Youth and Adolescent friendly services by adam Faradhuub "PhD student"Adam Abdulkadir Mohamed
Service are termed “Youth Friendly” if they have and implement
policies and attributes that are attractive to youths and provide a
comfortable setting for meeting the needs of young people and
retaining their repeat visits.
TASO is committed to improving youth-friendly services for adolescents and young people aged 10-24. Currently, 7,913 young people are receiving care at TASO's 11 centers. Research showed a need to scale up prevention services and provide appropriate sexual and reproductive health information to this age group. As a result, TASO developed services tailored to adolescents' unique needs, including psychosocial support, medical care, and health education to facilitate informed choices.
The Sundsvall Statement on Supportive Environments for Health comes out of the Third International Conference on Health Promotion held in Sundsvall, Sweden in 1991. The conference resulted in a call for action to create supportive physical, social, economic, and political environments that promote health for all. It recognizes that health inequities exist both within and between nations due to factors like poverty, environmental degradation, lack of access to healthcare and more. The statement calls on multiple sectors to work together to strengthen advocacy, empower communities, build alliances, and mediate conflicts to promote equitable access to health for all people worldwide.
The document outlines Nepal's Safe Motherhood Programme which aims to reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality through various strategies and activities. The major strategies include promoting birth preparedness, expanding 24-hour birthing facilities, and emergency obstetric care services. Key activities involve community-level maternal and newborn interventions, expanding service delivery sites, emergency referral funds, and programs to provide free delivery services and newborn supplies. The goals are to address delays in seeking and receiving care and improve access to institutional deliveries and emergency obstetric services.
The document discusses maternal health and efforts to improve it. It notes that while maternal mortality has declined globally in recent decades, it remains high in many developing countries. It outlines several indicators of maternal health in India that have improved between 2005-06 and 2014-15, such as antenatal care and institutional births. However, maternal mortality still varies greatly between states. The document proposes strengthening maternal health through expanding programs that provide antenatal, delivery and postnatal care, especially in rural areas, as well as improving infrastructure and monitoring systems.
The document discusses reproductive health, defining it as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being related to reproduction. It outlines key issues at different life stages from perinatal to post-menopausal. Statistics on Pakistan show high maternal and infant mortality rates. Ensuring reproductive health requires universal access to services, investing in health systems, and empowering women. Reproductive health issues affect both men and women and must be addressed at all levels of society.
Adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) in Nepal Public Health
1) The document outlines Nepal's Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health (ASRH) strategy, which aims to promote the health of adolescents aged 10-19.
2) Key achievements include expanding ASRH services to 75 of 77 districts, establishing 6 ASRH clinical training sites, and training over 1,700 health workers.
3) Challenges include high rates of early marriage, low contraceptive use among adolescents, and a need for more trained staff and resources for the ASRH program.
Sex education teaches about relationships, sexuality, and sexual health. It provides information to help young people understand their bodies, gender, and developmental changes through life. Sex education aims to prevent sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancies by educating students. It covers various STIs like chlamydia, gonorrhea, genital herpes, genital warts, syphilis, hepatitis B, and HIV/AIDS. While there are pros like dispelling myths and encouraging responsibility, cons include some teachers lacking expertise and material potentially embarrassing students or conflicting with religious beliefs. Overall, comprehensive sex education is important to ensure students learn to protect their health and safety.
Youth and Adolescent friendly services by adam Faradhuub "PhD student"Adam Abdulkadir Mohamed
Service are termed “Youth Friendly” if they have and implement
policies and attributes that are attractive to youths and provide a
comfortable setting for meeting the needs of young people and
retaining their repeat visits.
TASO is committed to improving youth-friendly services for adolescents and young people aged 10-24. Currently, 7,913 young people are receiving care at TASO's 11 centers. Research showed a need to scale up prevention services and provide appropriate sexual and reproductive health information to this age group. As a result, TASO developed services tailored to adolescents' unique needs, including psychosocial support, medical care, and health education to facilitate informed choices.
The Sundsvall Statement on Supportive Environments for Health comes out of the Third International Conference on Health Promotion held in Sundsvall, Sweden in 1991. The conference resulted in a call for action to create supportive physical, social, economic, and political environments that promote health for all. It recognizes that health inequities exist both within and between nations due to factors like poverty, environmental degradation, lack of access to healthcare and more. The statement calls on multiple sectors to work together to strengthen advocacy, empower communities, build alliances, and mediate conflicts to promote equitable access to health for all people worldwide.
The document outlines Nepal's Safe Motherhood Programme which aims to reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality through various strategies and activities. The major strategies include promoting birth preparedness, expanding 24-hour birthing facilities, and emergency obstetric care services. Key activities involve community-level maternal and newborn interventions, expanding service delivery sites, emergency referral funds, and programs to provide free delivery services and newborn supplies. The goals are to address delays in seeking and receiving care and improve access to institutional deliveries and emergency obstetric services.
The document discusses maternal health and efforts to improve it. It notes that while maternal mortality has declined globally in recent decades, it remains high in many developing countries. It outlines several indicators of maternal health in India that have improved between 2005-06 and 2014-15, such as antenatal care and institutional births. However, maternal mortality still varies greatly between states. The document proposes strengthening maternal health through expanding programs that provide antenatal, delivery and postnatal care, especially in rural areas, as well as improving infrastructure and monitoring systems.
The document discusses reproductive health, defining it as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being related to reproduction. It outlines key issues at different life stages from perinatal to post-menopausal. Statistics on Pakistan show high maternal and infant mortality rates. Ensuring reproductive health requires universal access to services, investing in health systems, and empowering women. Reproductive health issues affect both men and women and must be addressed at all levels of society.
Adolescent sexual and reproductive health (ASRH) in Nepal Public Health
1) The document outlines Nepal's Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health (ASRH) strategy, which aims to promote the health of adolescents aged 10-19.
2) Key achievements include expanding ASRH services to 75 of 77 districts, establishing 6 ASRH clinical training sites, and training over 1,700 health workers.
3) Challenges include high rates of early marriage, low contraceptive use among adolescents, and a need for more trained staff and resources for the ASRH program.
Sex education teaches about relationships, sexuality, and sexual health. It provides information to help young people understand their bodies, gender, and developmental changes through life. Sex education aims to prevent sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancies by educating students. It covers various STIs like chlamydia, gonorrhea, genital herpes, genital warts, syphilis, hepatitis B, and HIV/AIDS. While there are pros like dispelling myths and encouraging responsibility, cons include some teachers lacking expertise and material potentially embarrassing students or conflicting with religious beliefs. Overall, comprehensive sex education is important to ensure students learn to protect their health and safety.
This document discusses maternal and child health, with a focus on India. Some key points:
- Women and children make up over half of India's population and are the most vulnerable groups. Major causes of death among children under-5 and mothers are preventable.
