- 825 undergraduate students completed questionnaires measuring aggression and donated DNA samples which were genotyped.
- Males reported higher aggression scores than females on the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire. However, genetic variation in the serotonin 1B receptor gene (HTR1B rs13212041) was not associated with aggression scores.
- While some prior research linked the G allele of rs13212041 to lower aggression, this study found no effect, possibly because previous studies focused on specific types of aggression rather than general aggression.
An Analysis of Autism as a Contingency-Shaped Disorder of Verbal Behavior
Philip W. Drash
Autism Early Intervention Center
2901 West Busch Blvd., Suite 807, Tampa , FL 33618
E-mail: inteldev@aol.com
Phone: (813) 936-7183
Roger M. Tudor
Westfield State College
Data collection methods to improve reproducibilityDigital Science
"Reproducibility, data collection, and laboratory management technologies" - Louis Culot, CEO of Biodata
Slides from Shaking It Up: Challenges and Solutions in Scholarly Information Management, San Francisco, April 22, 2015
Childhood Maltreatment and PTSD Literature Review and Proposed StudyAlexandraPerkins5
This literature and proposed study explores several research articles relating to childhood maltreatment and PTSD. The second section proposes a hypothetical study to further explore a gap identified in the literature review.
An Analysis of Autism as a Contingency-Shaped Disorder of Verbal Behavior
Philip W. Drash
Autism Early Intervention Center
2901 West Busch Blvd., Suite 807, Tampa , FL 33618
E-mail: inteldev@aol.com
Phone: (813) 936-7183
Roger M. Tudor
Westfield State College
Data collection methods to improve reproducibilityDigital Science
"Reproducibility, data collection, and laboratory management technologies" - Louis Culot, CEO of Biodata
Slides from Shaking It Up: Challenges and Solutions in Scholarly Information Management, San Francisco, April 22, 2015
Childhood Maltreatment and PTSD Literature Review and Proposed StudyAlexandraPerkins5
This literature and proposed study explores several research articles relating to childhood maltreatment and PTSD. The second section proposes a hypothetical study to further explore a gap identified in the literature review.
Effect of item order on self-reported psychological aggression: Exploring the...William Woods
There are a plethora of data indicating that intimate partner violence (IPV) occurs at high rates in college students (Shorey, Cornelius, & Bell, 2008). Although studies have repeatedly demonstrated these high rates of IPV, some researchers have criticized the reliability and validity of the self-report measures commonly used to assess these rates (Follingstad & Ryan, 2013; Ryan, 2013). There is some research to suggest that subtle factors, such as item order, can impact self-reports of violence victimization and perpetration (Ramirez & Straus, 2006). This phenomenon has been most widely studied in the context of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2; Straus, et al., 1996), a widely used measure of IPV, which may not comprehensively assess psychological aggression. Thus, in the current study we examined differences in self-reports of psychological aggression victimization and perpetration using the Multidimensional Measure of Emotional Abuse (MMEA; Murphy & Hoover, 1999) when it was administered in either the standard format or in a format in which question order was randomized. Given that there may be gender differences in victimization and perpetration, we also examined the impact gender would have on item order effects.
Presented at ABCT, Nov. 2015.
