabetes Mellitus is one of the leading causes of death through its effects on cardiovascular disease. It is also a leading cause of blindness, renal failure and lower limb amputation, with type 2 diabetes accounting for 85-95% of cases. The global prevalence of type 2 diabetes is projected to increase significantly by 2025, including in India where it is expected to grow to 80 million cases by 2030. Screening guidelines recommend screening those over age 30, overweight individuals, those with family history or other risk factors. Treatment targets glycemic control through monitoring HbA1c, lipids, blood pressure, weight, and screening for complications.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to either lack of insulin production or resistance to insulin. It ranges from asymptomatic to causing severe health issues like cardiovascular disease if uncontrolled. Risk factors include genetics, obesity, physical inactivity, and diet. Prevention strategies involve education, screening high risk groups, early treatment, and ongoing management of the condition and related health factors.
This document provides an overview of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D), including:
- T1D results from the immune system destroying pancreatic beta cells.
- The prevalence of T1D is increasing globally.
- Genetic and environmental factors both contribute to risk, and certain populations have higher rates of T1D.
- Diagnosis is based on symptoms of hyperglycemia and confirmed by blood glucose testing, with autoantibodies serving as predictive markers.
- Management requires lifelong insulin replacement therapy.
This document discusses the epidemiology of diabetes mellitus. It notes that diabetes prevalence is increasing worldwide and is influenced by factors like age, residence in urban vs. rural areas, obesity levels, physical activity levels, and ethnicity. It provides statistics on the prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in various countries and populations over time. It also examines trends in obesity globally and its association with increased risk of diabetes.
Diabetes Mellitus Complete (Introduction, Pathophysiology, Types, Diagnostic Tests, Treatment, Insulin, Prevention)
Table of Contents
Introduction
Normal Physiology
Pathophysiology
Types of Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes
Difference
Common Symptoms
How does diabetes transmit?
Diagnostic Tests for Checking Diabetes
Management of Diabetes
Treatment Strategies of Diabetes
Oral Hypoglycaemic Agents
Insulin & Insulin Analogues
Insulin preparation and Treatment
Prevention
This document provides an outline and overview of diabetes mellitus. It defines diabetes as a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion or insulin action. The document classifies diabetes according to the American Diabetes Association and discusses the main types: type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, and other specific rare types. It also covers the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, and management of diabetes.
Prediabetes is a stage where blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be considered diabetes, and it affects 79 million Americans who are already experiencing damage to their bodies, especially the heart and circulatory system. Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in children and young adults where the pancreas does not produce insulin. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form where the body does not produce enough insulin or cells ignore the insulin, and it often affects African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans and Native Americans. Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy for 3-8% of women and increases their risk of later developing Type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin production or insulin action. There are several types of diabetes including type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, and other rare forms. The long-term complications of diabetes include damage to various organs such as the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and heart. Prediabetes is a condition where blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes. Lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise have been shown to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes in those with prediabetes.
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus (DM), including the different types of DM, symptoms, complications, risk factors, management, and treatment options. It discusses the key types of DM: type 1 DM resulting from beta cell destruction leading to insulin deficiency; type 2 DM associated with insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency; and gestational DM occurring during pregnancy. Lifestyle changes including diet and exercise are the first approach to managing all types of DM, along with medications such as oral hypoglycemics and insulin therapy. The goal of treatment is to maintain blood glucose as close to normal levels as possible to prevent complications and control symptoms.
Diabetes Mellitus type 1 major comorbidity now days.
Insulin injection being the major treatment Diabetes Mellitus.
Some other drugs used to treat the Diabetes Mellitus are Tablet Metformin 500 mg and other hypoglycemic drugs.
Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension how they are interlinked.
This document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM), including its causes, types, management, and treatment. It defines DM as a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin production or insulin action. The document outlines the main types of DM: type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes, and other rare forms. It then discusses the management of DM through diet, exercise, oral medications, and insulin therapy. Guidelines are provided for lifestyle modifications and treatment options based on the type and severity of a patient's DM.
Diabetes Mellitus Types Diet Maintenance and Exerciseshama shabbir
The document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM), which is characterized by high blood glucose levels due to defects in insulin production or action. It describes the main types of DM - type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes - and their causes and characteristics. The management of DM involves lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise as well as medication. Treatment may include oral anti-diabetic drugs or insulin, with the goal of maintaining normal blood glucose levels to prevent complications.
