1. NATURE AND MEANING OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR Deviance – any behavior that the members of a social group define as violating the established social norms. THEORIES OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR 1.SOCIAL PATHOLOGY Causes: deviant behavior is caused by people with actual mental illness, malfunction or deformities Solution: Education, re-education, hospitalization, rehabilitation…etc,.. 2. BIOLOGICAL THEORY Causes: result of aberrant genetics traits in such cases as mental illness, criminality and homosexuality Solution: : Education, re-education, hospitalization, rehabilitation…etc,..

2. 3. PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY Causes: brought about deviant impulses toward sexuality and aggression. Solution: psychiatry, psychological counseling, hospitalization and rehabilitation; shock therapy. 4. SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY Causes: caused by the breakdown of the norms, laws, mores and other important value of people. Solution: Modification and rehabilitation in the part of the system which suffers from disorganization. 5. LABELING THEORY Causes: society’s labeling on certain behaviors as deviant causes deviant behavior. Solution: Relabeling and delabeling certain people as “criminals”, “prostitutes”, “homosexuals”, etc. once considered as deviant. 6. ANOMIE STRUCTURE/STRUCTURAL STRESS THEORY Causes: (Durkheim) a condition within society in which individuals find the prevailing socialnorms are ill- defined, weak or conflicting.

3. Solution: Giving access to approve goals; equal opportunity for all 7.VALUE CONFLICT THEORY Causes: conflicting values, vested interests and scarce resources between conflicting individuals or groups cause deviant behavior Solution: equating or balancing the power between conflicting individuals or groups of collective bargaining; peace negotiations and sharing of power. 8. CONFLICT THEORY Causes: caused by an unjust social structure, a partisan social order where there is unequal distribution of wealth, power and prestige in the society. Solution: the moderates proposed more reforms in the various social institution. 9.CULTURAL TRANSMISSION OR DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY Causes: deviance is created through the socialization or eventually transmission of norms within a community or group. The standard people adopt as their own are learned through differential associations with others.

4. Solutions: education, re-education, role models of successful people, hospitalization, rehabilitation, imprisonment, fines, censures and capital punishment. TYPES OF DEVIANT (MERTON 1938) Innovators – those who accept the culturally approved goals but disregard the institutional means to achieve them. Ritualists – those who give up the cultural goals but follow the prescribed norms. Retreatists – those who abandon both cultural goals and the prescribed means to achieved them. Rebels – those who reject both the societal goals and the prescribed means to achieved them but try to set up new norms or goals. SANCTION AS MEANS OF SOCIAL CONTROL Sanctions refer to systems of reward and punishmentin order to ensure that norms are followed and expectation met. Sanction may also be formal or informal Formal sanction – used for violations of formalized norms in organizations or associations and carried out by people with legal and moral authority to enforce them. Informal sanction – are gossips, unfavorable and favorable public opinion, giving or withdrawing of affection, love or friendship; verbal admiration or criticism.