- The principles of primary health care and treating the mother-child unit as one are important for providing integrated health services. Activities like antenatal care, safe delivery practices, postnatal care, immunizations, and breastfeeding are covered.
- High-risk groups for maternal and child deaths are identified such as teenage mothers, low birth weight babies, and families with poor access to health services. Efforts are needed to reduce preventable
This document outlines India's Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram (RKSK) or National Adolescent Health Programme. The program was developed by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in collaboration with UNFPA to provide a comprehensive and holistic approach to adolescent health across India. It aims to improve nutrition, sexual and reproductive health, mental health, prevent injuries and violence, address substance abuse, and screen for non-communicable diseases among 10-19 year olds. The program focuses on peer education, helplines, training, parental involvement, and participatory monitoring to achieve its objectives.
Nepal has successfully reduced under-five mortality and neonatal mortality through various programs. About two in five neonatal deaths occur on the first day of life, and over eight in ten in the first week. The most common causes of neonatal death are sepsis, birth asphyxia, hypothermia, low birth weight, and prematurity. National programs addressing maternal and child health include the Safe Motherhood Program, Integrated Management of Childhood Illness, bi-annual vitamin A supplementation, and immunization. Strategies to further reduce mortality focus on birth preparedness, institutional delivery, and expanding emergency obstetric care. Major challenges include inadequate skilled birth attendants, poor quality of care, and lack of funding and infrastructure especially for
Adolescent Friendly Health Service is a service provided by health institutions that focuses on the welfare of adolescents (10-19 years of age) through the guidance on how to maximize the use of health care services in the adolescents.
Samundratar Health Post, Nuwakot is providing AFHS with its limited resources given.
Unit 3.2 national safe motherhood policy 1998chetraj pandit
The 1998 Safe Motherhood Policy in Nepal aimed to reduce maternal mortality and morbidity. Its objectives were to increase access, availability, and utilization of maternal health services; strengthen the capacity of maternal healthcare providers; strengthen referral services for maternity care; raise public awareness of maternal health and safe motherhood; and improve the legal and socioeconomic status of women. The strategies included promoting inter-sectoral collaboration, strengthening and expanding delivery services by skilled birth attendants and emergency obstetric care at all levels, supporting activities to raise the status of women, and promoting research on safe motherhood.
The document discusses the Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram (RKSK) or National Adolescent Health Programme in India. It was launched in 2014 to promote the health and well-being of adolescents aged 10-19. The program aims to improve nutrition, sexual and reproductive health, mental health, prevent injuries and violence, address substance misuse, and conditions for non-communicable diseases. It utilizes community-based interventions like peer education, adolescent health days, and iron supplementation, as well as facility-based adolescent friendly health clinics. The program also focuses on convergence between the health sector and other departments to promote adolescent health.
Public health intervention for newborn in nepalDeepakPandey315
This document summarizes public health interventions for newborns in Nepal. It first provides background on newborns being highest risk in the first 28 days of life. It then outlines the main causes of newborn death in Nepal. The interventions discussed include immunization programs, the "Aama Surakshya" program providing transportation incentives for institutional delivery, newborn care programs, the "Nyano Jhola" program providing newborn clothes/gowns, the Navi Malam umbilical cord chlorhexidine program, nutrition programs, and the CBIMNCI program integrating newborn and child health interventions.
The document provides guidelines for establishing Adolescent Friendly Health Clinics (AFHCs) in Jammu and Kashmir. The key points are:
1. AFHCs aim to make health services accessible, acceptable, appropriate and effective for adolescents by creating private, welcoming spaces and training healthcare staff.
2. Infrastructure recommendations include a separate room or divided space for AFHCs, with comfortable furniture, curtains for privacy, and basic medical equipment.
3. Clinics should be open after school/work hours and provide counseling and clinical services related to sexual health, mental health, nutrition and more.
4. Staff should maintain privacy and confidentiality, and clinics should register clients, conduct out
Swot analysis of safe motherhood program of Nepalsirjana Tiwari
The document provides an overview of Nepal's Safe Motherhood and Newborn Health Program, including its goals, strategies, activities and management. Some key points:
- The program aims to reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality through preventative activities and addressing factors that cause death during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum.
- Major strategies include promoting birth preparedness, the Aama program to promote antenatal checkups and institutional delivery, and expanding emergency obstetric services.
- Key activities include distribution of birth preparedness packages, rural ultrasound programs, expansion of birthing centers and emergency obstetric care sites, and training of skilled birth attendants.
- The program is managed through planning
Health promotion aims to reach optimal health through activities that increase well-being, prevent disease, and control existing disease. It involves empowering communities, policymakers, professionals, and the public to support health-promoting policies, systems, and behaviors. Approaches to health promotion include creating healthy populations by addressing needs across life stages, promoting healthy lifestyles, and developing healthy environments. Challenges to health promotion in developing countries include poverty, economic priorities focused on growth over health, low education levels, political instability, and influence of commercial interests.
The document summarizes key information about adolescents and youth in Nepal. It begins by defining adolescence as the transitional period between childhood and adulthood, noting it is a time of rapid physical, physiological, sexual, social and emotional changes. Some key points made include:
- 1/5 of Nepal's population and 1/3 of its total population are adolescents and youth respectively.
- Adolescents and youth face important health issues like menstrual disorders, premarital sex, STIs/HIV, early marriage, malnutrition, substance abuse, and mental health problems.
- Investing in adolescent health ensures benefits to current and future health and development.
This document discusses adolescent reproductive and sexual health (ARSH) in India. It notes that adolescents aged 10-19 make up 22% of India's population and face increased health risks like anemia, early marriage, teenage pregnancy, and STIs/HIV. The ARSH strategy aims to reduce teenage pregnancies and meet contraceptive needs through health services, capacity building, and communication activities. It also discusses establishing linkages between ARSH and HIV programs to address shared challenges and risks factors cost-effectively. The strategies proposed to promote adolescent health include adopting healthy lifestyles, organizing youth-friendly clinics, providing life skills training, counseling, and empowering adolescents.
The document discusses the history and return of liberalism in relation to public health. It describes how liberalism emerged in the 17th century based on principles of liberty, equality, and civil rights. Over time, liberalism translated these political rights into health rights. The document then outlines some of the key historical contexts where public health issues emerged and were addressed, from sanitation reforms in the 19th century to establishing boards of health to control epidemics. In more modern times after World War 2, liberalism reemerged and solidified health as a basic human right. However, tensions arose between public health measures and personal freedoms, requiring a redefinition of the state's role in health and individuals' exercise of their liberties.