This document provides information about diabetes mellitus (DM). It defines DM as a group of diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels due to defects in insulin production or action. DM can cause long-term damage to organs and present with symptoms like excessive thirst and weight loss. There are different types of DM including type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. The treatment of DM involves lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise as well as medication like oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin. Diet and physical activity are essential for managing blood glucose levels and preventing complications of DM.
Dr. Zeenat Hussain Foundation is working to create awareness against diseases like diabetes among the common people of Pakistan. This lecture is part of their campaign. The lecture discusses diabetes, including the different types of diabetes, symptoms, complications, diagnosis, management through lifestyle changes and medications, and prevention. Feedback from attendees is appreciated to help improve awareness efforts.
The document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM), which is characterized by high blood glucose levels due to defects in insulin production or action. There are two main types of DM: Type 1 is an autoimmune disease where the body destroys insulin-producing cells, while Type 2 is associated with obesity and aging and results from insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy and increases risk of future Type 2 DM. Other types include genetic disorders. The prevalence of DM, especially Type 2, is increasing worldwide due to rising obesity and physical inactivity.
This document provides an overview of diabetes mellitus (DM), including its causes, symptoms, types, complications, management, and prevention. DM is characterized by high blood glucose levels due to defects in insulin production or action. It can cause damage to various organs and is associated with cardiovascular and other diseases. There are three main types of DM: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Lifestyle changes including diet and exercise are the primary treatment approach. If blood glucose levels remain high, oral medications and/or insulin may be needed to manage the condition. Early detection and treatment can help prevent or delay diabetes and its complications.
This document discusses diabetes mellitus, including its diagnosis, types, complications, management, and treatment. It defines diabetes as a chronic disorder resulting from insulin deficiency or abnormal insulin function. There are three main types - type 1 caused by autoimmune destruction of beta cells, type 2 often associated with obesity and aging, and gestational diabetes during pregnancy. Complications arise from long-term hyperglycemia and include damage to various organs. Management involves dietary changes, physical activity, medication including insulin when needed, and treating complications.
This document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM), including defining DM, classifying its different types, explaining their pathogenesis and clinical presentation, listing common complications, and outlining management approaches. DM results from defects in insulin production/action leading to high blood glucose. The main types are type 1 (autoimmune beta cell destruction), type 2 (insulin resistance/deficiency), and gestational diabetes (during pregnancy). Complications can be acute or chronic, affecting eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, etc. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, medications like insulin and oral drugs, glucose monitoring, and managing complications.
This document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM), including the different types of DM, symptoms, causes, long-term effects, risk factors, and management strategies. It defines DM as a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to defects in insulin production or action. The three main types of DM are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Management involves lifestyle changes like diet and exercise, oral medications, and sometimes insulin therapy, with the goal of controlling blood glucose levels to minimize health complications.
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus (DM), including describing its classification, symptoms, complications, management, and prevention. It defines DM as a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels. DM is classified into type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. The document outlines that management of DM involves lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise, as well as oral hypoglycemic medications or insulin therapy. It also discusses preventing the progression of prediabetes to DM through lifestyle changes and medications.
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels caused by defects in insulin production or insulin action. There are several types of diabetes including type 1 caused by an autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells, type 2 usually associated with obesity and older age and accounting for 90-95% of diabetes cases, and gestational diabetes occurring during pregnancy. Symptoms of diabetes include increased thirst, frequent urination, and unexplained weight loss. Without treatment, diabetes can cause serious health complications due to damage to various organs. Management of diabetes involves lifestyle changes like diet and exercise as well as medication like insulin or oral hypoglycemic drugs.
This document discusses different types of diabetes mellitus. It describes Type 1 diabetes as an autoimmune disease where the body destroys insulin-producing cells. Type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance and often affects older adults. Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy. Other types include genetic forms like MODY. The document outlines symptoms, risk factors, and long-term complications of diabetes such as damage to organs and blood vessels.
This document provides information about diabetes mellitus. It defines diabetes as a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels due to defects in insulin secretion or action. The main types of diabetes are described as type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. Symptoms, diagnostic criteria, risk factors, and management strategies like nutrition, exercise, medication and insulin therapy are discussed for each type. The goals of diabetes management are to control blood glucose levels through diet, exercise, oral hypoglycemic drugs, and insulin in order to prevent long-term health complications.
