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Developmental theory: Psychosocial and Cognitive theory.pptx
- 1. Fundamentals of Nursing I Dr. Kusrini Kadar
- 2. Instructor Dr. Kusrini Kadar FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING I Topic 1: Developmental Theory 18th Jan 2024
- 3. Psychosocial & Cognitive Theory Psychosocial Development Theory • Sigmund Freud • Erikson • Havighurst • Gould Cognitive Development Theory • Jean Piaget 3
- 4. Growth and Development Theory – Psychosocial Theory 1. Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939) 4
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- 7. Fixation • If the individual does not achieve satisfactory progression at one stage, the personality becomes fixated at that stage. • Fixation is immobilization or the inability of the personality to proceed to the next stage because of anxiety. 7
- 8. Growth and Development Theory – Psychosocial Theory 2. Erikson (1902–1994) • Eight stages of development • Nurses should be aware of indicators of positive and negative resolution of each developmental stage. • Nurses can enhance a client’s development - being aware and assisting with the development of coping skills related to the stressors experienced at that specific level. • For example, a 10-year-old child (industry versus inferiority) can be encouraged to be creative, to finish schoolwork, and to learn how to accomplish these tasks within the limitations imposed by health status. 8
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- 10. Growth and Development Theory – Psychosocial Theory 3. Havighusrt (1900-1991) • Concept – learning is basic to life and individuals continue to learn throughout life • Developmental task is “a task which arises at or about a certain period in the life of an individual, successful achievement of which leads to his [sic] happiness and to success with later tasks, while failure leads to unhappiness in the individual, disapproval by society, and difficulty with later tasks” (Havighurst, 1972, p. 2). • Havighurst’s developmental tasks provide a framework that can used by nurses to evaluate the client’s general accomplishments 10
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- 12. Growth and Development Theory – Psychosocial Theory 4. Gould • Concept – adult development • “Adults continue to change over the period of time considered to be adulthood and developmental phases may be found during the adult span of life” • According to Gould, the 20s is the time when an individual assumes new roles; in the 30s, role confusion often occurs; in the 40s, the individual becomes aware of time limitations in relation to accomplishing life’s goals; and in the 50s, the acceptance of each stage as a natural progression of life marks the path to adult maturity. 12
- 13. Gould’s 7 stage development 13
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- 15. Growth and Development Theory – Cognitive Theory 4. Piaget (1896–1980) • Cognitive development refers to the manner in which individuals learn to think, reason, and use language and other symbols • The most widely known cognitive theorist is Jean Piaget (1896–1980). • Piaget’s cognitive developmental process is divided into five major phases: 1. the sensorimotor phase, 2. the preconceptual phase, 3. the intuitive thought phase, 4. the concrete operations phase, and 5. the formal operations phase. 15
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- 17. Reading resources • Kozier & Erb's Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts, Process and Practice – Chapter 24 • Potter & Perry Fundamentals of Nursing – Chapter 12-14 17
- 18. 18 Q&A Session
Editor's Notes
- Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939) Concept – unconscious mind; defense mechanism; and the id, ego, and superego The unconscious mind is the part of an individual’s mental life of which the individual is unaware. The id resides in the unconscious and, operating on the pleasure principle, seeks immediate pleasure and gratification The ego, the realistic part of the individual, balances the gratification demands of the id with the limitations of social and physical circumstances The superego contains the conscience and the ego ideal.
- If the individual does not achieve satisfactory progression at one stage, the personality becomes fixated at that stage. Fixation is immobilization or the inability of the personality to proceed to the next stage because of anxiety. For example, making toilet training a positive experience during the anal stage enhances the child’s feeling of self-control. If, however, the toilet training was a negative experience, the resulting conflict or stress can delay or prolong progression through a stage or cause an individual to regress to a previous stage.
- Erikson (1902–1994) Erik H. Erikson (1963, 1964) adapted and expanded Freud’s theory of development to include the entire lifespan, believing that individuals continue to develop throughout life. Eight stages of development Nurses should be aware of indicators of positive and negative resolution of each developmental stage. Nurses can enhance a client’s development - being aware and assisting with the development of coping skills related to the stressors experienced at that specific level. For example, a 10-year-old child (industry versus inferiority) can be encouraged to be creative, to finish schoolwork, and to learn how to accomplish these tasks within the limitations imposed by health status.
- Piaget (1896–1980) Cognitive development refers to the manner in which individuals learn to think, reason, and use language and other symbols - It involves an individual’s intelligence, perceptual ability, and ability to process information The most widely known cognitive theorist is Jean Piaget (1896–1980). His theory of cognitive development has contributed to other theories, such as Kohlberg’s theory of moral development and Fowler’s theory of the development of faith Piaget’s cognitive developmental process is divided into five major phases: the sensorimotor phase, the preconceptual phase, the intuitive thought phase, the concrete operations phase, and the formal operations phase.
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