Child Gender Influences Paternal Behavior, Language, and Brain.docxbartholomeocoombs
Child Gender Influences Paternal Behavior, Language, and Brain Function
Jennifer S. Mascaro
Emory University
Kelly E. Rentscher
University of Arizona
Patrick D. Hackett
Emory University
Matthias R. Mehl
University of Arizona
James K. Rilling
Emory University
Multiple lines of research indicate that fathers often treat boys and girls differently in ways that impact
child outcomes. The complex picture that has emerged, however, is obscured by methodological
challenges inherent to the study of parental caregiving, and no studies to date have examined the
possibility that gender differences in observed real-world paternal behavior are related to differential
paternal brain responses to male and female children. Here we compare fathers of daughters and fathers
of sons in terms of naturalistically observed everyday caregiving behavior and neural responses to child
picture stimuli. Compared with fathers of sons, fathers of daughters were more attentively engaged with
their daughters, sang more to their daughters, used more analytical language and language related to
sadness and the body with their daughters, and had a stronger neural response to their daughter’s happy
facial expressions in areas of the brain important for reward and emotion regulation (medial and lateral
orbitofrontal cortex [OFC]). In contrast, fathers of sons engaged in more rough and tumble play (RTP),
used more achievement language with their sons, and had a stronger neural response to their son’s neutral
facial expressions in the medial OFC (mOFC). Whereas the mOFC response to happy faces was
negatively related to RTP, the mOFC response to neutral faces was positively related to RTP, specifically
for fathers of boys. These results indicate that real-world paternal behavior and brain function differ as
a function of child gender.
Keywords: experience sampling, fathers, fMRI, gender socialization, play
Supplemental materials: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/bne0000199.supp
A number of studies argue that parents treat girls and boys
differently, and learning theory proposes that parents model and
reinforce gender stereotypes in their children (Bandura & Walters,
1977; Bussey & Bandura, 1999). For example, some research
indicates that mothers talk more (Leaper, Anderson, & Sanders,
1998; MacDonald & Parke, 1984) and are more restrictive of
physical risk-taking with daughters (Morrongiello & Hogg, 2004)
than with sons. Other research indicates that western fathers and
mothers are more elaborative in autobiographical storytelling with
girls than boys (Fivush, 2011). Moreover, parents often encourage
gender-stereotyped play behavior and household chores and dis-
courage gender-atypical behavior (Lytton & Romney, 1991), and
both mothers and fathers are more likely to engage in rough and
tumble (RTP) play with boys than with girls (McIntyre & Ed-
wards, 2009; Paquette & Dumont, 2013; Pellegrini & Smith,
1998). Related lines of research also point to differences in paren-
tal behavio.
Human Clinical Relevance of Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology and Non...Joseph Holson
Presented at Forest Research Institute, May 13, 2004.
Abstract: Experimental animal models are essential to product development and toxicologic screening. The effective use of such models is dependent on the attributes of: validity, sensitivity, reproducibility, and practicability. For the two endpoints of toxicity of most societal concern, developmental effects, and cancer, experience has taught that differences between animals and humans in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination most often leads to differences in response both qualitatively, and quantitatively. In developmental toxicology, a high degree of concordance between experimental animal results and human outcomes has been demonstrated. Human reproductive outcomes are often concordant with experimental animal data, but this concordance seems to vary more among species as phenotypes diversify with approaching sexual maturity and subsequent reproductive senescence. This increase in phenotypic diversity also presents difficulties in a priori selection of animal models in non-clinical juvenile toxicity testing. Juvenile periods among species can be divided into pre-term neonatal, neonatal, infancy, childhood and adolescence, based on overall central nervous system and reproductive development. However, because physiologic time differs among species, temporality of target-organ maturation should be reconciled with the human pediatric therapeutic scenario prior to animal model selection. The heuristic impact and resultant guidance for proper selection and use of animal models for juvenile toxicity testing will be demonstrated through the use of case studies involving angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, quinilones, fluoxetine and isotretinoin.
Resource List The Biological PerspectiveAmerican Psychological .docxdebishakespeare
Resource List: The Biological Perspective
American Psychological Association. (2014). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx
Genetics: Heredity, twin, and adoption studies
· Demirkan, A. A., Penninx, B., Hek, K. K., Wray, N. R., Amin, N. N., Aulchenko, Y. S., Middeldorp, C. M. (2011). Genetic risk profiles for depression and anxiety in adult and elderly cohorts. Molecular Psychiatry, 16(7), 773–783.