This document discusses preventive obstetrics and focuses on mother and child health as an integrated unit. It outlines how a mother's health impacts the fetus and newborn, and how integrated mother and child health services are important. The key challenges in developing countries are discussed as the triad of malnutrition, infection, and unregulated fertility. Preventing and treating malnutrition and infection in mothers and children is a major part of maternal and child health care. Immunization, nutrition programs, and education are emphasized as important preventive strategies.
This document discusses safe motherhood, including its key components and initiatives to promote it. Safe motherhood aims to ensure women receive high-quality care during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum in order to reduce maternal and infant mortality. It involves initiatives like family planning, antenatal care, skilled birth attendance, emergency obstetric care, and postnatal care for mothers and newborns. Major international conferences and agreements have aimed to promote safe motherhood. National programs in Nepal also work to expand access to safe motherhood services, especially for poor and rural women.
The course offers an opportunity to develop a holistic understanding of Global health, its functions, and scope. The course attendants will learn the principles of Primary Health Care, the course is expected to help the students to understand and internalize international health and public health transition facilitating the integration of health sector with other sectors.
The document summarizes the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion which was adopted in 1986 at the first international conference on health promotion. The charter established five action areas and three strategies for health promotion - building healthy public policy, creating supportive environments, strengthening community actions, developing personal skills, and reorienting health systems using advocacy, enablement, and mediation strategies. It calls on WHO and other organizations to support countries in implementing health promotion strategies and programs.
The document summarizes the background, problems, and strategies for promoting adolescent health in India. It discusses:
- Definitions of adolescence and the physical and mental health problems they face like malnutrition, anemia, depression, early sex, and pregnancy.
- The importance of investing in adolescent health to reduce disease and mortality, protect human capital, and avoid health issues in later life.
- Strategies proposed under the Adolescent Reproductive and Sexual Health program including life skills training, education, counseling, and creating supportive environments.
- The existing policy and program scenario in India including the National Population Policy, National Youth Policy, and Reproductive and Child Health Program's ARSH strategy.
The document discusses global health policies and initiatives. It outlines health policy aims like maintaining and improving population health status. It discusses key global health strategies like Health for All by 2000, the Millennium Development Goals, and Sustainable Development Goals. It provides details on initiatives like the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, GAIN (Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition), and progress made in combating diseases like HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria.
This document discusses constraints and opportunities of youth peer education as a strategy for HIV/AIDS control in Kenya. It identifies several constraints such as inadequate budgetary support, socio-cultural barriers, corruption, high turnover of peer educators, poor recruitment, gender inequality, loose structure of programs, political violence, underdeveloped health sector, and weak training curriculums. However, it also presents opportunities like devolved health services that allow for more local capacity building, and expanding information/communication technologies that allow peer educators to better connect and share information. The document concludes that youth peer education has potential but requires more government and stakeholder support to address challenges and better integrate it within the health system.
Research data from more than 50 countries confirm that there exist strong protective factors against health compromising behaviours in adolescents. This knowledge will help us to balance the traditional focus on risk factors and support the development of interventions that strengthen protective factors in adolescents themselves, in their relations with adults and their wider environment.
This document discusses maternal and child health, with a focus on India. Some key points:
- Women and children make up over half of India's population and are the most vulnerable groups. Major causes of death among children under-5 and mothers are preventable.
- The principles of primary health care and treating the mother-child unit as one are important for providing integrated health services. Activities like antenatal care, safe delivery practices, postnatal care, immunizations, and breastfeeding are covered.
- High-risk groups for maternal and child deaths are identified such as teenage mothers, low birth weight babies, and families with poor access to health services. Efforts are needed to reduce preventable
This document outlines India's Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram (RKSK) or National Adolescent Health Programme. The program was developed by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare in collaboration with UNFPA to provide a comprehensive and holistic approach to adolescent health across India. It aims to improve nutrition, sexual and reproductive health, mental health, prevent injuries and violence, address substance abuse, and screen for non-communicable diseases among 10-19 year olds. The program focuses on peer education, helplines, training, parental involvement, and participatory monitoring to achieve its objectives.
Nepal has successfully reduced under-five mortality and neonatal mortality through various programs. About two in five neonatal deaths occur on the first day of life, and over eight in ten in the first week. The most common causes of neonatal death are sepsis, birth asphyxia, hypothermia, low birth weight, and prematurity. National programs addressing maternal and child health include the Safe Motherhood Program, Integrated Management of Childhood Illness, bi-annual vitamin A supplementation, and immunization. Strategies to further reduce mortality focus on birth preparedness, institutional delivery, and expanding emergency obstetric care. Major challenges include inadequate skilled birth attendants, poor quality of care, and lack of funding and infrastructure especially for
Adolescent Friendly Health Service is a service provided by health institutions that focuses on the welfare of adolescents (10-19 years of age) through the guidance on how to maximize the use of health care services in the adolescents.
Samundratar Health Post, Nuwakot is providing AFHS with its limited resources given.
Unit 3.2 national safe motherhood policy 1998chetraj pandit
The 1998 Safe Motherhood Policy in Nepal aimed to reduce maternal mortality and morbidity. Its objectives were to increase access, availability, and utilization of maternal health services; strengthen the capacity of maternal healthcare providers; strengthen referral services for maternity care; raise public awareness of maternal health and safe motherhood; and improve the legal and socioeconomic status of women. The strategies included promoting inter-sectoral collaboration, strengthening and expanding delivery services by skilled birth attendants and emergency obstetric care at all levels, supporting activities to raise the status of women, and promoting research on safe motherhood.
The document discusses the Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram (RKSK) or National Adolescent Health Programme in India. It was launched in 2014 to promote the health and well-being of adolescents aged 10-19. The program aims to improve nutrition, sexual and reproductive health, mental health, prevent injuries and violence, address substance misuse, and conditions for non-communicable diseases. It utilizes community-based interventions like peer education, adolescent health days, and iron supplementation, as well as facility-based adolescent friendly health clinics. The program also focuses on convergence between the health sector and other departments to promote adolescent health.
Public health intervention for newborn in nepalDeepakPandey315
This document summarizes public health interventions for newborns in Nepal. It first provides background on newborns being highest risk in the first 28 days of life. It then outlines the main causes of newborn death in Nepal. The interventions discussed include immunization programs, the "Aama Surakshya" program providing transportation incentives for institutional delivery, newborn care programs, the "Nyano Jhola" program providing newborn clothes/gowns, the Navi Malam umbilical cord chlorhexidine program, nutrition programs, and the CBIMNCI program integrating newborn and child health interventions.
The document provides guidelines for establishing Adolescent Friendly Health Clinics (AFHCs) in Jammu and Kashmir. The key points are:
1. AFHCs aim to make health services accessible, acceptable, appropriate and effective for adolescents by creating private, welcoming spaces and training healthcare staff.
2. Infrastructure recommendations include a separate room or divided space for AFHCs, with comfortable furniture, curtains for privacy, and basic medical equipment.
