definition , how does it happen

1. TO PRESENTED BY : DR. ASMAA FAYEZ
RISK MANAGER ,CPHQ

2. HISTORY
• THE TERM 'ERGONOMICS' DATES BACK WORLD WAR II
• COINED BY AIRCRAFT DESIGNERS FOR THE BRITISH ROYAL AIR
FORCE AS THEY TRIED TO DESIGN COCKPITS THAT WERE THE
MOST COMPATIBLE FOR HUMAN PILOTS.
• SINCE THEY HAD FOUND THE MOST ADVANCED PLANES IN THE
WORLD WOULDN'T DO MUCH GOOD IF THE PILOT COULDN'T FLY
IT EFFICIENTLY. THE IDEAS BEHIND ERGONOMICS, HOWEVER,
STRETCH ALL THE WAY BACK TO ANCIENT GREECE. THE 'FATHER
OF MEDICINE,' HIPPOCRATES, GAVE A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF
HOW A SURGEON'S WORKPLACE SHOULD BE DESIGNED AND
HOW HIS TOOLS SHOULD BE ARRANGED. ALL OF THESE ARE
ERGONOMIC PRINCIPLES.

3. DEFINITION OF ERGONOMICS:
• An applied science
concerned with designing
and arranging things people
use so that the people and
things interact most
efficiently and safely. —
Called also biotechnology,
human engineering, human
factors.
What is ergonomics in the
workplace?
Ergonomics is a science
concerned with the 'fit'
between people and their work.
It puts people first, taking
account of their capabilities
and limitations. Ergonomics
aims to make sure that tasks,
equipment, information and
the environment fit each
worker.

4. WHAT ARE THE 3 TYPES OF ERGONOMICS?
3 dimensions or ergonomics
1- physical ergonomics. In
physical ergonomics, it is
mainly physiological
interactions of people and
their activities that are
concerned. ...
2- Cognitive ergonomics. ...
3- Organizational ergonomics.

5. How important is ergonomics in the
workplace?
• Ergonomics is one of the most-
common workplace safety concerns
because the non-ergonomic
environment may cause various health
issues. Carpal tunnel syndrome, sore
back, tendonitis, and chronic cold and
flu (due to lowered immunity) may
come as a result of inadequate or non-
existent workplace ergonomic
processes.

6. HOW ERGONOMICS CREATES
A BETTER SAFETY CULTURE?
• Ergonomics makes work easier for
people
• The result is less stressful work on the
person's body and mind, making the work
more enjoyable and productive.
Ultimately this makes work more
satisfying, boosting the employee's
belief, attitude, and perception of the
safety of the job and organization they
work for.

7. What is ergonomics types?
• There are three types of
ergonomics: 1- physical
• 2- cognitive
• 3- organizational
• Each of these contributes
not only to organizational
success but also to worker
satisfaction and the
bottom line.

8. COMMON AREAS WERE ERGONOMICS IS
USED
• ERGONOMICSCAN BE APPLIED TO ALL AREAS OF HUMAN ACTIVITY THAT EVEN GO BEYOND STRICTLY PROFESSIONAL
CIRCLES. NONETHELESS, THERE ARE SOME SECTORS THAT BENEFIT PARTICULARLY FROM THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF
ERGONOMICS, THESE ARE:
• 1-SAFETY IN TRANSPORT:
• EVERY REMARKABLE INCIDENT OR ACCIDENT (AUTOMOBILE, TRAIN, PLANE,ETC.) LEADS TO A BATTERY OF ANALYSIS,
DIAGNOSTIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL OR ORGANIZATIONAL RESPONSE PROCESSES THAT END UP IMPROVING SAFETY
CONDITIONS AND THE COMFORT OF DRIVERS, CABIN CREW AND PASSENGERS.
• 2- COMPETITION ON THE INTERNET :
• CREATES A CRAZY RACE FOR THE ERGONOMICS AND DESIGN OF SITES AND APPLICATIONS.
• 3- THE CHALLENGES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT :
• ARE A MAJOR VECTOR OF THE BENEFITS BROUGHT BY ERGONOMICS IN TERMS OF WORKING CONDITIONS.