· Shyn, S. I., & Hamilton, S. P. (2010). The genetics of major depression: Moving beyond the monoamine hypothesis. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2824618/
· Kendler, K. S., & Myers, J. (2010). The genetic and environmental relationship between major depression and the five-factor model of personality. Psychological Medicine, 40(5), 801–806.
· Elder, B. L., & Mosack, V. (2011). Genetics of depression: An overview of the current science. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 32(4), 192–202.
· Schnittker, J. (2010). Gene-environment correlations in the stress-depression relationship.Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51(3), 229–243.
· Silberg, J. L., Maes, H., & Eaves, L. J. (2010). Genetic and environmental influences on the transmission of parental depression to children's depression and conduct disturbance: An extended children of twins study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(6), 734–744.
Biochemical Studies
· France, C. M., Lysaker, P. H., & Robinson, R. P. (2007). The "chemical imbalance" explanation for depression: Origins, lay endorsement, and clinical implications. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38(4), 411– 420.
· JAMA and Archives Journals. (2009, February 8). Hormone level during pregnancy may identify women at risk for postpartum depression.Science Daily. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090202174820.htm
· The Endocrine Society. (2009, June 29). Symptoms of depression in obese children linked to elevated cortisol. Obesity & Diabetes Week, 151.
· Howland, R. H. (2010). Use of endocrine hormones for treating depression. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 48(12), 13–16.
· Krishnan, V., & Nestler, E. J. (2010). Linking molecules to mood: New insight into the biology of depression. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(11), 1305–1320.
· Karg, K., Burmeister, M., Shedden, K., & Sen, S. (2011). The serotonin transporter promoter variant (5-HTTLPR), stress, and depression meta-analysis revisited: Evidence of genetic moderation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(5), 444–454.
· Munafò, M. R. (2012). The serotonin transporter gene and depression. Depression and Anxiety, 29(11), 915–917.
· Naninck, E. F. G., Lucassen, P. J., & Baker, J. (2011). Sex differences in adolescent depression: Do sex hormones determine vulnerability?Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 23(5), 383–392.
· Young, E., & Korszun, A. (2010). Sex, trauma, stress hormones and depression. Molecular Psychi ...
Effect of item order on self-reported psychological aggression: Exploring the...William Woods
There are a plethora of data indicating that intimate partner violence (IPV) occurs at high rates in college students (Shorey, Cornelius, & Bell, 2008). Although studies have repeatedly demonstrated these high rates of IPV, some researchers have criticized the reliability and validity of the self-report measures commonly used to assess these rates (Follingstad & Ryan, 2013; Ryan, 2013). There is some research to suggest that subtle factors, such as item order, can impact self-reports of violence victimization and perpetration (Ramirez & Straus, 2006). This phenomenon has been most widely studied in the context of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2; Straus, et al., 1996), a widely used measure of IPV, which may not comprehensively assess psychological aggression. Thus, in the current study we examined differences in self-reports of psychological aggression victimization and perpetration using the Multidimensional Measure of Emotional Abuse (MMEA; Murphy & Hoover, 1999) when it was administered in either the standard format or in a format in which question order was randomized. Given that there may be gender differences in victimization and perpetration, we also examined the impact gender would have on item order effects.
Presented at ABCT, Nov. 2015.