3. Clinics should be open after school/work hours and provide counseling and clinical services related to sexual health, mental health, nutrition and more.
4. Staff should maintain privacy and confidentiality, and clinics should register clients, conduct out
Swot analysis of safe motherhood program of Nepalsirjana Tiwari
The document provides an overview of Nepal's Safe Motherhood and Newborn Health Program, including its goals, strategies, activities and management. Some key points:
- The program aims to reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality through preventative activities and addressing factors that cause death during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum.
- Major strategies include promoting birth preparedness, the Aama program to promote antenatal checkups and institutional delivery, and expanding emergency obstetric services.
- Key activities include distribution of birth preparedness packages, rural ultrasound programs, expansion of birthing centers and emergency obstetric care sites, and training of skilled birth attendants.
- The program is managed through planning
Health promotion aims to reach optimal health through activities that increase well-being, prevent disease, and control existing disease. It involves empowering communities, policymakers, professionals, and the public to support health-promoting policies, systems, and behaviors. Approaches to health promotion include creating healthy populations by addressing needs across life stages, promoting healthy lifestyles, and developing healthy environments. Challenges to health promotion in developing countries include poverty, economic priorities focused on growth over health, low education levels, political instability, and influence of commercial interests.
The document summarizes key information about adolescents and youth in Nepal. It begins by defining adolescence as the transitional period between childhood and adulthood, noting it is a time of rapid physical, physiological, sexual, social and emotional changes. Some key points made include:
- 1/5 of Nepal's population and 1/3 of its total population are adolescents and youth respectively.
- Adolescents and youth face important health issues like menstrual disorders, premarital sex, STIs/HIV, early marriage, malnutrition, substance abuse, and mental health problems.
- Investing in adolescent health ensures benefits to current and future health and development.
This document discusses adolescent reproductive and sexual health (ARSH) in India. It notes that adolescents aged 10-19 make up 22% of India's population and face increased health risks like anemia, early marriage, teenage pregnancy, and STIs/HIV. The ARSH strategy aims to reduce teenage pregnancies and meet contraceptive needs through health services, capacity building, and communication activities. It also discusses establishing linkages between ARSH and HIV programs to address shared challenges and risks factors cost-effectively. The strategies proposed to promote adolescent health include adopting healthy lifestyles, organizing youth-friendly clinics, providing life skills training, counseling, and empowering adolescents.
The document discusses the history and return of liberalism in relation to public health. It describes how liberalism emerged in the 17th century based on principles of liberty, equality, and civil rights. Over time, liberalism translated these political rights into health rights. The document then outlines some of the key historical contexts where public health issues emerged and were addressed, from sanitation reforms in the 19th century to establishing boards of health to control epidemics. In more modern times after World War 2, liberalism reemerged and solidified health as a basic human right. However, tensions arose between public health measures and personal freedoms, requiring a redefinition of the state's role in health and individuals' exercise of their liberties.
This document discusses preventive obstetrics and focuses on mother and child health as an integrated unit. It outlines how a mother's health impacts the fetus and newborn, and how integrated mother and child health services are important. The key challenges in developing countries are discussed as the triad of malnutrition, infection, and unregulated fertility. Preventing and treating malnutrition and infection in mothers and children is a major part of maternal and child health care. Immunization, nutrition programs, and education are emphasized as important preventive strategies.
This document discusses safe motherhood, including its key components and initiatives to promote it. Safe motherhood aims to ensure women receive high-quality care during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum in order to reduce maternal and infant mortality. It involves initiatives like family planning, antenatal care, skilled birth attendance, emergency obstetric care, and postnatal care for mothers and newborns. Major international conferences and agreements have aimed to promote safe motherhood. National programs in Nepal also work to expand access to safe motherhood services, especially for poor and rural women.
The course offers an opportunity to develop a holistic understanding of Global health, its functions, and scope. The course attendants will learn the principles of Primary Health Care, the course is expected to help the students to understand and internalize international health and public health transition facilitating the integration of health sector with other sectors.
The document summarizes the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion which was adopted in 1986 at the first international conference on health promotion. The charter established five action areas and three strategies for health promotion - building healthy public policy, creating supportive environments, strengthening community actions, developing personal skills, and reorienting health systems using advocacy, enablement, and mediation strategies. It calls on WHO and other organizations to support countries in implementing health promotion strategies and programs.
The document summarizes the background, problems, and strategies for promoting adolescent health in India. It discusses:
- Definitions of adolescence and the physical and mental health problems they face like malnutrition, anemia, depression, early sex, and pregnancy.
- The importance of investing in adolescent health to reduce disease and mortality, protect human capital, and avoid health issues in later life.
- Strategies proposed under the Adolescent Reproductive and Sexual Health program including life skills training, education, counseling, and creating supportive environments.
- The existing policy and program scenario in India including the National Population Policy, National Youth Policy, and Reproductive and Child Health Program's ARSH strategy.
The document discusses global health policies and initiatives. It outlines health policy aims like maintaining and improving population health status. It discusses key global health strategies like Health for All by 2000, the Millennium Development Goals, and Sustainable Development Goals. It provides details on initiatives like the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, GAIN (Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition), and progress made in combating diseases like HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria.
This document discusses constraints and opportunities of youth peer education as a strategy for HIV/AIDS control in Kenya. It identifies several constraints such as inadequate budgetary support, socio-cultural barriers, corruption, high turnover of peer educators, poor recruitment, gender inequality, loose structure of programs, political violence, underdeveloped health sector, and weak training curriculums. However, it also presents opportunities like devolved health services that allow for more local capacity building, and expanding information/communication technologies that allow peer educators to better connect and share information. The document concludes that youth peer education has potential but requires more government and stakeholder support to address challenges and better integrate it within the health system.
Research data from more than 50 countries confirm that there exist strong protective factors against health compromising behaviours in adolescents. This knowledge will help us to balance the traditional focus on risk factors and support the development of interventions that strengthen protective factors in adolescents themselves, in their relations with adults and their wider environment.
The document makes the case for concerted action on adolescent health, it explains CAH's "4S framework" to strengthen the response of the health sector to adolescents, CAH's systematic approach to scaling up health service provision to adolescents, and the rationale and objectives of CAH's work in focus countries.
It is intended for staff from other departments in WHO working on health issues of relevance to adolescents (e.g. reproductive health or mental health), staff in WHO's Regional and Country Offices, staff in other organizations supporting efforts or working themselves to improve the health of adolescents, and policy makers and programme managers in ministries of health.
