Delegate Portfolio

Josh Rotkvich
Delegate portfolio
NPT RevCon
Issue Analysis
Advancing Technical Cooperation in the Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy
One of the issues to be discussed at the upcoming Non-Proliferation Review Conference
of 2015 (2015 NPT RevCon) is the issue of technical cooperation in the peaceful use of nuclear
energy. This is a very important issues, and is addressed in the treaty under Article IV of the
treaty. Article IV of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) states:
1) Nothing in this treaty shall be interpreted as affecting the inalienable rights of all the
Parties to the Treaty to develop research, production, and use of nuclear energy for
peaceful purposes without discrimination and in conformity with Articles I and II of this
Treaty.
2) All the Parties to the Treaty undertake to facilitate, and have the right to participate in,
the fullest possible exchange of equipment, materials, and scientific and technological
information for the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. Parties to the Treaty in a position to
do so shall also co-operate in contributing alone or together with other States or
international organizations to the further development of the applications of nuclear
energy for peaceful purposes, especially in territories of non-nuclear-weapon States Party
to the Treaty, with due consideration for the needs of the developing areas of the world.1
The purpose of this Article is to show that the Parties to the Treaty recognize that while nuclear
technology can be used as a weapon, there are also a significant amount of peaceful applications
for nuclear technology that can help benefit mankind. Nuclear energy is not only beneficial to
mankind, but is essential in order for mankind to continue to develop sustainably in today’s
industrial civilization.
Currently, 85% of the world’s energy is provided by fossil fuels, coal, oil, and gas.2
The
burning of fossil fuels injects 23 billion tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere every year,
and half of this carbon dioxide is absorbed into the seas and vegetation.3
This constant output of
1 http://www.un.org/disarmament/WMD/Nuclear/NPTtext.shtml
2 http://ecolo.org/documents/documents_in_english/BENEFITS-of-NUCLEAR.pdf
3 Ibid.

carbon dioxide by the fuels we use today is having unprecedented impact on the environment,
and this trend must be reversed in order to sustain life on this planet and combat global warming.
About 1.3 billion people today do not have access to electricity.4
These people are deprived of
the opportunities energy enables in areas like education, agriculture, business, industry, and
healthcare. On top of that, half the worlds population has no access to clean cooking fuels, and
must rely instead on biomass such as wood or coal.5
These people are forced to rely on coal to
live their lives, and coal is the most polluting energy source on the planet and is one of the
greatest contributors to global warming.6
Nuclear power could help alleviate these problems and contribute to the elimination of
global poverty, while also help combat the growing issue of global warming. Nuclear energy
produces almost no carbon dioxide, nuclear waste is about a million times smaller than fossil fuel
waste, and if used following strict protocols and procedures is safe.7
While there have been
accidents such as Chernobyl in the Ukraine or the Fukushima incident in Japan, there are over
435 operable civil nuclear power reactors that have not experienced any serious accidents.8
It
should also be noted that in the case of the Fukushima incident that the problem was due to a
major tsunami knocking out power to the plant, and that there have been no deaths or causes of
radiation sickness due to the incident.9
One of the major problems involved in the use of nuclear energy is the risk that nuclear
energy can be potentially misused to pursue and develop nuclear weapons.10
While this risk may
4 http://www-naweb.iaea.org/na/resources-na/factsheets/Nuclear%20Applications%20Overview/Rio
%20brochure.pdf
%20brochure.pdf
6 http://ecolo.org/documents/documents_in_english/BENEFITS-of-NUCLEAR.pdf
7 Ibid.
8 http://www.world-nuclear.org/Nuclear-Basics/Global-number-of-nuclear-reactors/
9 http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Safety-of-Plants/Fukushima-Accident/
%20brochure.pdf

seem extreme, it should be noted that to combat this risk the international community,
specifically the United Nation (UN) through the International Atomic Energy Association
(IAEA), has set up safeguards to ensure that States with nuclear energy are not also using this
nuclear technology to procure nuclear weapons.
Outside of nuclear energy, nuclear technology can be used to in other ways that help
benefit mankind. In todays increasingly industrialized world, the need for higher agricultural
production is leading to the contamination of water bodies all around the world, but especially in
developing countries. A process known as electron beam or gamma irradiation can treat
pollutants in water, allowing wastewater to be reused for irrigation, industry, and cleaning
purposes.11
Nuclear medicine is yet another peaceful application for nuclear technology and can
be extremely beneficial to doctors and patients all around the world. Nuclear medicine uses
radiopharmaceuticals to identify and treat illnesses and disease. Radioisotopes release energy in
the form of radiation, which is then detected and transformed into images. The therapeutic
applications of nuclear medicine release energy from radioisotopes to kill cancerous cells in
malfunctioning cells.12
Nuclear technology is also used in the agricultural sector. Isotope
measurements identify and trace the efficiency of crop inputs such as water and fertilizer, gamma
rays sterilize male insects so that when they are returned to the wild they are unable to produce
progeny, and irradiation stops the growth of pests and expands the shelf life of grains, spices, and
processed foods.13
All this helps to ensure higher and more reliable yields that improve farmer
livelihoods and produce better quality and safer foods for consumption. So as it can be seen,
11 http://www-naweb.iaea.org/na/resources-na/factsheets/Industry/Efficient%20Industry,%20Cleaner
%20Environment.pdf
12 http://www-naweb.iaea.org/na/resources-na/factsheets/Human%20Health/Nuclear%20Medicine%20Improving
%20Health%20Around%20the%20World.pdf
13 http://www-naweb.iaea.org/na/resources-na/factsheets/Food%20and%20Agriculture/NA-Factsheets_Food
%20and%20Agriculture.pdf