Child Gender Influences Paternal Behavior, Language, and Brain.docxbartholomeocoombs
Child Gender Influences Paternal Behavior, Language, and Brain Function
Jennifer S. Mascaro
Emory University
Kelly E. Rentscher
University of Arizona
Patrick D. Hackett
Emory University
Matthias R. Mehl
University of Arizona
James K. Rilling
Emory University
Multiple lines of research indicate that fathers often treat boys and girls differently in ways that impact
child outcomes. The complex picture that has emerged, however, is obscured by methodological
challenges inherent to the study of parental caregiving, and no studies to date have examined the
possibility that gender differences in observed real-world paternal behavior are related to differential
paternal brain responses to male and female children. Here we compare fathers of daughters and fathers
of sons in terms of naturalistically observed everyday caregiving behavior and neural responses to child
picture stimuli. Compared with fathers of sons, fathers of daughters were more attentively engaged with
their daughters, sang more to their daughters, used more analytical language and language related to
sadness and the body with their daughters, and had a stronger neural response to their daughter’s happy
facial expressions in areas of the brain important for reward and emotion regulation (medial and lateral
orbitofrontal cortex [OFC]). In contrast, fathers of sons engaged in more rough and tumble play (RTP),
used more achievement language with their sons, and had a stronger neural response to their son’s neutral
facial expressions in the medial OFC (mOFC). Whereas the mOFC response to happy faces was
negatively related to RTP, the mOFC response to neutral faces was positively related to RTP, specifically
for fathers of boys. These results indicate that real-world paternal behavior and brain function differ as
a function of child gender.
Keywords: experience sampling, fathers, fMRI, gender socialization, play
Supplemental materials: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/bne0000199.supp
A number of studies argue that parents treat girls and boys
differently, and learning theory proposes that parents model and
reinforce gender stereotypes in their children (Bandura & Walters,
1977; Bussey & Bandura, 1999). For example, some research
indicates that mothers talk more (Leaper, Anderson, & Sanders,
1998; MacDonald & Parke, 1984) and are more restrictive of
physical risk-taking with daughters (Morrongiello & Hogg, 2004)
than with sons. Other research indicates that western fathers and
mothers are more elaborative in autobiographical storytelling with
girls than boys (Fivush, 2011). Moreover, parents often encourage
gender-stereotyped play behavior and household chores and dis-
courage gender-atypical behavior (Lytton & Romney, 1991), and
both mothers and fathers are more likely to engage in rough and
tumble (RTP) play with boys than with girls (McIntyre & Ed-
wards, 2009; Paquette & Dumont, 2013; Pellegrini & Smith,
1998). Related lines of research also point to differences in paren-
tal behavio.
Human Clinical Relevance of Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology and Non...Joseph Holson
Presented at Forest Research Institute, May 13, 2004.
Abstract: Experimental animal models are essential to product development and toxicologic screening. The effective use of such models is dependent on the attributes of: validity, sensitivity, reproducibility, and practicability. For the two endpoints of toxicity of most societal concern, developmental effects, and cancer, experience has taught that differences between animals and humans in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination most often leads to differences in response both qualitatively, and quantitatively. In developmental toxicology, a high degree of concordance between experimental animal results and human outcomes has been demonstrated. Human reproductive outcomes are often concordant with experimental animal data, but this concordance seems to vary more among species as phenotypes diversify with approaching sexual maturity and subsequent reproductive senescence. This increase in phenotypic diversity also presents difficulties in a priori selection of animal models in non-clinical juvenile toxicity testing. Juvenile periods among species can be divided into pre-term neonatal, neonatal, infancy, childhood and adolescence, based on overall central nervous system and reproductive development. However, because physiologic time differs among species, temporality of target-organ maturation should be reconciled with the human pediatric therapeutic scenario prior to animal model selection. The heuristic impact and resultant guidance for proper selection and use of animal models for juvenile toxicity testing will be demonstrated through the use of case studies involving angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, quinilones, fluoxetine and isotretinoin.
Resource List The Biological PerspectiveAmerican Psychological .docxdebishakespeare
Resource List: The Biological Perspective
American Psychological Association. (2014). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx
Genetics: Heredity, twin, and adoption studies
· Demirkan, A. A., Penninx, B., Hek, K. K., Wray, N. R., Amin, N. N., Aulchenko, Y. S., Middeldorp, C. M. (2011). Genetic risk profiles for depression and anxiety in adult and elderly cohorts. Molecular Psychiatry, 16(7), 773–783.