The Effectiveness of HIV/Aids Education in Promoting Interventions for A Supp...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: HIV/AIDS education is supposed to not only be a medium of creating awareness but also most importantly promote practices and skills to enable HIV prevention among youth in schools. This article reports on a study whose purpose was to assess the effectiveness of HIV/AIDS education in promoting interventions for a supportive environment in secondary schools. Specifically, the study sought to find out the extent to which interventions for a supportive environment for HIV/AIDS prevention were emphasized to youth; and explore the factors that influenced the promotion of the interventions. The study focused on youth involvement, parental involvement and HIV/AIDS prevention friendly school policies. The findings of the study established that the potential of the youth in enabling HIV/AIDS prevention among their fellow peers was not fully exploited. Parental involvement was low especially among the fathers. Parents rarely engaged in discussions on topics that dealt with sexuality. HIV/AIDS prevention friendly policies were ineffectively promoted in schools. Factors that influenced the promotion of the interventions were explored.
The document discusses young people's health and the importance of meeting their needs as a discrete group. It outlines the following key points:
1) Adolescence involves significant physiological and emotional changes that services must be skilled in addressing, like building resilience to issues like risky behavior, substance abuse, and mental health.
2) Relationships with authority figures are less helpful during adolescence's "chaos" so supportive adult role models are needed.
3) Issues during adolescence have potential for great impact on adult lives, so ignoring or mishandling them sets youth up for difficulties.
Health and Wellbeing Boards should consider soft outcomes over just data and view preventative and developmental aspects as important
An overview of the health situation of youth today is provided in this chapter, which also explores the serious health challenges this vulnerable group is facing with the context of local and global developments. Socio-economic, cultural, educational and other factors affecting young people’s health are examined, and reference is made to particular issues and areas of concern. Emphasis is given to the importance of involving young people in identifying problems and developing solutions to ensure that programmes, policies and health services address their needs.
Ministry of Health & Family WelfareGovernment of IndiaImIlonaThornburg83
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare
Government of India
Improving the health and well-being of women, children and adolescents
and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030 will require more
effective collaboration and joined-up action across sectors, especially at
national and local levels. Some countries are already making great strides in
working together across sectors. The Partnership for Maternal, Newborn &
Child Health (PMNCH) brings together partners to support the development
of 12 country case studies to showcase such successful multistakeholder
collaborations across sectors in six priority areas: early childhood
development; adolescent health and well-being; quality, equity and dignity;
sexual and reproductive health and rights; empowerment of women, girls
and communities; and humanitarian and fragile settings. The case studies
will provide inspiration, insight and ideas, shedding light on what works
and why, and on how to address challenges.
The 12 country case studies, summarized in this document, were selected
from more than 300 responses to PMNCH’s global call for proposals.
They will be launched at the Partners’ Forum on 12-13 December 2018
in New Delhi, where they will be widely profiled and promoted to inform
advocacy and country-level action on collaboration across sectors in the era
of the Sustainable Development Goals. The case studies will be published in
a special issue of The BMJ and disseminated through traditional and digital
media channels.
Country case studies on collaboration
across sectors for women’s, children’s
and adolescents’ health
CAMBODIA
Better data ensures the poorest households are
not left behind
To help target services and assistance to the poorest and most
vulnerable households of Cambodia (an estimated 2.5 million
people), the Government developed a standardized
mechanism to identify households in need. “Identification
of Poor Households” (ID Poor), launched in 2005, is a
collaborative effort between, health, education, agriculture,
interior and social protection sector as well as NGOs and
development partners under the leadership of the Ministry
of Planning. ID Poor’s data are used by a wide range of
development programmes in Cambodia, many of which are
focused on improving maternal and child health and
development outcomes. Improvements in data are facilitating
the effective and efficient reach of services across sectors and
increasing equity for vulnerable women and children. Case
study lead: Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit
(GIZ) in Cambodia.
QUALITY, EQUITY
AND DIGNITY
INDIA
On a mission to rapidly
increase immunization coverage
An unprecedented collaboration between India’s Ministry
of Health & Family Welfare and 11 other ministries aims to
increase immunization coverage among children and pregnant
women to 90% by 2020. Intensified Mission Indradhanush
(IMI), launched by the Prime Minister on 8 October 2017,
is bein ...
Kilifi County in Kenya has high rates of teenage pregnancy due to cultural and socioeconomic factors. This project aims to address this issue by strengthening health worker capacity and increasing access to reproductive healthcare and family planning services, especially in rural areas. It proposes introducing portable ultrasound devices and telehealth solutions to expand medical services. The expected outcomes are improved access to maternal healthcare, increased contraceptive use among youth, and a reduction in teenage pregnancy rates in Kilifi County.
HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES IN UGANDA PRESENTATIONThomas Owondo
Traditional cultural practices: They reflect values & beliefs held by members of a community for periods often spanning generations. Some are beneficial, some have neither benefits nor harms, and some are harmful to a specific group e.g. Female Genital Mutilation & child marriage.
Female genital mutilation (FGM): Any procedure that involves the partial or total removal of external genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons.
Child marriage: Formal marriage or informal union before the age of 18 years.
Harmful traditional practices among adolescents are an important problem:
Over 200 million girls & women are estimated to be living with the effects of FGM which is predominantly performed on girls under the age of 18 years.
Every year, about 12 million girls are married before the age of 18.
Harmful traditional practices among adolescents can have serious health & social consequences:
FGM has no known health benefits,. It can cause immediate health consequences - hemorrhage, shock, infections & death & can cause long-term health & social consequences such as post-traumatic stress disorder & menstrual health problems. Women with type III FGM have an increased likelihood of experiencing problems during child birth. Babies born to children with FGM are at increased risk of neonatal complications.
Child marriage often leads to early childbearing in young girls which is associated with an increased risk of pregnancy-related mortality & morbidity and of increased risk of mortality and morbidity in babies born to a adolescent mothers. Child marriage is also associated with an increased risk of intimate partner violence. Finally, it has a negative effect on educational attainment.
‘Every year, 9.2 million young children (including 3.7 million newborns) and 536,000 mothers die during pregnancy and childbirth, while approximately 76 million unintended pregnancies occur worldwide. The need for strengthened family planning efforts is imperative if the MDGs are to be achieved
The document discusses the importance of family planning in achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) related to reducing child mortality and improving maternal health. It notes that family planning can help reduce unintended pregnancies and slow population growth, making it easier and more affordable to achieve the MDGs. The document then provides background on Nigeria's demographic and family planning situation, and discusses how the NURHI project aims to increase access to and use of modern contraceptives in urban areas through integrated supply and demand initiatives.
An analysis of uptake in hiv voluntary counselling and testing services case ...Alexander Decker
This study examined the uptake of voluntary HIV counseling and testing (VCT) services among students at Mount Kenya University in Kenya. The study found that only 18.4% of students had undergone VCT, despite 90% of HIV prevention programs targeting youth. Key reasons for low uptake included fear of positive results and stigma. The study surveyed 283 students and found that 76% had undergone VCT, with curiosity, seeking early treatment, and determining a partner's faithfulness as top reasons for uptake. Fear of positive results, stigma, and low risk perception were top reasons for non-uptake. The study concludes that VCT centers need to be more youth-friendly to improve uptake among university students.