nuclear technology has the potential to revolutionize the world as we know it, but this technology
can only benefit mankind if it is used properly.
While the IAEA has set up a number of different protocols or safeguards, such as the
quality audit process (QUANUM) for nuclear medicine14
or the Action Plan on Nuclear safety
for nuclear energy,15
the international community must also do its part in ensuring that nuclear
technology is used peacefully. On top of the commitment to the peaceful use of nuclear
technology, Parties to the Treaty should also be committed to advancing the use of nuclear
technology in the developing world. As stated before, nuclear technology can help to eliminate
poverty by providing those in need of access to energy with a clean, sustainable, and reliable
source of energy. However, nuclear technology, specifically nuclear reactors, are expensive to
build. Companies in the U.S. Alone who are planning to build new nuclear units in the near
future are predicting costs of between $6 billion to $9 billion for each 1,100 MW plant.16
What
this translates to is that there is no way developing countries can afford nuclear technology on
their own. That is why the Parties to the Treaty must take their commitment to the NPT,
specifically Article IV, seriously. Parties to the Treaty, especially the developed Parties, must
work closely with developing countries to help expand the peaceful use of nuclear technology
worldwide.
Article X and Measures to Withdrawal From the NPT
The second issue to be discussed at the 2015 NPT RevCon is the issue of Article X and
the right to withdrawal from the NPT. Article X section one of the NPT states:
14 http://www-naweb.iaea.org/na/resources-na/factsheets/Human%20Health/Nuclear%20Medicine%20Improving
%20Health%20Around%20the%20World.pdf
%20brochure.pdf
16 http://www.psr.org/nuclear-bailout/resources/nuclear-power-plant.pdf

Each Party shall in exercising its national sovereignty have the right to withdraw from the
Treaty if it decides that extraordinary events, related to the subject matter of this Treaty,
have jeopardized the supreme interests of its country. It shall give notice of such
withdrawal to all other Parties to the Treaty and to the United Nations Security Council
three months in advance. Such notice shall include a statement of the extraordinary
events it regards as having jeopardized its supreme interests.17
One of the NPT’s purposes is to ensure that the international community is safe from the threat
of nuclear technology being used for military purposes, specifically nuclear weapons of mass
destruction (nuclear bombs).
If a country withdrawals from the NPT, that country is stating that they are no longer
bound to not using nuclear technology to procure nuclear weapons. This obviously has serious
repercussions on the global agreement that the international community should be working
towards the total disarmament of nuclear weapons, as the NPT states. The UN’s ultimate goal,
with the NPT as a pillar to this goal, is to see that nuclear weapon states actively seek to make
disarmament a reality. Unfortunately, these countries are not fully committed to this ideal
themselves for various reasons, one specific country being the United States.
With the conclusion of the Cold War, the United State and Russia have ceased to be such
intense global rivals, yet still retain thousands of nuclear war heads.18
The international
community, specifically the UN and its Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, have stated that
disarmament and the implementation of the NPT are of the utmost importance for the security of
mankind.19
However, the nuclear weapon states seem to take a different stance. There is a split
in the US between those who believe that nonproliferation requires progress toward nuclear
disarmament and those who believe that a strong nuclear deterrent is essential and that
17 http://www.un.org/disarmament/WMD/Nuclear/NPTtext.shtml
18 Getting to Zero: The Path to Nuclear Disarmament, ch 5.
19 UN DPI, Nuclear Disarmament ‘Not an Idealistic Dream’ But Urgent Necessity for Human Security, Says
Secretary-General in International Day Message, 2014.