· Shyn, S. I., & Hamilton, S. P. (2010). The genetics of major depression: Moving beyond the monoamine hypothesis. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2824618/
· Kendler, K. S., & Myers, J. (2010). The genetic and environmental relationship between major depression and the five-factor model of personality. Psychological Medicine, 40(5), 801–806.
· Elder, B. L., & Mosack, V. (2011). Genetics of depression: An overview of the current science. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 32(4), 192–202.
· Schnittker, J. (2010). Gene-environment correlations in the stress-depression relationship.Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51(3), 229–243.
· Silberg, J. L., Maes, H., & Eaves, L. J. (2010). Genetic and environmental influences on the transmission of parental depression to children's depression and conduct disturbance: An extended children of twins study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(6), 734–744.
Biochemical Studies
· France, C. M., Lysaker, P. H., & Robinson, R. P. (2007). The "chemical imbalance" explanation for depression: Origins, lay endorsement, and clinical implications. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38(4), 411– 420.
· JAMA and Archives Journals. (2009, February 8). Hormone level during pregnancy may identify women at risk for postpartum depression.Science Daily. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090202174820.htm
· The Endocrine Society. (2009, June 29). Symptoms of depression in obese children linked to elevated cortisol. Obesity & Diabetes Week, 151.
· Howland, R. H. (2010). Use of endocrine hormones for treating depression. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 48(12), 13–16.
· Krishnan, V., & Nestler, E. J. (2010). Linking molecules to mood: New insight into the biology of depression. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(11), 1305–1320.
· Karg, K., Burmeister, M., Shedden, K., & Sen, S. (2011). The serotonin transporter promoter variant (5-HTTLPR), stress, and depression meta-analysis revisited: Evidence of genetic moderation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(5), 444–454.
· Munafò, M. R. (2012). The serotonin transporter gene and depression. Depression and Anxiety, 29(11), 915–917.
· Naninck, E. F. G., Lucassen, P. J., & Baker, J. (2011). Sex differences in adolescent depression: Do sex hormones determine vulnerability?Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 23(5), 383–392.
· Young, E., & Korszun, A. (2010). Sex, trauma, stress hormones and depression. Molecular Psychi ...
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International Journal of Drug Policy 25 (2014) 556–561
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
International Journal of Drug Policy
j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / d r u g p o
esearch paper
ingle room occupancy (SRO) hotels as mental health risk
nvironments among impoverished women: The intersection of
olicy, drug use, trauma, and urban space
elly R. Knight a,∗, Andrea M. Lopez b,c, Megan Comfort c, Martha Shumway d,
ennifer Cohen e, Elise D. Riley b
Department of Anthropology, History and Social Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
Urban Health Program, Research Triangle Institute International, United States
Department of Psychiatry, Trauma Recovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, United States
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, United States
r t i c l e i n f o
rticle history:
eceived 8 May 2013
eceived in revised form
8 September 2013
ccepted 30 October 2013
eywords:
uilt environment
RO hotels
omen
rauma
ental health
rug use
thnography
a b s t r a c t
Background: Due to the significantly high levels of comorbid substance use and mental health diagnosis
among urban poor populations, examining the intersection of drug policy and place requires a consid-
eration of the role of housing in drug user mental health. In San Francisco, geographic boundedness and
progressive health and housing polices have coalesced to make single room occupancy hotels (SROs) a key
urban built environment used to house poor populations with co-occurring drug use and mental health
issues. Unstably housed women who use illicit drugs have high rates of lifetime and current trauma,
which manifests in disproportionately high rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and
depression when compared to stably housed women.
Methods: We report data from a qualitative interview study (n = 30) and four years of ethnography
conducted with housing policy makers and unstably housed women who use drugs and live in SROs.
Results: Women in the study lived in a range of SRO built environments, from publicly funded, newly
built SROs to privately owned, dilapidated buildings, which presented a rich opportunity for ethno-
graphic comparison. Applying Rhodes et al.’s framework of socio-structural vulnerability, we explore
how SROs can operate as “mental health risk environments” in which macro-structural factors (housing
policies shaping the built environment) interact with meso-level factors (social relations within SROs)
and micro-level, b ...