Adolescent Reproductive Health_Cate Lane_5.6.14CORE Group
Three interventions are proven ineffective for improving adolescent sexual and reproductive health:
1. Youth centers do not effectively deliver sexual health services and have high costs per beneficiary.
2. Peer education alone shows limited effects on behaviors and health outcomes, with greatest impact on peer educators.
3. Child marriage legislation has limited impact, as rates decline for other reasons beyond legal reforms.
Two effective interventions are comprehensive sexuality education, which is most effective when curricula are developed through participatory processes and address knowledge, attitudes and skills. Adolescent friendly health services also increase utilization when providers are non-judgemental, facilities are appealing, and communities are engaged. A focus on positive youth development through skills, participation, relationships and
The Members of the WHO/UNFPA/UNICEF Study Group on Programming for Adolescent Health emphasized the crucial need for the three agencies to provide complementary support to countries, by working within a common technical framework, in order to strengthen and expand the activities in countries aimed at promoting adolescent health in a more systematic fashion. The Common Agenda for Action encourages the three UN agencies with principal interest and experience in the area of adolescent health, to support activities in countries in complementary ways. The Common Agenda is intended to reflect the policies of the three agencies and serve as a basis for discussion at country level in the determination of their support of country-level programming. It also provides specific suggestions for collaborative activities to advance programming for adolescents at different levels.
1) The document discusses adolescent health in Nigeria from 1990-2015, focusing on matching health policy with practice. It describes Nigeria's adolescent health policy and its goals of meeting special needs of adolescents.
2) Key health issues affecting Nigerian adolescents are discussed, including high rates of HIV, early pregnancy, unsafe abortion, and lack of access to health services. Over 30 million Nigerians are between 10-19 years old.
3) The document outlines Nigeria's adolescent health policy framework and strategic trusts, which include improving access to health services, health promotion, and capacity building for healthcare workers on adolescent health issues. Implementation of the policy has faced challenges with poor funding and evaluation.
Acdep's ict4 d project mobile component - presentation at ict4d series - sa...C4CHealthGhana
This presentation outlines ACDEP's mobile component project to promote adolescent sexual and reproductive health in Northern Ghana. The project uses mobile phones to provide health information to target groups like peer educators and mothers. It was kickstarted through workshops. Experiences include establishing a text messaging system with health messages. Plans for 2013 include expanding the project to more clinics, using both SMS and voice messages, and providing phones to target group leaders. The overall goal is to improve access to sexual health information and services for adolescents.
The document discusses strengthening education sector response to reproductive health, HIV, and AIDS through comprehensive sexuality education. It notes that fewer youth are prepared for adulthood, rendering them vulnerable. In Kenya, HIV prevalence among 15-24 year olds is 3.8% and sexual debut has declined to 12 years old. Comprehensive sexuality education in schools can help increase knowledge and skills to prevent diseases and unintended pregnancy by addressing relationships, values, and decision making. Research shows such programs do not increase sexual activity but can promote healthy behaviors and attitudes when culturally appropriate. The education sector aims to collaborate across stakeholders to implement comprehensive sexuality education.
This document provides an introduction to the Adolescence Education Programme in India. Some key points:
- India has over 225 million adolescents aged 10-19, the largest cohort transitioning to adulthood.
- The program aims to address adolescents' reproductive and sexual health concerns including HIV/AIDS and substance abuse.
- India has ratified several international agreements supporting adolescent health and rights.
- Multiple government ministries and programs impact aspects of adolescent lives and development.
- Facts presented show many adolescents face early marriage, pregnancy, gender-based violence, and lack of sexual and reproductive health information and services. The education program seeks to improve outcomes for adolescents.
Assessment of communication messages used in adolescentAlexander Decker
1) The document discusses a study that assessed communication messages used in adolescent reproductive health education among school-going adolescents in Ghana.
2) It was found that the main sources of information were school, media, and mothers. The most common communication channel was inter-personal.
3) There were differences found between male and female adolescents in their perceptions of facing sexual health problems. Effective communication in reproductive health programs is important for educating adolescents.
This document presents Nepal's National Adolescent Health and Development Strategy. It notes that adolescents aged 10-19 make up over 20% of Nepal's population and face many health risks like early pregnancy, STIs, and substance abuse. Currently, half of adolescent girls and one-fifth of boys are married, a quarter are already mothers, and contraceptive use is low. Nutritional deficiencies and poor access to education, especially for girls, also negatively impact adolescent health. The strategy aims to improve adolescent health through increasing access to information, counseling services, and an enabling and supportive environment. It outlines roles for various stakeholders and priorities for the program.
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1. Public Policy and Administration Research www.iiste.org
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Delivery of Youth Friendly Services in Kenya: Towards A
Targeted Approach
Caroline Khasoha Shikuku,
Africa Research Resource Forum, P. O. Box 57103-00200, Mt View Estate off Waiyaki Way, Nairobi, Kenya
Email: cmwamba7@yahoo.com / caroline.shikuku@arrfum.org
Abstract
The Adolescent Reproductive Health and Development Policy respond to the concerns of youths and bring their
reproductive health issues into the development limelight as a whole. This policy has been pivotal in
championing reproductive health issues of the youths and this has paved way to the development of the Plan of
Action to strengthen commitment, partnership, networking and collaboration as well as resource mobilization
efforts among stakeholders.
In the delivery of Youth Friendly Services, the minimum conditions set by the Ministry of Health should be met
in order to call it ‘youth friendly’. These minimum conditions include: affordability and accessibility, safe and
basic range of services, privacy and confidentiality, provider competence and attitude, reliability and
sustainability and an inbuilt monitoring and evaluation system.
Key words: Youth Friendly Services (YFS), targeted approach, integrated approach
1. Introduction
Background to the study
The term youth and adolescents is often used interchangeably; however adolescence implies a much earlier age
from about 10 years and merges into youth. World Health Organization (1995:5) defines youth as persons in the
10- 24 years age group thus combining adolescents age 10- 19 years and youth ages 15-24 years.
World Health Organization (1995:10) defines Youth Friendly Services as “services that are accessible,
acceptable and appropriate for adolescents. They are in the right place, at the right price (free where necessary)
and delivered in the right style to be acceptable to young people. They are effective, safe and affordable. They
meet the individual needs of young people who return when they need to and recommend these services to
friends”.
