For GNM students

1. Unit 6 : INTELLIGENCE
BY,
PRAKRUTHI

2. INTELLIGENCE
INTRODUCTION
Intelligence is the general capacity for comprehension and reasoning that manifest itself in various
ways. It consists of an individual’s mental or cognitive ability, which helps the person in solving his
actual life problems and leading a happy and well controlled life.
DEFINITION OF INTELLIGENCE
Intelligence is the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to think rationally, to act purposefully
and to deal effectively with the environment.(Wechsler-1944
The mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems and use knowledge
to adapt to new situations-(David G Myers-2004)

3. USES OF INTELLIGENCE
• 1.It helps the individual to adjust to new changing situations quickly and correctly.
• 2.It helps to carry on the higher mental processes such a reasoning, judging
• 3.It helps to learn difficult tasks and solve problems.
• 4.It helps the individual to improve performance in any situation.
• 5.It helps in quick understanding of things
• 6.It helps the individual to apply the knowledge gained in various subject /situations in dealing with present
situation.
• 7.It helps to improve Interpersonal relationship.
• 8. It help in building our resourcefulness.

4. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN INTELLIGENCE
Individual differ from one another in the amount and quality of intelligence. This is one of the reason why
people are reacting differently to the same situation.
Heredity
• The amount of intelligence that a person possesses is inherited and fixed.
• With the growth of the child, the amount of inherited intelligence by the child also grows.
Age:
• -The cessation of mental growth varies from individual to individual.
• Majority of cases, intelligences reaches its maximum, somewhat at the age of 16 to 20, in the individual. After that vertical
growth of intelligence ceases.
• Horizontal growth, that is accumulation of knowledge and skills continues throughout the life span
• Gender:
• Only a few subtle differences do seem to exist with respect to certain component of intelligence.
• Females tends to score little higher than males with respect to verbal abilities, verbal fluency, college achievements test, spelling
and writing.

5. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN INTELLIGENCE
• Physical Health and Physique:
• Disorders or dysfunctions in brain may lead to low intelligence.
• Thyroid disorders like cretinism, decreased secretion of thyroid hormone may cause low level of intelligence.
• Nutritional deficiencies during prenatal period
• Pituitary gland abnormalities , Down syndrome
• Birth injuries may cause cerebral anaemia which may leads to mental defectiveness.
• Environment:
• Environmental Factors includes:
• Unhealthy home and School environment
• Poor nutrition, lack of learning stimulation
• Inadequate training

6. Contnd....
• factors which may cause differences in intelligences are
• Cultural differences
• Motor skills and abilities
• Emotional make up
• Socialisation
• Morality
• Aesthetic sense
• attitudes, beliefs, values
• self concept
• Psychomotor skills
• (xv)Study habits
• (xvi) Achievements

7. MENTALABILITY
is the capacity to perform higher mental processes of remembering, understanding and problem solving.
Intelligence is a general mental ability, but not every psychologists agrees that the intelligence is a general characteristic of a person. Some
people have very little practical intelligence, although they might be great scholars.It is safe to assume that most people can be graded on scale
of general intelligence from extremely dumb to quiet bright.
Intelligence is a cognitive ability as distinguished from affective.
• If we perceive human activities into 3 forms like thinking, feeling and willing, Intelligence would be most closely related to thinking.
• It includes all forms of cognitive behaviours such ass perceiving, attending, learning, memorizing and thinking.
• Continuation of mental ability
• • Intelligence is innate ability which grows and it is influenced by the environment.
• It consists of the ability to adapt to new or changed situations quickly and correctly.
• It consists of the ability to carry on the
• higher mental processes
• It implies the capacity to learn difficult tasks and the ability to solve increasing difficult problems