nonproliferation and disarmament are unrelated.20
There is a real fear in the US, and with good
reason, that if the US does not posses nuclear weapons that there is nothing stoping North Korea
or Iran from obtaining nuclear weapons for themselves. The US, over the years, has put
considerable pressure on Iran and North Korea to abandon their nuclear program.21
The fear of either North Korea or Iran having nuclear weapons programs is very real in
the US. The reason for this fear is due to the fact that in 2006 North Korea conducted nuclear
tests.22
Another great fear in the US is that terrorists will obtain nuclear weapons and seek to use
them to hurt the US. These fears, as well as the inability to agree on what works best as
deterrence amongst those in the US, is causing a divide in one of the most important, if not the
most important, nuclear weapon states. This divide and fear has meant that the US Senate has
not yet ratified the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT).23
Without such a powerful
nation on the CTBT, the treaty looses some credibility, and hurts the overall international effort
towards the total disarmament of nuclear weapons. While the US not ratifying the CTBT may be
cause for concern, so is the fact that North Korea is actively pursuing nuclear weapons.
While acceding to the NPT in 1985, Pyongyang has refused to sign a nuclear safeguards
treaty with the IAEA.24
Then in 1994, North Korea announced that it was exercising its right to
withdrawal from the NPT under article X.1 as well as continuing its non-compliance with the
IAEA Safeguards Agreement.25
As a result the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) issued
Resolution 825 which condemned the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea’s (DPRK or North
20 CRS Report for Congress. http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?
verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA480872
21
http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/publications/pointer/journals/2011/v37n1/feature3/_jcr_content/imindefPars/dow
nload/file.res/3.%2021-31%20Novelty%20of%20Warfare%20in%20the%20Contemporary%20Era.pdf
22 Ibid. 51
23 http://www.nti.org/media/pdfs/apmctbt_2.pdf?_=1328040541&_=1328040541
24 North Korea and the Bomb
25 United Nations Security Council Resolution 2094 on nuclear Nonproliferation in North Korea, Introductory Note
by Klara Tothova Jordan.

Korea) intention to withdraw from the NPT.26
North Korea ultimately agreed to remain a party
to the NPT and to end its nuclear program.
However, in 2003 problems arose again between the IAEA and North Korea, which will
ultimately be discussed under the third issue analysis. As for Iran’s nuclear program with the
dual purpose of providing nuclear energy with a military option was started under the late Shah
Ayatollah Khomeini. However, this program was eventually shut down under the same Shah
until it was revived when Iran was isolated in its struggle against its aggressing neighbor Iraq.27
North Korea’s actions in 1994 were the first and only instance of a country exercising Article X.1
of the NPT. This raises the question of wether or not Article X.1 should remain in the NPT. The
debate is ongoing.
Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula
The third topic to be discussed at the 2015 NPT RevCon is the denuclearization of the
Korean Peninsula. This issues is different than the other two issues in that it is not directly
related to one of the articles of the NPT. However, the issue shares equal importance, if not
more, as the other two and is directly related to the second issue of Article X and measures to
withdrawal from the NPT. The Korean nuclear crisis started back in the 1960s when the Soviet
Union provided North Korea with a research reactor and training for Korean engineers. Then
North Korean leader Kim Il Sung tried to build a nuclear weapon but was not granted assistance
from the Chinese or Russians. In 1989, an American satellite captured images of an advanced
weapons facility near the town of Yongbyon.28
To this point, the United States had placed tactical
nuclear weapons in South Korea. When it was discovered that North Korea was building a bomb
for themselves the United States had to appeal to China and Russia to pressure North Korea into
26 Ibid.
27 The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and India.
28 Proliferation on the Peninsula: Five North Korean Nuclear Crises.

submitting to IAEA inspections. No progress was made however, until the United States pulled
these missiles out of South Korea in 1991.29
Part of the reason for no progress being made before the withdrawal of the US’s missiles
was due to China, while wishing to see a nuclear-free zone in the peninsula, wished to do so
through dialogue rather than pressures.30
While China had made it clear it would not help North
Korea’s nuclear program, it also would not force the DPRK to stop the program.31
Months after
this withdrawal of tactical missiles, the governments of North and South Korea agreed to keep
the Korean peninsula nuclear weapons free. As a result of these talks, the DPKR also submitted
to IAEA inspections, but not before North Korea reprocessed a small amount of spent fuel from
its reactor. When the IAEA discovered the the DPRK produced more plutonium than it had
declared North Korea refused the IAEA access to the spent fuel storage area for a more detailed
examination.32
The issue heated up yet again in 1994 when the Yongbyon reactor completed its fuel
cycle and the DPRK announced its withdrawal from the NPT and order the international
inspectors to leave North Korea.33
This caused a flurry of international activity, including a plan
between the US, Japan, and South Korea to impose heavy sanctions on the DPRK. As a result,
the DPRK declared that sanctions would be considered an act of war. Both sides prepared for
war until Kim Il Sung agreed to freeze Yongbyon nuclear activities and began serious
negotiations, leading to what was known as the Agreed Framework.34
Under this Agreed
Framework the DPRK indefinitely froze activity at Yongbyon, South Korea and Japan agreed to
build new commercial light water reactors for the DPRK, and America agreed to supply fuel oil
29 Ibid.
30 China’s Policy Toward the Korean Peninsula
31 China’s Policy Toward the Korean Peninsula
33 Ibid.