Dr. Ángel Carracedo - Simposio Internacional 'La enfermedad de la duda: el TOC'Fundación Ramón Areces
El 14 de noviembre de 2013, la Fundación Ramón Areces organizó y acogió en su sede un Simposio Internacional sobre 'La enfermedad de la duda: el TOC'. El Trastorno Obsesivo-Compulsivo (TOC) es un problema de salud pública, poco conocido, que afecta a un porcentaje de la población en torno a un 1-2% y que la Organización Mundial de la Salud ha situado entre las diez entidades que producen más discapacidad.
1Running head INTROVERSION-EXTRAVERSION AND MARRIAGE BLISS.docxeugeniadean34240
1
Running head: INTROVERSION-EXTRAVERSION AND MARRIAGE BLISS
Add page number.
Use header. Note the phrase “Running head” is uppercase-lowercase, but the short title is all capital letters. Short title should be different from the main title, no more than 50 letters including spaces. Make sure the font type and size through out the document is the same, this includes headers.
Include an APA-style title page with your submission. This is one example of a title page.
Introversion and Extraversion Personality Traits and Marital Bliss
Jason King
Argosy University
Add the main title in the middle of the page; your name in the second line and the university’s name in the third line.
Add “Author Note”. Observe the word “Note” is singular. Use your name and email address in the note.
Author Note
This research was carried out as partial fulfillment towards the Research Methods course at Argosy University by Jason King.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Jason King, Department of Psychology, Argosy University, Phoenix 2233 West Dunlap Avenue, Phoenix, AZ 85021 Email: [email protected]
Introversion and Extraversion Personality Traits and Marital Bliss
This is the first summary of your study. Please note that the study reference is now different form M1A3 assignment.
Put main title of the study here.
Emotional responses tell us how an individual is processing her environment, and if it contains negative stimuli, emotions reflect such negativity in behavior. Tamir, Robinson, and Clore (2002) carried out four experiments in this study and investigated reaction time (RT), to positive and negative adjectives. In the first study, 102 participants responded to a RT task and then completed Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) developed by Watson, Clark, and Tellegen, (1988) to determine their moods, followed by International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) scales (short form) by Goldberg (1997) to assess their extraversion. The RT task required each participant to respond to a block of words, the participants wanted (e.g., love, happiness etc), or not wanted (failure, pain, etc.,) or neutral (afternoon, definition, etc.,). Extraverts were faster than introverts on positive mood task, and introverts were faster with negative mood tasks. For both type of individuals, RT slowed down if they performed the opposite mood tasks. After the first experiment Tamir et al., (2002) carried out three other experiments manipulating mood conditions and found essentially the same results. This study proposes that traits of introversion and extraversion regulate mood and behavior to pleasant and non-pleasant stimulus material, and would be useful for my proposal, because it suggests that extraverted and introverted individuals may process pleasant and unpleasant affective stimulation from the spouse differently leading to marital bliss or nightmare.
Why is it that extraverts associate with positive moods and introverts w.
1. Participants:Atotalof 825 undergraduates (70.08% females; 29.22%males; mean age= 20.43yo;
87.4% Caucasian,12.6%other) fromaMidwesternUniversitywererecruited fromthePsychology
Department's subject pool.Participants earnedcoursecredit for anhour ofparticipationthat
involved completing self-report questionnaires and donating abuccalcellsamplefor genotyping.The
University’s InstitutionalReview Boardapproved this studyand allparticipants gavewritten
informed consent.