8. CLASSIFICATION OF INTELLIGENCE
• Edward L. Thorndike given 3 types:
• 1.Abstract intelligence
• 2. Mechanical or concrete intelligence
• 3.Social intelligence
• Abstract intelligence or general intelligence:
• The ability to understand and manage ideas, verbal and mathematical symbols.Intelligence testing has tended to
concentrate on abstract intelligence.
• This type of intelligence is acquired by study of books and related literature.Mostly good teachers, lawyers,
philosophers, doctors have this type of intelligence.
• Mechanical or concrete intelligence:
• It is related to concrete materials.This type of intelligence is applicable when the individual is handling concrete objects
or machines or operation of tools or instruments.It includes the ability to visualise the relationship among objects and
understand how the physical world works.
• Example: Engineers, Mechanics
• Social intelligence:
• It is an ability of an individual to react to social situations in daily life.It includes the ability to understand people and act
wisely in human relationships. People with this type of intelligence , know the art of winning friends and influence
them.
• Example: Leaders, Salesman, ministers, Diplomats.

9. Gardner types of intelligence
BODILY- KINESTHETIC INTELLIGENCE
• Skills in using the whole body or various portions of it, in the solution of problems or in the construction of products. • The
ability to control one’s body movements and to handle objects skill fully.
• Example : Dancers, athlets, actors,
• LOGICAL-MATHEMATICAL INTELLIGENCE
• Skills in solving the problems and scientific thinking.
• The ability to think conceptually and abstractly and the capacity to do logical or numerical patterns.
• Example: Scientists
• LINGUISTIC OR VERBAL INTELLIGENCE
• The ability to use words and language.
• Skills involved in the production and use of language.
• Example: Literati.
• SPATIAL INTELLIGENCE
• Skills involving spatial configurations,
• The ability to visualise objects and spatial dimensions and create internal images and pictures.
• Example: Artists and architects

10. • INTERPERSONAL INTELLIGENCE
• Skills in interacting with others, such as sensitivity to the moods,
temperaments, motivations and intentions of others.
• The capacity for person – person communications and relationships.
• INTRAPERSONAL INTELLIGENCE
• Knowledge of the internal aspects of one self, access to one’s own
feelings and emotions.
• The capacity to be self aware and in tune with inner feelings, values ,
beliefs and thinking Process.
• NATURALIST INTELLIGENCE
• • The ability to recognise and categorise plants, animals and other objects
in nature.

11. DEVELOPMENT OF INTELLIGENCE
• Following are the ways to increase intelligence:
• Reading books and creating notes
• Set and structure goals in life
• Meditate and exercise daily to increase memory and intellect.
• Have a good breakfast and stay hydrated by drinking adequate water.
• Eat brain foods like dark green vegetables, fish oil and nuts.
• Recognise thoughts and process information one piece at a time.
• Do mathematical calculations because it will be exercise for brain, it gets stronger and quicker.
• Make connections between ideas.
• Practise good breathing techniques to feel freshness
• Refine your thinking, focus on tasks.
• Keep your brain active .
• Do not give up, so keep trying to improve your intellect.

12. ASSESSMENT OF INTELLIGENCE(INTELLIGENCE TEST)
• Assessment of intelligence can be done through psychological tests. Alfred Binet (1875-1911) was the first
psychologist to device an intelligence test.
• STANDFORD – BINET INTELLIGENCE SCALE
• The first Practical scale for measuring intelligence, was developed by 2 French Psychologists, Alfred Binet
and Theodore Simon.
• Aim: Develop an objective test to identify children likely to have difficulty in regular classes.
• Six areas of assessment:
• (i) General intelligence
• (ii) Knowledge
• (iii) Fluid reasoning
• (iv) quantitative reasoning
• (v) Visual- Spatial Processing
• (vi) Working memory.