to North Korea until the completion of the reactors.35
Fortunately, the 1994 Agreed Framework
successfully froze North Korea’s plutonium-based nuclear program for a time, but was unable to
resolve the issue of past nuclear activities or removing known fuel from the country.36
Failure to completely end the DPRK’s nuclear program lead to yet another set back on
August 31, 1998, when a three-stage projectile was launched from Musoodan-ni, North Korea.37
This lead to the immediate halting of all agreed activities between the countries. The Japanese
government, after looking into the missile and determining no satellite was launched into orbit as
the DPRK had claimed, postponed its signature of a contract specifying Tokyo’s burden-sharing
budget in the $4.6 billion light-water reactor project proposed under the Agreed Framework of
1994.38
However, on March 16, 1999, the US, Japan, and South Korea were able to reach an
agreement with the DPRK allowing the US access to the suspected underground nuclear site at
Kumchang-ni, North Korea, in exchange for 600,000 tons of food aid for the DPRK.39
Relations
between the US, Japan, South Korea, and North Korea were improving, and even closing in on a
desired agreement for North Korea’s nuclear program until the Bush Administration took office.
Bush broke off dialogue with North Korea in 2000 and for the next year and a half no dialogue
took place between the US and the DPRK.40
The failure to effectively end North Korea’s nuclear aspirations lead to the October 2002
charges that the DPRK was undertaking a uranium-based nuclear program, the collapse of the
Agreed Framework, and eventually North Korea’s withdrawal from the NPT.41
It was discovered
that North Korea was yet again conducting a secret nuclear program separate from the Yongbyon
35 Ibid.
36 Rebels Without a Cause: North Korea, Iran, and the NPT.
38 South Korea’s Missile Dilemmas.
39 Ibid.
41 Rebels Without a Cause: North Korea, Iran, and the NPT.

facility using highly enriched uranium (HER) in the place of plutonium. As a result the US,
Japan, and South Korea ceased their operations promised under the Agreed Framework and
dialogue between these parties ceased until China intervened. China pressured the DPRK into
multilateral meetings, leading to what is known as the Six Party Talks (SPT) between the US,
North Korea, China, Russia, Japan, and South Korea.42
The first three talks taking place in
Beijing during the Bush administration’s first term were unsuccessful and yet again no progress
was made in ending North Korea’s nuclear program. Things went from bad to worse in February
of 2005 when New York Times writer James Brooke reported
In a surprising admission, North Korea’s hard-line Communist government declared that
it has nuclear weapons. It also said that it will boycott United States-sponsored regional
talks designed to end its nuclear program, according to a North Korean Foreign Ministry
statement transmitted today by the nation’s wire service.43
The situation worsened still in 2006 when North Korea conducted its first underground nuclear
test.44
This resulted in heavy sanctions by the US, causing increased economic hardship within
the DPRK.
In February 2007, the SPT members were able to reach an agreement on a
denuclearization plan, and in the second half of 2007 Pyongyang began disabling the Yongbyon
plant yet again.45
Furthermore, in mid-2008 Pyongyang made even more concessions by
providing the US with extensive details of its nuclear program and further dismantling the
Yongbyon reactor, which resulted in the further easing of US sanctions.46
However, the DPRK
failed to agree to a verification protocol for its nuclear program by the end of the Bush
administration and restarted its nuclear program, barring nuclear inspections in order to pressure
US negations. In May 2009, the DPRK conducted another nuclear test, which lead the US to
43 http://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/10/international/asia/10cnd-korea.html?_r=0
44 The Six-Party Process, Regional Security Mechanisms, and China-U.S. Cooperation
45 The Six Party Talks on North Korea’s Nuclear Program

push for tougher sanctions at the UNSC.47
Talks between the US and the DPRK did not resume
in 2009.
The situation was aggravated further with the North Korean sinking of a South Korean
naval vessel in March 2010.48
In July and October of 2011, Washington and Pyongyang held
bilateral discussions on the possibility of resuming the SPT, but no real progress was made until
February 2012. Under new leadership, Pyongyang agreed to suspend nuclear tests and allow the
IAEA back in for inspections. Yet once again the DPRK did not stand by what it said it would do
when North Korea launched a long-range rocket test.49
Not only did the DPRK carry out long-
range rocket tests, but also conducted its third underground nuclear test on 13 February, 2013.50
In response, led by China and the US, the UNSC adopted Resolution 2094 in March of
2013. Resolution 2094 condemned the DPRK’s nuclear activities, reaffirmed the DPRK’s
obligation to abandon all existing weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missile projects, and
further expanded financial and economic sanctions that might contribute to the DPRK’s illicit
programs.51
Since 2013, China and Russia have both expressed interests in resuming the SPT
negotiations. Both Russia and China have sought, since 2014, to use their influence in
Pyongyang to bring the DPRK back to the negotiating table. While no progress has been made
yet, it appears that tensions are once again easing, and there is hope in the international
community that talks will resume soon.
Policy Positions
47 Ibid.
48 Understanding China’s Response to North Korea’s Provocations
50 North Korea in 2013: Economy, Executions, and Nuclear Brinkmanship
51 United Nations Security Council Resolution 2094 on Nuclear Nonproliferation in North Korea, Introductory note
by Klara Tothova Jordan