This document provides an outline and overview of diabetes mellitus, including its classification, clinical presentation, investigations, management, and complications. It discusses the main types of diabetes (type 1, type 2, gestational, and MODY), risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria. Key tests for diagnosis and monitoring such as HbA1c, oral glucose tolerance test, and criteria for prediabetes are summarized. The document outlines the epidemiology, presentations, assessments including history and examinations, general treatment objectives and management approaches for diabetes.
This document provides information on diabetes mellitus, including epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment goals, and management with lifestyle changes and medication. It discusses the types and risk factors of diabetes, prediabetic states, goals of treatment to eliminate symptoms and reduce complications, and guidelines for initiating treatment with oral medications or insulin. Management involves lifestyle modifications, medication, and careful glucose monitoring and control to prevent long-term issues.
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder where the body has too much glucose in the blood due to either not producing enough insulin or cells not responding to insulin. There are four main types of diabetes: Type 1 is characterized by insulin deficiency due to loss of beta cells in the pancreas and accounts for 10% of cases. Type 2 is characterized by insulin resistance and accounts for 90% of cases. Type 3 covers specific genetic defects affecting insulin action. Gestational diabetes occurs in 2-5% of pregnancies and may improve after delivery but increases risk of later Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes increases risks of heart disease, stroke, nerve damage, foot ulcers, blindness, and kidney failure. Treatment focuses on blood glucose control through lifestyle changes
Diabetes mellitus by Dr. Bhavishath ShettyBhavishathS
The document discusses diabetes mellitus (DM), a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels. DM results from defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both. Long-term effects of DM include damage to various organs and specific complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The main types of DM are type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes. The document also discusses various metabolic derangements associated with DM, symptoms of DM, diagnostic tests such as glycosylated hemoglobin, and complications of DM like angiopathy.
2024 HIPAA Compliance Training Guide to the Compliance OfficersConference Panel
Join us for a comprehensive 90-minute lesson designed specifically for Compliance Officers and Practice/Business Managers. This 2024 HIPAA Training session will guide you through the critical steps needed to ensure your practice is fully prepared for upcoming audits. Key updates and significant changes under the Omnibus Rule will be covered, along with the latest applicable updates for 2024.
Key Areas Covered:
Texting and Email Communication: Understand the compliance requirements for electronic communication.
Encryption Standards: Learn what is necessary and what is overhyped.
Medical Messaging and Voice Data: Ensure secure handling of sensitive information.
IT Risk Factors: Identify and mitigate risks related to your IT infrastructure.
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2. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of diseases
characterized by high levels of blood glucose
resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin
action, or both.
The term diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic
disorder of multiple aetiology characterized by
chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of
carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting
from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
The effects of diabetes mellitus include long–term
damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs.
3. Diabetes mellitus may present with characteristic
symptoms such as thirst, polyuria, blurring of vision,
and weight loss.
In its most severe forms, ketoacidosis or a non–ketotic
hyperosmolar state may develop and lead to stupor,
coma and, in absence of effective treatment, death.
Often symptoms are not severe, or may be absent,
and consequently hyperglycaemia sufficient to cause
pathological and functional changes may be present
for a long time before the diagnosis is made.
4. The long–term effects of diabetes mellitus
include progressive development of the
specific complications of retinopathy with
potential blindness, nephropathy that may
lead to renal failure, and/or neuropathy with
risk of foot ulcers, amputation, Charcot
joints, and features of autonomic
dysfunction, including sexual dysfunction.
People with diabetes are at increased risk of
cardiovascular, peripheral vascular and
cerebrovascular disease.
5. The development of diabetes is projected to reach
pandemic proportions over the next10-20 years.
International Diabetes Federation (IDF) data indicate that
by the year 2025, the number of people affected will reach
333 million –90% of these people will have Type 2 diabetes.
In most Western societies, the overall prevalence has
reached 4-6%, and is as high as 10-12% among 60-70-year-
old people.
The annual health costs caused by diabetes and its
complications account for around 6-12% of all health-care
expenditure.
6. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Gestational Diabetes
Other types:
LADA (
MODY (maturity-onset diabetes of
youth)
Secondary Diabetes Mellitus
7. Was previously called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
(IDDM) or juvenile-onset diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes develops when the body’s immune system
destroys pancreatic beta cells, the only cells in the body
that make the hormone insulin that regulates blood
glucose.
This form of diabetes usually strikes children and young
adults, although disease onset can occur at any age.
Type 1 diabetes may account for 5% to 10% of all
diagnosed cases of diabetes.
Risk factors for type 1 diabetes may include autoimmune,
genetic, and environmental factors.
8. Was previously called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
(NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes may account for about 90% to 95% of all
diagnosed cases of diabetes.
It usually begins as insulin resistance, a disorder in which the cells
do not use insulin properly. As the need for insulin rises, the
pancreas gradually loses its ability to produce insulin.
Type 2 diabetes is associated with older age, obesity, family
history of diabetes, history of gestational diabetes, impaired
glucose metabolism, physical inactivity, and race/ethnicity.
African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, American
Indians, and some Asian Americans and Native Hawaiians or
Other Pacific Islanders are at particularly high risk for type 2
diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes is increasingly being diagnosed in children and
adolescents.
9.
10.
11. A form of glucose intolerance that is diagnosed in some
women during pregnancy.
Gestational diabetes occurs more frequently among
African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and
American Indians. It is also more common among obese
women and women with a family history of diabetes.
During pregnancy, gestational diabetes requires treatment
to normalize maternal blood glucose levels to avoid
complications in the infant.
After pregnancy, 5% to 10% of women with gestational
diabetes are found to have type 2 diabetes.
Women who have had gestational diabetes have a 20% to
50% chance of developing diabetes in the next 5-10 years.
12. Other specific types of diabetes result
from specific genetic conditions (such as
maturity-onset diabetes of youth),
surgery, drugs, malnutrition, infections,
and other illnesses.
Such types of diabetes may account for
1% to 5% of all diagnosed cases of
diabetes.
13. Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults
(LADA) is a form of autoimmune (type 1
diabetes) which is diagnosed in individuals
who are older than the usual age of onset
of type 1 diabetes.
Alternate terms that have been used for
"LADA" include Late-onset Autoimmune
Diabetes of Adulthood, "Slow Onset Type 1"
diabetes, and sometimes also "Type 1.5
Often, patients with LADA are mistakenly
thought to have type 2 diabetes, based on
their age at the time of diagnosis.
14.
15. About 80% of adults apparently with
recently diagnosed Type 2 diabetes but
with GAD auto-antibodies (i.e. LADA)
progress to insulin requirement within 6
years.
The potential value of identifying this group
at high risk of progression to insulin
dependence includes:
› the avoidance of using metformin treatment
› the early introduction of insulin therapy
16. MODY – Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young
MODY is a monogenic form of diabetes with an autosomal
dominant mode of inheritance:
◦ Mutations in any one of several transcription factors or in the
enzyme glucokinase lead to insufficient insulin release from
pancreatic ß-cells, causing MODY.
◦ Different subtypes of MODY are identified based on the mutated
gene.
Originally, diagnosis of MODY was based on presence of
non-ketotic hyperglycemia in adolescents or young adults
in conjunction with a family history of diabetes.
However, genetic testing has shown that MODY can occur
at any age and that a family history of diabetes is not
always obvious.
17.
18. Within MODY, the different subtypes can
essentially be divided into 2 distinct groups:
glucokinase MODY and transcription factor
MODY, distinguished by characteristic
phenotypic features and pattern on oral
glucose tolerance testing.
Glucokinase MODY requires no treatment, while
transcription factor MODY (i.e. Hepatocyte
nuclear factor -1alpha) requires low-dose
sulfonylurea therapy and PNDM (caused by
Kir6.2 mutation) requires high-dose sulfonylurea
therapy.
19. Secondary causes of Diabetes mellitus include:
Acromegaly,
Cushing syndrome,
Thyrotoxicosis,
Pheochromocytoma
Chronic pancreatitis,
Cancer
Drug induced hyperglycemia:
◦ Atypical Antipsychotics - Alter receptor binding characteristics, leading to increased
insulin resistance.
◦ Beta-blockers - Inhibit insulin secretion.
◦ Calcium Channel Blockers - Inhibits secretion of insulin by interfering with cytosolic
calcium release.