9. What are the four pillars of
ergonomics?
• We recommend an approach that we
refer to as the “four pillars of safety”
• Prepare
• Prevent
• protect
• respond
• to help ensure that your people and
facilities are safer and more
productive.

10. 10 Ergonomic Hazards In The Workplace To Look Out For
• 1. Repetitive motions
• Repetitive motion injuries are the most common type of injury in the workplace and are also costly.
This ergonomic hazard is the result of a worker making the same motion, over and over again, for
extended periods of time. It can occur in many industries and is involved in activities such as
packing, assembling, typing, welding or even sweeping. Any action that is repeated over and over
can put your workers at risk.

11. 2. POOR POSTURE
POOR POSTURE IS ANOTHER COMMON
ERGONOMIC HAZARD IN OFFICES. HOWEVER, IT
ALSO AFFECTS WORKERS IN MANUFACTURING OR
ANY INDUSTRY WHO STAND OR SIT FOR LONG
PERIODS. IT IS USUALLY THE RESULT OF POORLY
PLACED DEVICES, SUCH AS CONTROLS PLACED
JUST OUT OF REACH THAT MIGHT REQUIRE A
WORKER TO LEAN FORWARD OR REACH
AWKWARDLY IN ORDER TO GET TO THEM. A
POORLY DESIGNED CHAIR OR STOOL THAT
ENCOURAGES SLOUCHING CAN ALSO RESULT IN
PROBLEMATIC POSTURE.
3. FORCEFUL MOTIONS
THIS TYPE OF ERGONOMIC HAZARD IS DEFINED AS
ANY ACTIVITY WHERE EXCESSIVE EFFORT IS
NEEDED TO COMPLETE TASKS. IT CAN INCLUDE
PULLING, POUNDING, PUSHING, AND LIFTING.
THESE ARE THE KIND OF EXERTIONS THAT CAN
AFFECT THE TENDONS, JOINTS AND DISCS AND
CAN LEAD TO IRRITATION, INFLAMMATION AND
CONSTRICTION OF BLOOD VESSELS OR NERVES.
FORCEFUL MOTION HAZARDS CAN OCCUR IN ANY
INDUSTRY BUT ARE COMMONLY FOUND IN
MANUFACTURING AND CONSTRUCTION
4. STATIONARY POSITIONS
REMAINING IN ONE POSITION TOO LONG CAN
RESTRICT BLOOD FLOW AND CAUSE FATIGUE
AND DAMAGE IN MUSCLES AND JOINTS. IT IS A
COMMON CAUSE OF LEG, NECK AND BACK
PAIN. THE SAME IS TRUE OF JOBS THAT PUT
WORKERS IN AWKWARD POSITIONS, WHICH
CAN ALSO STRESS THE SPINE. WORKERS WHO
HAVE SEDENTARY JOBS SHOULD BE MINDFUL
OF THE HAZARDS THAT CAN COME ALONG
WITH REMAINING STATIONARY FOR EXTENDED
PERIODS OF TIME.

12. 5. DIRECT PRESSURE
DIRECT PRESSURE, ALSO REFERRED TO AS
CONTACT STRESS, IS THE RESULT OF
PROLONGED CONTACT OF THE BODY WITH A
HARD OR SHARP SURFACE OR EDGE THAT
INHIBITS NERVE FUNCTION AND RESTRICTS
BLOOD FLOW. THIS COULD INCLUDE CONTACT
WITH DESK EDGES OR UNPADDED, NARROW
TOOL HANDLES. FOR EXAMPLE, A BUTCHER
USING A KNIFE COULD BE AT RISK FOR THIS
TYPE OF ERGONOMIC HAZARD
6. EXCESSIVE VIBRATION
THE USE OF VIBRATING TOOLS IN
MANUFACTURING AND CONSTRUCTION, AS
WELL AS OTHER INDUSTRIES, IS THE MOST
FREQUENT CAUSE OF VIBRATION-RELATED
HAZARDS. THE MOST RECOGNIZABLE OF THESE
TOOLS IS A JACKHAMMER, BUT MANY LESS
OBVIOUS VIBRATING TOOLS CAN CAUSE
DAMAGE AS WELL. THIS DAMAGE CAN LEAD TO
DECREASED BLOOD FLOW, DAMAGED NERVES,
AND MUSCLE FATIGUE.
7. EXTREME TEMPERATURES
EXTREME HOT OR COLD TEMPERATURES CAN BE
SEVERE ERGONOMIC HAZARDS FOR YOUR WORKERS.
INTENSE COLD LEADS TO HYPOTHERMIA AND
FROSTBITE, BUT EVEN MODERATELY COLD
TEMPERATURES CAN AFFECT MOTOR COORDINATION
AND DEXTERITY, CAUSING WORKERS TO USE
EXCESSIVE FORCE TO COMPLETE TASKS. EXTREME
HEAT CAN LEAD TO DANGEROUS CONDITIONS SUCH AS
HEAT STROKE. WORKERS WHO COMPLETE THEIR
TASKS OUTDOORS ARE MOST AT RISK FOR
TEMPERATURE-RELATED ERGONOMIC HAZARDS, BUT
IT CAN ALSO BE A PROBLEM FOR CERTAIN TYPES OF
INDOOR WORKERS.