As an island country, Singapore is extremely concerned by the effects of climate change.
On top of the fact that Singapore is an island state, Singapore is very limited for space and
environmental resources. As a result, environmental sustainability has been a key part of
Singapore domestic and foreign policy. Singapore is so concerned with its long term survival
from an environmental standpoint that in 2010, in response to the recommendations of the
Economic Strategies Committee, conducted a comprehensive study to determine if nuclear
energy was a good fit for Singapore. The study focused on energy security, environmental
sustainability, and economic competitiveness. The study covered nuclear safety, security, risk
assessments, human resource development, and nuclear energy systems and demand. As a result
of this study, the government of Singapore concluded that
Nuclear energy technologies presently available are not yet suitable for development in
Singapore. The latest designs of nuclear power plants are much safer than older designs
which remain in use in any countries. However, the risk to Singapore, given that we are a
small and dense city, still outweigh the benefits at this point... Singapore needs to
continue to monitor the progress of nuclear energy technologies to keep our options open
for the future.52
In reference to this study and Singapore’s concern for nuclear safety, delegate Leonard Lin
addressed the First Committee of the UN on 10 October 2011 signifying the Fukushima accident
as a wake up call for the urgent need to address issues of nuclear safety.53
The study also stated
that Singapore should focus on strengthening capabilities to understanding nuclear technology
and science in order to enable Singapore to access the implications of evolving nuclear energy
technologies and regional nuclear energy developments. Singapore also pledged in this
document on the findings of the study to support research in relevant areas of nuclear science and
52 http://www.mti.gov.sg/NewsRoom/Documents/Pre-FS%20factsheet.pdf
53 http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-
fora/1com/1com11/statements/10Oct_Singapore.pdf

engineering, and train a pool of scientists and experts through education programs in local and
overseas universities.54
As a result of this study, Singapore revamped its efforts to contribute to the spread of
peaceful uses in nuclear technology. Through working with the IAEA in providing technical
assistance to developing Member States in order to ensure the safe and peaceful application of
nuclear technologies since 2000, on 26 January 2015, the IAEA and Singapore singed a
Memorandum of Understanding on the Singapore-IAEA Third Country Training Programme
(TCTP).55
This new Memorandum not only formalized and strengthened the already fruitful
relationship between the IAEA and Singapore, but also laid the framework for future technical
assistance across areas such as nuclear medicine, safety, public education, industry, and
environment. Under this new Memorandum, IAEA member states will nominate and send
candidates to training events hosted by Singapore. The Third Party Training Programme
includes English-language seminars, workshops, and scientific visits.56
All these efforts are
making an impression on the IAEA and the international community. As Ambassador Foo
Kok Jwee stated
To date, we have organized 23 scientific visits, 93 fellowship attachments, and 29
regional training events in subjects including nuclear medicine, radiotherapy, and
radiation protections.57
Singapore, under this new Memorandum will continue to seek new ways to provide technical
assistance through professional training for the benefit of developing IAEA Member States, but
only if these member states pledge to safely and securely use nuclear technology peacefully.
In a general statement by the delegation of Singapore at the first preparatory committee
of the 2015 NPT RevCon in May 2012, Singapore stated its position on the Peaceful Uses of
54 http://www.mti.gov.sg/NewsRoom/Documents/Pre-FS%20factsheet.pdf
55 http://www.iaea.org/technicalcooperation/Regions/Asia-and-the-Pacific/News/02032015-TCTP.html
56 http://www.iaea.org/technicalcooperation/Regions/Asia-and-the-Pacific/News/02032015-TCTP.html
57 Ibid.

Nuclear Technology (PUNE). Singapore stated that while it strongly supports the rights of
sovereign states to pursue PUNE under Article IV, this right does not come without
responsibilities.58
Singapore pointed out the fact that the development of certain nuclear
technologies leads to the capabilities and knowledge that could be used to pursue nuclear
weapons programs through uranium enrichment or plutonium reprocessing. To lessen this risk,
the delegation from Singapore proposed that to help build international confidence all countries
should promote transparency by establishing genuine dialogue and cooperation with the IAEA
and its established safeguards.59
At the third preparatory committee for the 2015 NPT RevCon
between 28 April to 9 May 2014, Ambassador Karen Tan made a statement to the committee
about the peaceful use of nuclear science and technology. In her statement, Ambassador Tan
point out that while Singapore supports the rights of sovereign states to peacefully use nuclear
science and technology, this use does not come without the responsibility to ensure that this
science and technology is carried out in a safe, secure, and safeguarded manner.60
Tan stressed
that as more countries consider the use of nuclear energy for the first time that the international
community can assist in sharing knowledge and expertise. Tan also stressed that the IAEA
should assist with training and other capacity building programs to help countries establish the
necessary regulatory and legal infrastructures to promote the highest standards of nuclear safety
and security.61
This was not a challenge to the IAEA, but rather a call to other Member States to
the NPT to use the IAEA rather than trying to do thing on their own.
fora/npt/prepcom12/statements/3May_Singapore.pdf
fora/npt/prepcom12/statements/3May_Singapore.pdf
fora/npt/prepcom14/statements/30April_Singapore.pdf
61 Ibid.