Measures:TheBuss-PerryAggression Questionnaire(BPAQ)was usedto assess thelevels of
aggression byexamining four types:physicalaggression(“I havethreatenedpeopleI know.”),verbal
aggression (“I oftenfind myself disagreeing withpeople”),anger (“Ihavetroublecontrolling my
temper.”),and hostility(“I wonder whysometimes I feelso bitter aboutthings.”).Participants
responded based on a seven-pointcontinuum(1=extremelyuncharacteristicof meto7=extremely
characteristicof me). Atotalscorewas obtained bysummingscores fromallitems (Buss & Perry,
1992).
Genotyping: DNAwas extractedfrombuccalcells using theGentraPURGENECellKit (Qiagen,
Corp,Valencia,CA).HTR1Brs13212041 was genotyped usingTaqman SNP GenotypingAssays
following standard manufacturer protocols (Applied Biosystems,Foster City,CA) in 5uL offinal
solution volume.Genotypes weredetermined usingtheStepOnePlus Real-TimePCR Systemand
endpoint FAM and VIC fluorescentlevels using AB1 SequenceDetection SoftwareV1.2.3.(Applied
Biosystems,Foster City,CA).
Data Analysis: Genotypes for rs13212041 werecombinedinto twocategories to maintain power.
Peoplehomozygous for themajor allele(A/A) weredistinguished fromthosecarryingatleast one
minor allele(G/_) dueto thelowfrequencyofhomozygous Gindividuals in theparticipant pool
(A/A=508,A/G=277,G/G=33).An ANOVAwas run with adependent variableof BPAQtotal
aggression score,independent predictors ofgender andHTR1Brs13212041 genotype.Fourteen
individuals wereexcluded fromanalysis dueto missing data,leading to afinalparticipant poolof 811.
Observed allelefrequencies for HTR1Brs13212041 (A=0.789 and G=0.211) wereconsistentwith
Caucasian populations (dbSNP,NCBI) andwerewithin Hardy-Weinbergequilibrium, 𝜒2=0.292,
p=0.589.
Is genetic variation in the serotonin 1B receptor associated with aggressive behavior?
Jameson DeFreece, Samuel Jensen, GraceSullivan & Scott F. Stoltenberg
Behavior Genetics Laboratory, Centerfor Brain, Biology & Behavior, Psychology Department
Introduction
• The hypothesized effect of rs13212041 genotype was not found.
• There was a significant difference in mean aggression scores between
males andfemales with males reporting higher levels of aggression
than females.
• The gender differences in the total score of the BPAQ provide support
for gender differences in aggression in previous literature (Eagly &
Steffen 1986; Bohart & Terrall, 2014).
• While some literature suggests that having a G allele lowers the level of
aggression as measured by a set of questions derived from the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM; Jensen
et al., 2009), we found no effect of this genotype using the BPAQ. This
may be attributed to the DSM’s focus on anger andhostility rather
than the general aggression indicated by the BPAQ.
• This study utilized a large sample size of 825 undergraduate students,
which yields statistical power, giving our results validity.
• Homogeneity of race further benefits the study by predominately
having a Caucasian population (87.4%), limiting the genetic variation
which is beneficial for genetic analysis.
• Considering the higher aggression in males, further research focused
on the mechanisms explaining the gender difference may help identify
ways to reduce aggression.
• Future studies in this area could examine the relationship between this
genotype and specific types of aggression. While rs13212041 genotype
is not related with general aggression as measured by the BPAQ, it is
possible that specific types or aspects of aggression may be related to
this genotype.
• It is also necessary to look beyond Mendelian genetics where one gene
gives rise to one disease. Future studies should incorporate multiple
loci in a genome-wide association study to better understand the
genetic basis of aggression as a whole. Connerand colleagues have
found a relationship with multiple loci of HTR1B, however further
research is needed.