◦ Corticosteroids - Cause peripheral insulin resistance and gluconeogensis.
◦ Fluoroquinolones - Inhibits insulin secretion by blocking ATP sensitive potassium
channels.
◦ Naicin - They cause increased insulin resistance due to increased free fatty acid
mobilization.
◦ Phenothiazines - Inhibit insulin secretion.
◦ Protease Inhibitors - Inhibit the conversion of proinsulin to insulin.
◦ Thiazide Diuretics - Inhibit insulin secretion due to hypokalemia. They also cause
increased insulin resistance due to increased free fatty acid mobilization.
20. Prediabetes is a term used to distinguish people who
are at increased risk of developing diabetes. People
with prediabetes have impaired fasting glucose (IFG)
or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Some people
may have both IFG and IGT.
IFG is a condition in which the fasting blood sugar
level is elevated (100 to 125 milligrams per decilitre or
mg/dL) after an overnight fast but is not high enough
to be classified as diabetes.
IGT is a condition in which the blood sugar level is
elevated (140 to 199 mg/dL after a 2-hour oral
glucose tolerance test), but is not high enough to be
classified as diabetes.
21. Progression to diabetes among those with
prediabetes is not inevitable. Studies suggest that
weight loss and increased physical activity among
people with prediabetes prevent or delay diabetes
and may return blood glucose levels to normal.
People with prediabetes are already at increased
risk for other adverse health outcomes such as
heart disease and stroke.
22.
23.
24. Research studies have found that lifestyle changes
can prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes
among high-risk adults.
These studies included people with IGT and other
high-risk characteristics for developing diabetes.
Lifestyle interventions included diet and moderate-
intensity physical activity (such as walking for 2 1/2
hours each week).
In the Diabetes Prevention Program, a large
prevention study of people at high risk for diabetes,
the development of diabetes was reduced 58% over
3 years.
25. Studies have shown that medications have been successful in
preventing diabetes in some population groups.
In the Diabetes Prevention Program, people treated with the
drug metformin reduced their risk of developing diabetes by 31%
over 3 years.
Treatment with metformin was most effective among younger,
heavier people (those 25-40 years of age who were 50 to 80
pounds overweight) and less effective among older people and
people who were not as overweight.
Similarly, in the STOP-NIDDM Trial, treatment of people with IGT
with the drug acarbose reduced the risk of developing diabetes
by 25% over 3 years.
Other medication studies are ongoing. In addition to preventing
progression from IGT to diabetes, both lifestyle changes and
medication have also been shown to increase the probability of
reverting from IGT to normal glucose tolerance.
27. The major components of the treatment
of diabetes are:
• Diet and ExerciseA
•Oral hypoglycaemic
therapyB
• Insulin TherapyC
28. Diet is a basic part of management in every
case. Treatment cannot be effective unless
adequate attention is given to ensuring
appropriate nutrition.
Dietary treatment should aim at:
◦ ensuring weight control
◦ providing nutritional requirements
◦ allowing good glycaemic control with blood
glucose levels as close to normal as possible
◦ correcting any associated blood lipid
abnormalities
29. The following principles are recommended as dietary guidelines for
people with diabetes:
Dietary fat should provide 25-35% of total intake of calories but
saturated fat intake should not exceed 10% of total energy.
Cholesterol consumption should be restricted and limited to 300
mg or less daily.
Protein intake can range between 10-15% total energy (0.8-1
g/kg of desirable body weight). Requirements increase for
children and during pregnancy. Protein should be derived from
both animal and vegetable sources.
Carbohydrates provide 50-60% of total caloric content of the
diet. Carbohydrates should be complex and high in fibre.
Excessive salt intake is to be avoided. It should be particularly
restricted in people with hypertension and those with
nephropathy.
30. Physical activity promotes weight reduction
and improves insulin sensitivity, thus lowering
blood glucose levels.
Together with dietary treatment, a programme
of regular physical activity and exercise should
be considered for each person. Such a
programme must be tailored to the individual’s
health status and fitness.
People should, however, be educated about
the potential risk of hypoglycaemia and how to
avoid it.