In conclusion, at the upcoming 2015 NPT RevCon, Singapore will seek to promote
PUNE, based off of Singapore’s past actions and statements at the preparatory committees
leading up to 2015’s RevCon. However, while Singapore is committed to the spread of PRUNE,
Singapore will not support PUNE without Member States wishing to do so following IAEA
safeguards and procedures.
As has been stated before, Singapore is strongly committed to the NPT and what the NPT
stands for, nuclear disarmament. The issue of states being able to withdraw form the NPT under
Article X is that states that choose to do this are no longer bound under the treaty to commit to
the peaceful use of nuclear technology. This is a serious threat to not just Singapore, but the rest
of the world as well. Focusing on the specific example of North Korea helps to highlight the
flaws present in Article X. Since North Korea has withdrawn from the NPT, the DPRK’s nuclear
program is no longer regularly inspected by the IAEA to ensure that all nuclear activity is in a
peaceful manner. This means the the DPRK could be developing nuclear weapons at
unmonitored facilities. This is a huge threat to not just Singapore, but the entire international
community. North Korea is has not been known to make rational decisions, and if they do gain
nuclear weapons on a large scale the results could be absolutely devastating. Article X actually
undermines the NPT in that it allows countries to import or develop nuclear technology and then
walk away from the treaty to make bombs.62
Singapore does not fully support the ability of Member States to withdrawal from the
Non-Proliferation Treaty under Article X. As a nation, Singapore has been actively committed to
the peaceful use of nuclear technology, nuclear disarmament, global and regional non-
62 http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB987.pdf

proliferation initiatives, and confidence building measures to promote peace and security.
Singapore has demonstrated this commitment to Member States through its support for UN
Security Council Resolution 1540 regarding the non-proliferation of weapons of mass
destruction, as well as Singapore’s participation in international disarmament and non-
proliferation treaties such as the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty, the Treaty on the Non-
Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, and the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free
Zone.63
The ability for Member States to withdrawal from the Treaty on the Non-proliferation of
Nuclear Weapons not only Jeopardizes Singapore’s security, but it jeopardizes the security of the
entire world. As a nation committed to the peaceful use of nuclear technology Singapore
strongly urges the Member States to reconsider Article X and its application.
In regards to the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula, Singapore strongly supports
the idea that the Peninsula should be disarmed. Singapore is generally committed to the overall
disarmament of all nuclear weapon states, in order to help ensure the safety of non-nuclear
weapon states. Of all the issues at the conference, I believe this is the most important issue for
not just Singapore but the entire world. North Korea’s possession of a nuclear bomb is
extremely dangerous to the world. Being that North Korea is in relatively close proximity to
Singapore, the denuclearization of the peninsula is of upmost importance.
Singapore has shown its dedication to the complete nuclear disarmament of the world,
especially in 1997. In 1995, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia,
Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam proposed a Southeast Asian Nuclear-
Weapon-Free-Zone (SEANWFZ). Under this treaty, Singapore and its fellow Southeast Asian
63 http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/naruhodo/data/pdf/data2-3.pdf

countries stated that while they were dedicated to the peaceful use of nuclear technology, no
country that is a member to this treaty will develop nuclear weapons in the area, nor allow other
countries to develop, stockpile, or test nuclear weapons in the region.64
SEANWFZ is proposed
to last indefinitely. SEANWFZ is just one of the proponents of Singapore’s commitment to a
nuclear free world. Singapore is also a member to the CTBT. Singapore is also a firm supporter
of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC).65
All this shows that Singapore is committed to a global peace and security, because global
peace and security is best for Singapore. This is true because Singapore is one of the world
largest international shipping hubs, and since 2003, Singapore has been improving its export
control system to regulate the transfer of strategic goods and technology that could have potential
WMD applications.66
As a result of Singapore’s commitment to global peace, Singapore would
urge North Korea to return to the negation table in regards to shutting down its nuclear program.
Singapore would like to see the Six Party Talks (SPT) to resume post haste. Singapore, in a
speech at the third session of the preparatory committee for the 2015 NPT RevCon, urged the
DPRK to also comply with all relevant UNSC Resolutions, and to cooperate with the IAEA in
the full and effective implementation of its comprehensive safeguard agreement.67
In August of
2014, the DPRK Minister of Foreign Affairs Ri Su Yong met with Singapore Minster for Foreign
Affairs K Shanmugam to discuss the stability of the Korean Peninsula.68
This has not been the
only meeting between the two countries, and every time the two sides meet, the topic is peace on
64 http://cns.miis.edu/inventory/pdfs/aptbang.pdf
65
http://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/overseasmission/newyork/nyemb_statements/first_committee/2012/201210/pres
s_20121101.html
66
http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/press_room/official_releases/nr/2009/oct/27oct09_nr/27oct09_speech.print.noim
g.html
fora/npt/prepcom14/statements/30April_Singapore.pdf
68 http://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/media_centre/press_room/pr/2014/201408/press_20140814.printable.html?
status=1