Berma n, M. E., McCloskey, M. S., Fa nning , J. R., Schumacher, J. A., & Cocca ro, E. F. (2009). Serotonin Aug menta tionReduces Response to
Atta ck in Ag g ressive Individua ls. Psycholog ica l Science (Wiley-Bla ckwell), 20(6), 7 14-7 20. doi:10.1111/j.1467 -9280.2009.02355.x
Borha rt, H., & Terrell, H. (2014). Perceptions of Ag g ression a re Colored by Gender Roles. Psycholog ica l Record, 64(3), 441-445.
doi:10.1007 /s407 32-014-0048-5
Buss, A., & Perry, M. (1992). The Ag g ression Questionna ire. Journa l of Persona lity a nd Socia l Psycholog y, 63(2), 452-459.
Conner, T. S., Jensen, K. P., Tennen, H., Furnea ux , H. M., Kra nzler, H. R., & Cova ult, J. (2009). Functiona l polymorphisms in the serotonin 1B
receptor g ene (HTR1B) predict self-reported a ng er a nd hostility a mong young men. Am. J.Med. Genet. America n Journa l of Medica l
Genetics Pa rt B: Neuropsychia tric Genetics, 9999B.
Centers for Disea se Control a nd Prevention (CDC), (2003). Costs of intima te pa rtner violence a g a inst women in the United Sta tes. Atla nta (GA):
CDC, Na tiona l Center for Injury Prevention a nd Control.
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This work was partiallyfunded bytheUniversityofNebraskaOfficeof Research andEconomic
Development and thePsychologyDepartment.
Visit theBGL websitefor moreinformation: http://psychology.unl.edu/bgl
• Aggressive behavior leads to a multitude of problems for society. The
monetary cost of Intimate Partner Violence alone is in the billions of
dollars (CDC, 2003).
• In addition to the high monetary cost, aggression has severe
consequences for victims of abuse who are at a higher risk for alcohol
intake anddepression (Díez et al., 2009).
• Males tend to display higher level of aggression than females (Eagly &
Steffen, 1986).
• High levels of serotonin are shown to reduce aggressive behavior
(Berman, McCloskey, Fanning, Schumacher, & Coccaro, 2009).
• The 5-HTR1B gene codes for the 5-HTR1B receptors located on both the
presynaptic andpostsynaptic neuron, which facilitate transmission of
serotonin (Hannon and Hoyer, 2008).
• Mice lacking 5-HTR1B receptors display increasedaggressive behavior
(Saudou et al. 1994).
• HTR1B rs13212041 is a functional single nucleotide polymorphism in the
serotonin 1B receptor gene. Individuals with the G allele have more
serotonin 1B receptors than those with the A allele (Jensen et al., 2009).
• Individuals homozygous for the A allele report a history of more
aggression-like behaviors (starting fires, damaging property, and
fighting) than G-allele carriers (Jensen et al., 2009).
• We hypothesize that males will have a higher mean score on the Buss
Perry Aggression questionnaire (BPAQ) when compared to females.
Furthermore, we hypothesize that carriers of the G allele of rs13212041
will have lower scores of aggression according to the BPAQ.
Methods
Results Conclusions
Literature Cited
Acknowledgements
For more information
Figure 2:BPAQ total aggression score frequency distribution (M=69.18,
SD=1.52, N=6.47).
Figure 1. The5-HTR1B
receptor (purple) is
encoded bythe5-HTR1B
gene.Individuals carrying
theG alleleof rs13212041
haveincreased 1Breceptors
on presynaptic(red) and
postsynaptic(blue)
neurons,whereas carriers
of theAallelehavefewer,
therebyinfluencing
serotonin transmission in
thesynapse(Jensen et al.,
2009).Imagemodified
fromJohn Kelsoe(2010).
Figure 3: Mean BPAQ sum score. Error bars indicate standard error of
male and female groups, showing that males having a significantly higher
mean score than females (p < 0.001).
Figure 4: BPAQ scores for rs13212041 SNP genotype by gender. The effect
of genotype on BPAQ scores is not significant (p = 0.299). There is no
interaction between gender and genotype (p = 0.854).