14. 8. IMPROPERLIGHTING
Insufficient lighting in a warehouse, factory, office or
other workspaces can lead to accidents and injuries.
It can also strain the eyes, causing discomfort and
headaches. Glare can affect a worker’s ability to see
objects clearly and can lead to pain and possibly
impaired vision. Improperly distributed light is also
a problem for some workplaces, where the amount of
light varies significantly from space to space,
forcing workers to adjust their vision continually as
they move through their workdays.

15. 9. FREQUENT LIFTING
HEAVY LIFTING CAN CAUSE MUSCLE STRAIN AND
IS A FREQUENT SOURCE OF INJURIES TO
WORKERS, BUT FREQUENT LIFTING IS ALSO A
PROBLEM. THE OBJECT’S WEIGHT, DISTRIBUTION,
SHAPE, HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL LOCATION
RELATIVE TO THE BODY, ALL PLAY A ROLE IN THE
SERIOUSNESS OF THIS HAZARD. THE DISTANCE A
WORKER MUST CARRY THE OBJECT AND THEIR
POSTURE WHILE LIFTING ALSO HAVE AN IMPACT.
BACK PROBLEMS ARE THE MOST COMMON
RESULT OF BOTH HEAVY AND FREQUENT LIFTING,
PARTICULARLY IF IT IS DONE INCORRECTLY.
10. EXCESSIVE NOISE
EXPOSURE TO EXCESSIVE NOISE OCCURS IN MANY
INDUSTRIES, INCLUDING CONSTRUCTION,
PROCESSING, MANUFACTURING, MINING AND
EVEN IN BARS AND CLUBS. SUDDEN EXCESSIVE
NOISES SUCH AS THOSE CAUSED BY EXPLOSIONS
CAN CAUSE PERMANENT HEARING LOSS, BUT SO
CAN SUSTAINED OR EVEN INTERMITTENT NOISES.
ACCORDING TO THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND
HEALTH ADMINISTRATION (OSHA), MILLIONS OF
AMERICAN WORKERS ARE EXPOSED TO EXCESSIVE
NOISE IN THEIR WORK ENVIRONMENT.

17. Proactive ergonomics: how to implement the workplace improvement process
• Tactical elements of the ergonomics process
• Step 1: prioritize jobs for ergonomic analysis
this prioritized list should be developed by the ergonomics team based on an initial facility tour, review of MSD history
and data collected by employee surveys.
• Step 2: conduct ergonomic analysis
this analysis will objectively measure risk for each job in the workplace and help you develop an ergonomic opportunity
list.
• Step 3: develop an ergonomic opportunity list
developing an ergonomic opportunity list allows you to prioritize company resources in order to effectively and
efficiently reduce risk by putting the appropriate controls in place.
• Step 4: determine best solution with team approach
a multi-disciplinary team should be involved in determining the best controls for implementation.
• Step 5: obtain final approval and implement solution
if the improvement requires a significant capital expenditure, cost-justify the solution to gain approval.
• Step 6: evaluate the ergonomic improvement for effectiveness
once improvements are in place, close the loop on the project by evaluating the ergonomic improvement and measuring
its effectiveness.

18. operation points

22. EXAMPLE IN SAUDI HEALTHCARE SECTOR

26. RESULTS