the peninsula. This is a very important issue for both sides, because a stable Korean Peninsula
would benefit the whole region, that region being ASEAN.
In conclusion, Singapore is fully committed to a nuclear weapons free world. Singapore
would like to see Nuclear Weapons States further reduce their nuclear stockpiles. Singapore,
being a major trading hub, is concerned with the possibility of nuclear weapons passing through
their ports, and has actively taken measures to reduce this risk. Singapore has held multiple
meeting with various DPRK officials in order to try and strengthen relations both between the
countries and in the region. If the Korean Peninsula can be denuclearized and generally
stabilized the entire region (ASEAN) would benefit.
Bloc Positions
In regards to a bloc position for Singapore and advancing technical cooperation in the
peaceful use of nuclear energy, Singapore is only willing to work with countries that have signed
and ratified the NPT as well as IAEA safeguards. These countries will include members of
ASEAN.69
Singapore has also worked with countries such as Australia, Canada, France,
Germany, Japan, Luxembourg, United States of America, New Zealand, and Norway. Singapore
also works closely with the IAEA to help advance the peaceful use of nuclear technology.
Additionally, according to a working paper submitted at the third preparatory meeting in New
York in 2014, the group of Non-Aligned States (also known as NAM) is committed to the
inalienable right of all the parties to the Treaty to develop research, produce, and use nuclear
energy for peaceful purposes.70
Singapore, being a member of NAM, will work with fellow
NAM countries on all the issues presented at the conference.
69 ASEAN and the Management of Regional Security
70 http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=NPT/CONF.2015/PC.III/WP.4

In the case of Article X and measures to withdraw from the NPT Singapore will work
with many of the same countries it would work with for the above topic, especially NAM
members.
For the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula, Singapore is will to work with both
sides of the argument to help reach a solution. The sides would be considered the DPRK and
countries such as China and Russia on one side, and the United States, Japan, and South Korea
on the other. The Six Party Talks have not happened for too long, and tensions on the peninsula
are growing. Singapore is likely to work with all of the above mentioned countries, as well as
ASEAN, and Non Alignment Movement (NAM) states to help advance negotiations.71
In 2010,
Singapore submitted a working paper at 2010 NPT RevCon on the topic of Non-proliferation of
nuclear weapons and on strengthening the IAEA safeguards. The working paper was submitted
by Japan, Australia, Belgium, Finland, France, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, New Zealand, Norway,
Peru, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, and Uruguay.72
Strategy
I believe that for the conferences, it will be important to take into consideration what the
US has to say on the issues presented. Singapore has very close ties with the US, and often
partakes in joint operations with the US. So for the topic of peaceful use of nuclear technology
Singapore would work closely with the US, and as such I will seek to do the same. However,
71 http://www.nti.org/treaties-and-regimes/non-aligned-movement-nam/
72 http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=NPT/CONF.2010/WP.5/Rev.1

when it comes to the topic of the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula, Singapore would
likely exchange dialogue between China and the US. I believe that as a representative of
Singapore, I will be able to provide a bridge between the two sides of the argument. As
previously stated, China and Russia are working with, and urging, North Korea to return to the
negotiation table. I believe that if I can be a bridge between the two sides that there is a chance
for progress toward resuming the talks. I also believe that it will be important to talk to North
Korea myself.
Singapore and the DPRK have held meetings between high ranking officials over the past
few years, improving the relationship between the two countries. A stable Korean Peninsula is
good for not just Singapore, but for the world. However, a stable Korean Peninsula is also good
for ASEAN. If the DPRK accepts the IAEA safeguard system and rejoins the NPT, Singapore
and the region of East Asia would benefit. Singapore has worked closely with the IAEA, and if
the IAEA is present at the conference I will work closely with their representative to advance
nonproliferation. In regards to strategy for addressing Article X, it will be important to speak
with countries who have not yet acceded to the NPT. A nuclear free world is very important, and
it starts with everyone signing on to the NPT. I believe I will work closely with the US in order
to try and get both Iran and North Korea back in the NPT.
Resolutions
Code: Draft Report Segment 1
Committee: Non-Proliferation Treaty Review Conference (NPT RevCon)
Topic: Advancing Technical Cooperation in the Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy
I. Introduction
A. Advancing Technical Cooperation in the Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy
1. Considering the devastation that would be visited upon all mankind by a nuclear war and the
consequent need to make every effort to avert the danger of such a war and to take measures to