There are two approaches for delivery of Youth Friendly Services namely: the targeted approach and the
integrated approach. In the targeted approach, services are designed and planned for the youth alone and are
offered in a settings that meet only the needs of youths and do not include other groups. Such settings can be
clinical, non clinical or a combination of both. The integrated approach refers to a situation where young people
receive services as part of the general public, but special arrangements are made to make the services more
acceptable to them (Ministry of Health, Division of Reproductive Health, 2005: 12). The National Guidelines for
provision of youth friendly services continue to state that irrespective of which approach is adopted, certain
minimum conditions must be met in the delivery of Youth Friendly Services to the youths. These include:
affordability and acceptability, basic range of services, privacy and confidentiality, competent and youth friendly
service providers, quality and consistency, reliability and sustainability, and an inbuilt monitoring and evaluation
system.
The problems/ challenges facing Youth in Kenya are quite profound and known as indicated by studies on youth.
More so, youths face many reproductive health challenges today which include drug and substance abuse, HIV/
AIDS, STDs, teenage pregnancies, harmful practices like early marriages, unsafe abortion and teenage
pregnancies. Thus some pertinent questions with regards to this discussion include:
1. What is the pattern of Youth Friendly Services in Kenya?
2. What are the gaps that still exist in delivering Youth Friendly Services in Kenya?
3. What strategies can be used to fill the gaps?
4. What are the training needs of service providers and youths in relation to the provision of Youth
Friendly Services in Kenya
To answer the foregoing question, I will visit some empirical literature to espouse on the reason why Kenya
should embrace on Youth Friendly Services more so using the targeted approach. It will be worthwhile for
the government and other sectors to invest in targeted approach over integrated approach and strengthen the
policies that support reproductive health for the youths in Kenya.
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Problem statement
Young persons aged 10- 24 years, constitute 36% of Kenya’s population and with a large proportion being
adolescents and therefore improving young people’s reproductive health are the key to improving the world’s
future economic and social well being. According to Kenya’s Ministry of Health, Division of Reproductive
Health (2005:1- 4), the youth need specialized reproductive health services because of the high risk of STIs,
HIV/ AIDS, pregnancy and sexual abuse, their specific biological and psychological needs and behavior-related
risks that are responsive to education and counseling, and the severities of consequences of lack of reproductive
health care during adolescence. Effective youth friendly services need to reach all categories of youth.
Why pay attention to the health of adolescents? One reason is to reduce death and diseases in adolescents
now: An estimated 1.7 million young people in Kenya aged from 10 to 19 die each year- mainly from accidents,
violence, pregnancy related problems or illness that are either preventable or treatable. The secondly, to reduce
the burden of diseases in later life thereby investing in health today and tomorrow: Malnutrition in
childhood youth especially of young pregnant women can damage their own health and that of their babies. This
is the age when sexual habits and decisions about risk and protection are formed. Some of the highest infection
rates for sexually transmitted infection are in adolescents. Many diseases of late middle age such as lung cancer,
bronchitis and heart diseases are strongly associated with smoking habit that begins in adolescence. Healthy and
unhealthy practices adopted today may last a lifetime.
The thirdly, to deliver on human rights: Under the Convention on the rights of the Child, governments not only
have a duty to ensure services for good health care but also have a duty to ensure that youths can express
themselves. Lastly, the reason for paying attention to adolescent health is, to protect human capital: Two out of
three adolescents are involved in productive work, while many young women below the age of 20 are already
mothers. The death of any youth is a cost not only primarily a human one but also a cost to the society (Ministry
of Health, Division of Reproductive Health, 2005: 3-4).
Youth Friendly Service is the entry point to HIV prevention, care and treatment in the area of Reproductive
Health. The rapid expansion of care and treatment of youths has increased the need of HTC. This is the reason
why there is need for a Youth Friendly HTC (Ministry of Health, National Aids and STI Control Programme,
2008:2).
Integration of some services into Youth Friendly Services is therefore very important. Integration of Family
Planning Maternal and Child Health Care into YFS will empower youths with knowledge of their status and
will increase their ability to make informed decisions about their future. Due to the strong correlation between
HIV and STI, incorporating STI services into YFS and vice versa is highly recommended (Ministry of Health,
National Aids and STI Control Programme, 2008:27-28).
2. Review of empirical literature
2.1 Adolescent reproductive health and development policy
At the international Conference on Population and Development (ICPD 1994), governments including Kenya
recognized the substantial and largely unmet needs for sexual and reproductive health information and services.
For a long time in Kenya there were no policies supporting the provision of health to adolescents and youth.
Service providers were unclear how to respond to some health and related concerns particularly those touching
on reproductive health. However in response to ICPD Plan of action, concerns expressed in the National
Population Policy for Sustainable Development (NPPSD- 200), The Children Act- 2001, other national and
international Conventions on children and youth, the Government has adopted the Adolescent Reproductive
Health and Development Policy (ARH&D) (UNICEF, 2005:11).
To elaborate on UNICEF’s notion on the policy, currently in Kenya the policy provides a framework to respond
to health and related concerns. In my view it elaborates the Government commitment to “Improve the well-being
and quality of life of young people in Kenya” through provision of health information and services which are
available, accessible, affordable and acceptable (Division of Reproductive Health, 2005: v). The policy hence
addresses concerns on Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health and rights, Youth Friendly services being one
of them. Youths are in a critical age, some are confused, some want their issues dealt with confidentially while
some just need someone to talk to and attend to their concerns and this is the reason why am advocating for the
establishment of YFS in every county in Kenya.
Alcala (2006:19-20) emphasizes that Governments in collaboration with nongovernmental organizations should
establish programmes to meet the needs of adolescents and address adolescent sexual and reproductive health
issues including unwanted pregnancy, unsafe abortion, sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/ AIDS. Countries
must ensure that programmes and attitudes of health care providers do not restrict access of adolescent services
and information they need. They must safeguard the rights of adolescents to privacy, confidentiality, respect and
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informed consent. Countries should remove legal, regulatory and social barriers to reproductive health
information and services to adolescents.
Supporting Alcala’s view, within the integrated and targeted approaches, I would argue that health services can
play an important role in helping adolescents to stay healthy and to complete their journey to adulthood;
supporting young people who are looking for a route to good health, treating those who are ill, injured and
troubled and reaching out to those who are at risk. Effective health services reach adolescents who are growing
up in difficult circumstances as well as those who are well protected by their communities. Youth friendly
Services needs to link with the other key services for adolescents, so that it protects young people against
dangers, and helps them build knowledge, skills and confidence. This is far from being the case in many
countries. Health services often regard adolescents as a healthy group who do not need priority action, and so
provide a minimum subset of adult or pediatric services with no adjustments for the needs of the youths.