13. • Definition of Test:
• “Test is a method of measuring a person’s ability, knowledge or performance in a given domain.” (Brown 2004

14. • WECHSLER ADULT INTELLIGENCE SCALE(WAIS)
• It is used to test adults.
• It is designed for adults aged between 16-74 years.
• The scale consists of 2 parts;
• A verbal scale with six subtests including information, digit span, vocabulary, arithmetic, comprehension,
similarities
• A performance scale with five subtests including picture completion, picture arrangement, block design,
object assembly and digit symbol.
• Based on the results, a verbal IQ, performance IQ and a composite full scale IQ can be obtained.
• WECHSLER INTELLIGENCE SCALE FOR CHILDREN (WISC)
• It is an individual test that can be used from six to 16 years and all the sub tests as the WAIS-R.
• Together with the two optional performance subtests- symbol search and mazes.
• • WECHSLER PRESCHOOLAND PRIMARY SCALE OF INTELLIGENCE
• (WPPSI)
• - designed for children from the age of two years six months to seven years three months.

15. • INDIVIDUAL VS GROUP TEST:
• I.1.Individual test:
• -These tests are administered on a single individual by the tester.
• -They allow direct observation of the test – taking behaviour and thus serves a diagnostic Purpose.
• Good rapport should be established.
• Time Consuming and increases the cost of test
• Skill and experience is important factor
• Example: Standford - Binet ,
• Weschlers Scales
• 2.Group Test:
• developed during I world war to recruit people to army.
• -The army alpha test was designed and administered to recruit who were literate and proficient in English.
• The army beta test was used for foreign born recruits or those who couldn’t read with proficiency.
• Example of group test:
• 1.Pramila Ahuja for those who aged 13-17 years
• 2. General mental ability devised by S.Jalatta for college students

16. • Verbal Test:
• Requires the use of language
• Instructions are given verbally and the individuals are required to use language.
• -The literate only allowed to take test.
• Example:
• Army alpha test
• Standford- Binet Test
• II. 2.Non – verbal test:
• do not necessitate the use of language.
• tests contain drawings which can be administered on individuals belonging to any culture.
• even this can be used for people who have not had schooling.
• subjects /people are asked to find the missing item from the alternatives.
• Example:
• Ravens Progressive Matrices and culture fair test
• II.3.Performance Test:
• which involves motor responses
• useful for illiterate , deaf and dumb or those who have had very little education.
• This can be used as a supplementing test. Example:
• 1.Bhatia’s Battery of Performance test
• 2. Leiter international Performance scale
• 3.Columbia mental maturity Scale
• Example of tasks involved in Performance test:
• Draw something
• Find the right path in a maze
• Construct designs
• Fit together blocks on a board

19. • Uses OF INTELLIGENCE TEST
• 1.Predicts how well a individual will learn in a program of study.
• 2. Helps to classify the students according to the capacity
• 3.Helps in selecting the students for admission or for scholarships
• 4.Helps for Vocational guidance and counselling
• 5. Useful in recruiting the employees for job
• 6.It helps for research also.
• LIMITATIONS OF INTELLIGENCE TEST
• It cannot measure intelligence with mathematical accuracy.
• It doesn't predict the absolute success in school or in a profession
• It do not throw any light on the character, morals, emotions or temperament of the individual.

22. • Classificatiin of Individual intelligence as per IQ
INTELLIGENCE IQ
GENIUS 140 AND ABOVE
VERY SUPERIOR 130 to 140
SUPERIOR 120 to 130
ABOVE AVERAGE 110 to 120
AVERAGE 90 to 110
DULL AVERAGE 80 to 90
BORDERLINE 70 to 80
MILD MENTAL RETARDATION 50 to 70
MODERATE MENTAL RETARDATION 35 to 50
SEVERE MENTAL RETARDATION 20 to 35
PROFOUND MENTAL RETARDTION 0 to 20

23. • MENTAL RETARDATION
• Mental retardation means significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning existing concurrently with deficits in, adaptive behaviour,
which is manifested during the developmental period.
• Causes includes
1. Genetic conditions,
2. Prenatal problems
3. Environmental Problems

24. • NURSES IMPLICATIONS IN INTELLIGENCE ASSESSMENT
• Knowledge about the nature of intelligence is essential for the nurses.
• Nurse’s explanations should be on the intellectual level of the patient.
• Knowledge about the intelligence helps the nurses to identify the sub normalities.
• Knowledge about the differences in the development of intelligence among newborns will help the nurses to
give suitable care.