safeguard the security of peoples, the international community opened up the Treaty for the
Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons for signature in 1968.
2. As of March 2015 a total of 190 parties have joined the NPT, including the five nuclear-
weapon States. More countries have ratified the NPT than any other arms limitation and
disarmament agreement to date.
3. According to Article III section 2 of the NPT each State Party to the Treaty, the Treaty Parties
are not allowed to share equipment or fissionable materials with other countries unless both
are members of the NPT and are both willing to submit to the safeguards required by this
article.
4. In accordance with Article IV all Parties to the Treaty have the right to develop research,
production, and the use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes so long as they submit to
IAEA safeguards and inspections. It is also understood in this article, specifically section 2,
that State Parties should, either individually or together with other States, help further the
development of peaceful nuclear technology in the developing world.
II. Mandate
This section will be provided by NMUN.
III. Conclusions and Recommendations
A. Advancing Technical Cooperation in the Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy
5. The State Parties would recommend increasing the IAEA nuclear safeguard protocols to make
them more strict in order to not only prevent the chance of proliferation, but to also ensure that
all nuclear operation are safely conducted.
6. The State Parties recommend opening up negotiations with Member States of the UN who
have not acceded to the NPT to do so. This would further ensure that the international
community as a whole is dedicated to doing everything in its power to prevent nuclear war, as
well as help these nations begin the process of benefitting from the peaceful uses of nuclear
energy.
7. The NPT encourages State Parties to aid the developing countries in the procurement of
peaceful nuclear technology so long as they submit to IAEA safeguards. The state parties
would encourage the developed countries, especially the nuclear-weapon states, to aid the
developing world in wither financial or technological ways.
Resolution 2
Code: Draft Report Segment 1
Committee: Non-Proliferation Treaty Review Conference (NPT RevCon)

Topic: The Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula
I. Introduction
A. The Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula
1. In the 1960’s, the Soviet Union provided the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (DPRK)
with a research reactor and training for Korean engineers in the field of nuclear technology.
The DPRK sought to obtain nuclear technology in the hopes of eventually developing a bomb,
however, Russia and China refused to assistant in the proliferation of nuclear weapons.
2. In 1985, North Korea acceded to the Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), but Pyongyang refused to
sign a nuclear safeguard treaty with the IAEA. Then in 1989, American satellites captured
images of advanced weapons facilities near the DPRK’s town of Yongbyon. Prior to this
discover, under the pretense that the DPRK had or was close to developing a nuclear weapon,
the United States placed strategic nuclear missiles in South Korea. As a result, the DPRK
continued to progress with its nuclear program. The United States appealed to China and
Russia to pressure North Korea into submitting to IAEA inspection, but there was no progress
on the issue until the US pulled its missiles out of South Korea in 1991.
3. In 1994, North Korea announced that it was withdrawing from the NPT under Article X.1.
Also, the reactor at Yongbyon completed its fuel cycle, meaning that North Korea possessed
the ability to reprocess this fuel and turn it into nuclear weapons. As a result, the United
Nations Security Council (UNSC) issued Resolution 825, condemning the DPRK’s actions.
Kim Il Sung agreed to freeze the activities at Yongbyon and established the Agreed
Framework. The Agreed Framework was designed to end North Korea’s nuclear program and
ultimately denuclearize the peninsula.
4. However, in 1998, the DPRK launched a three-stage projectile from Musoodan-ni, which lead
to the ceasing of the terms established under the Agreed Framework. The DPRK claimed it
was launching a satellite into space, but the government of Japan determined that no satellite
was launched. In March of 1999, the US, Japan, and South Korea were able to reach an
agreement with the DPRK allowing the US access to North Korea’s suspected underground
nuclear site at Kumchang-ni.
5. In October 2002, the US charged the DPRK with accusations that the DPRK was developing a
uranium-based nuclear program. As a result, negotiations between the involved parties ceased
until 2005 when the Six Party Talks (SPT) between China, Russia, the DPRK, South Korea,
Japan, and the US. By 2008 the SPT lead to an agreement between the parties that the DPRK
would dismantle the reactor at Yongbyon and provide the US with extensive details in regards
to the DPRK’s nuclear program. However, there was a failure to reach an agreed verification
protocol for the end of the DPRK’s nuclear program and in 2009 the DPRK conducted another
nuclear test. SPT talks were permanently suspended, and have yet to resume. The UNSC
passed resolution 2094, led by the US and China, in March of 2013. Since this resolution in
2013, China and Russia have expressed interest in resuming SPT negotiations.
II. Mandate

This section will be provided by NMUN.
III. Conclusion and Recommendations
A. Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula
6. The State Parties to the treaty strongly urge North Korea to resume its commitment to nuclear
nonproliferation by ending its weapons program and rejoin the NPT.
7. The State Parties are deeply concerned that SPT negotiations have not yet resumed and urges
both sides to consider the devastation that would be visited upon the world in the event of a
nuclear war.
8. The State Parties call on the UNSC to take the matter seriously, and urges the UNSC to do
everything within its power to help see negotiations are resumed post haste.
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