All reproductive health programmes should increase their efforts to prevent, detect and treat sexually transmitted
diseases and other reproductive tract infections. All health care providers including family planning providers
should be given specialized training in the prevention, detection of and counseling on sexually transmitted
diseases including HIV/ AIDS. YF Centers should promote supply and distribute high quality condoms to reduce
the spread of HIV and sexually transmitted diseases. Information, education and counseling on responsible
sexual behavior and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/ AIDS should become an integral
component of all reproductive and sexual health services (Alcala, 2006:19-20).
Supporting Alcala’s ideas, technology and globalization has a way of transmitting information to our youths and
therefore Youths keep receiving contradicting information on how to address the daily choices that have lifelong
consequences in their development especially with regards to YFS. These youths need right information
otherwise they are at risk of health problems.
Crouch (2005:1) asserts that Kenya faces the challenge of providing its adolescents with opportunities for a safe,
healthy and economically productive future. The 1994 International Conference on Population and Development
(ICPD) endorsed the right of adolescents and young adults to obtain the highest level of health care. In line with
ICPD recommendations, Kenya has put in place an ARH&D policy to enhance the implementation and
coordination of programmes that address the reproductive health and development needs of young people in the
country. Consistent with what Crouch is asserting, the establishment of Youth Friendly HTC Centers will not
only address reproductive health issues but also contribute to combating HIV/ AIDS and other diseases. This will
be addressed through using mechanisms that reduce the HIV prevalence rate amongst the youths, promotion of
condom use and ensuring the right information reaches the youth. This will reduce HIV prevalence, unwanted
pregnancies, reduce STI/ STD infections and making wrong choices.
Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation (2009: 35-37) affirms that development of adolescent reproductive
health as one of the components of reproductive health is being addressed to some varying degree in Kenya.
Some of the strategies used in adolescent reproductive health to release development include: Advocacy and
policy dialogue, increased utilization of quality Youth Friendly Services, reproductive health awareness creation
among youth and expanding the scope of coverage of Youth Services.
Both Crouch and the Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation have the same views that are geared towards
overall development of the youth. In my opinion they both emphasize on advocacy and policy dialogue and
advocate for elimination of legal and socio cultural barriers that limit access to reproductive health services and
information. They also support the notion of engaging communities to support sustainable youth health
programmes like YFS.
Reproductive health awareness is emphasized both through development of IEC and BCC materials, supporting
school based health education programmes and mass media campaign for reproductive health. This in my view
will go a long way to inform youths on various issues especially HIV/ AIDS and reduce the chances of them
making wrong decisions. The idea of expanding scope and coverage of Youth Friendly Services is noted by both
writers. This in my view will reduce HIV/ AIDS prevalence. This is because many youths will be attracted to go
receive the services, those infected will be advised on how to take care of themselves and those affected will be
advised on how they can protect themselves. The last aspect mentioned by both writers is training staff on youth
friendly ways of dealing with youths. In my view this will attract more youths to be seeking for services at the
HTC Youth Centre.
2.2 Matters arising from the empirical literature
2.2.1 Why focus on youth? Why Youth Friendly Services?
UNICEF (2005:5) emphasizes that in Kenya the adolescent and youth segment represents diverse groups which
on one extreme are regarded as children, whilst on the other, most are fully integrated into adult society and have
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children of their own. Most adolescents and youth represent a positive force of society, an asset now and the
future as they grow into adults. Despite these variations, adolescents represent a period of physical,
psychological and social transformation from childhood to adulthood. As young people pass through puberty and
adolescence, new health concerns arise which are to their sexual and reproductive health malnutrition and
subsequent behavior. Although the overall burden of disease may be lower in adolescents and youths compared
to children and adult population, there are conditions that are much more common and have lifelong devastating
effects on this group. These include sexual and reproductive health problems such as early and unwanted
pregnancies, unsafe abortions, sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/ AIDS, alcohol and drug abuse which
have physical and psychological consequences.
2.2.2 Advantages of targeted approach
These concerns relate to provider characteristics which include: specially trained staff, respect for the youths,
privacy and confidentiality honored, adequate time for youth and provider interaction and availability of
counselors. Health facility characteristics which includes: separate space and special times set aside for
different categories of youth, convenient hours of working for the youths, convenient location, adequate space
and sufficient privacy and comfortable surroundings. Program design characteristics which include: youth
involvement in design and continued feedback, drop in clients welcomed and appointments arranged rapidly, no
overcrowding and short waiting time, affordable fees, publicity and recruitment that inform and reassure youth,
wide range of services available and necessary referrals available. Other possible characteristics which
include: educational materials available on site and to take, group discussion available and alternative ways to
access information, counseling and related services (Ministry of Health; Division of Reproductive Health,
2005:16-20). This is why targeted approach would be more ideal over the integrated approach.
Senderowitz (1999: 11-17), though an old writer, shares exact views with the Division of Reproductive Health
concerning characteristics of Youth Friendly Services. In my opinion, services are youth friendly if they have
policies and attributes that attract youth to the facility or program, provide a comfortable and appropriate setting
for serving youth, meet the needs of young people, and are able to retain their youth clientele for follow-up and
repeat visits. Some of the adaptations and additions needed to make services youth friendly have been identified
by adolescents themselves. Other characteristics have been identified by service professionals, including some
that have been implemented and evaluated as part of an overall effort to provide effective RH services for youth.
3. Conclusion
Meanwhile, all stakeholders should endeavor to use the resources they have to make health facilities youth
friendly to be able to address issues or problems that youth encounter and build a healthy nation in the long run.
While the ideal situation will be to have YFS in a targeted approach, Kenya should meanwhile integrate all its
health facilities to ensure they provide Youth Friendly Services. Targeted approach is a popular approach
because it meets the reproductive health needs and rights of the youths. Youths feel safe and secure in an
environment that is attractive to them. It is noted however that few facilities use targeted approach.
REFERENCES
Alcala’, M. J. A. (2006). Action for the 21st
Century Reproductive Health and Rights for all. New York: Family
Centre International.
Crouch, M. (2005). Adolescent Reproductive Health and Development Policy Plan of Action. Nairobi: National
Coordinating Agency for Population and Development.
Ministry of Health; Division of Reproductive Health. (2005). Adolescent Reproductive Health and Development
Policy Plan of Action 2005-2015. Nairobi: National Coordinating Agency for Population and Development.
Ministry of Health; Division of Reproductive Health. (2005). National Guidelines for Provision of Youth
Friendly Services in Kenya. Nairobi: Government Printers.
Senderowitz, Judith. (1999). Making Reproductive Health Services Youth Friendly. Washington DC: Pathfinder
International.
Sendorowitz, Judith, Gwyn Hainsworth and Cathy Solter. (2003). A Rapid Assessment of Youth Friendly
Reproductive Health Services. Watertown: Pathfinder International.
UNICEF. (2005). Draft Guideline for Provision of Youth Friendly Services in Kenya. Nairobi: UNICEF
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