31. There are currently four classes of oral
anti-diabetic agents:
i. Biguanides
ii. Insulin Secretagogues – Sulphonylureas
iii. Insulin Secretagogues – Non-
sulphonylureas
iv. α-glucosidase inhibitors
v. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs)
32. If glycaemic control is not achieved (HbA1c >
6.5% and/or; FPG > 7.0 mmol/L or; RPG
>11.0mmol/L) with lifestyle modification within 1
–3 months, ORAL ANTI-DIABETIC AGENT should
be initiated.
In the presence of marked hyperglycaemia in
newly diagnosed symptomatic type 2 diabetes
(HbA1c > 8%, FPG > 11.1 mmol/L, or RPG > 14
mmol/L), oral anti-diabetic agents can be
considered at the outset together with lifestyle
modification.
33. As first line therapy:
Obese type 2 patients, consider use of metformin,
acarbose or TZD.
Non-obese type 2 patients, consider the use of metformin
or insulin secretagogues
Metformin is the drug of choice in overweight/obese
patients. TZDs and acarbose are acceptable alternatives in
those who are intolerant to metformin.
If monotherapy fails, a combination of TZDs, acarbose and
metformin is recommended. If targets are still not
achieved, insulin secretagogues may be added
34. Combination oral agents is indicated in:
Newly diagnosed symptomatic patients
with HbA1c >10
Patients who are not reaching targets
after 3 months on monotherapy
35. If targets have not been reached after optimal dose of
combination therapy for 3 months, consider adding
intermediate-acting/long-acting insulin (BIDS).
Combination of insulin+ oral anti-diabetic agents (BIDS) has been
shown to improve glycaemic control in those not achieving
target despite maximal combination oral anti-diabetic agents.
Combining insulin and the following oral anti-diabetic agents has
been shown to be effective in people with type 2 diabetes:
◦ Biguanide (metformin)
◦ Insulin secretagogues (sulphonylureas)
◦ Insulin sensitizers (TZDs)(the combination of a TZD plus insulin is not an
approved indication)
◦ α-glucosidase inhibitor (acarbose)
Insulin dose can be increased until target FPG is achieved.
38. In elderly non-obese patients, short acting insulin secretagogues
can be started but long acting Sulphonylureas are to be
avoided. Renal function should be monitored.
Oral anti-diabetic agent s are not recommended for diabetes in
pregnancy
Oral anti-diabetic agents are usually not the first line therapy in
diabetes diagnosed during stress, such as infections. Insulin
therapy is recommended for both the above
Targets for control are applicable for all age groups. However, in
patients with co-morbidities, targets are individualized
When indicated, start with a minimal dose of oral anti-diabetic
agent, while reemphasizing diet and physical activity. An
appropriate duration of time (2-16 weeks depending on agents
used) between increments should be given to allow
achievement of steady state blood glucose control
39. Short-term use:
Acute illness, surgery, stress and emergencies
Pregnancy
Breast-feeding
Insulin may be used as initial therapy in type 2 diabetes
in marked hyperglycaemia
Severe metabolic decompensation (diabetic ketoacidosis,
hyperosmolar nonketotic coma, lactic acidosis, severe
hypertriglyceridaemia)
Long-term use:
If targets have not been reached after optimal dose of
combination therapy or BIDS, consider change to multi-dose
insulin therapy. When initiating this,insulin secretagogues should
be stopped and insulin sensitisers e.g. Metformin or TZDs, can be
continued.
40. The majority of patients will require more than one daily injection
if good glycaemic control is to be achieved. However, a once-
daily injection of an intermediate acting preparation may be
effectively used in some patients.
Twice-daily mixtures of short- and intermediate-acting insulin is a
commonly used regimen.
In some cases, a mixture of short- and intermediate-acting
insulin may be given in the morning. Further doses of short-
acting insulin are given before lunch and the evening meal and
an evening dose of intermediate-acting insulin is given at
bedtime.
Other regimens based on the same principles may be used.
A regimen of multiple injections of short-acting insulin before the
main meals, with an appropriate dose of an intermediate-acting
insulin given at bedtime, may be used, particularly when strict
glycaemic control is mandatory.
41.
42.
43. Patients should be educated to practice self-
care. This allows the patient to assume
responsibility and control of his / her own
diabetes management. Self-care should
include:
◦ Blood glucose monitoring
◦ Body weight monitoring
◦ Foot-care
◦ Personal hygiene
◦ Healthy lifestyle/diet or physical activity
◦ Identify targets for control
◦ Stopping smoking