Define the terms paid-in-capital and retained earningsDefine.pdf
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Define the terms paid-in-capital and retained earnings Define the terms paid-in-capital and retained earnings Define the terms paid-in-capital and retained earnings Solution Paid in Capital represent the Contributed Capital by an investor into the Company, It is the fund raised by the company in form of Equity or Prefered Stock Capital Paid in Capital Includes Par value & Additional Paid in Capital i.e Premium on Issue of Equity or Preffered Stock, It is being Reflected in Balance Sheet Under the Stockholders Equity Section Retained Earning is the amount retained by the firm or company out of Net Income i.e Net Income Less Dividend Paid, It is being retained for reinvestment of fund in the business or It is being used to repay the debt . It is also being Shown in Balance Under the Stockholders Equity Section. Ending retained Earning balance is being calculated by using the below formula : Ending retained Earning balance = Beginning Retained Earning + net Income - Dividend Paid.
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The document discusses the key aspects of final accounts of banks and companies. It explains that final accounts comprise the income statement (trading and profit & loss account) and balance sheet. It provides details on various expenses like direct, indirect, administrative etc. It also discusses elements of assets and liabilities like fixed assets, current assets, owners' funds, reserves, secured and unsecured loans. Key adjustments in final accounts like closing stock, outstanding expenses, depreciation etc. are also summarized.
Final accounts of companies
The document discusses final accounts of banks and companies. It provides explanations of key terms like income statement, trading account, profit and loss account, assets, liabilities, and owners' equity. It also describes common adjustments made in final accounts like closing stock, prepaid/accrued items, and depreciation. Journal entries are made to transfer various items between trading, profit and loss accounts and balance sheet to determine net profit/loss for the period.
Notes of dividend and interest
Companies earn revenue from sales and other operations which is used to pay expenses, interest on borrowed capital, and taxes. Any remaining amount is profit which can be used to pay dividends to shareholders or retain in reserves. Dividends are distributions of a company's profits to shareholders that are recommended by the board of directors and approved by shareholders. They are considered a reward or return on the shareholders' investment in the company and are paid out of current year profits or retained earnings.
Sources of capital on the basis of ownership & Cost Of Borrowed Capital & Lev...
Operating leverage measures how fixed costs affect operating income with changes in sales. It is calculated as contribution/EBIT and relates to assets. Financial leverage measures how fixed financial charges affect earnings, calculated as OP/PBT and relates to liabilities. Combined leverage considers both operating and financial leverage and their compounding effects on earnings. Leverage allows profits to rise with sales but also increases risk if sales decline.
Xi acc.financial stts.
This document defines key stakeholders as any person associated with a business, whether internally or externally, and with monetary or non-monetary interests. It identifies common stakeholder groups like owners, managers, government, and potential owners. It also distinguishes between capital and revenue items that affect financial statements, and defines capital, deferred revenue, and ordinary revenue expenditures. Capital receipts incur an obligation to return money while revenue receipts do not. Financial statements aim to present an accurate view of financial performance and position by properly reporting items as either capital or revenue.
Issue of shares
This document discusses the capital structure of limited liability companies. It defines key terms like authorized capital, issued capital, called-up capital, and paid-up capital. It also explains the two main types of shares - preference shares and ordinary shares. Preference shares offer a fixed dividend rate while ordinary shares dividends vary. The document also covers how companies can raise capital through the issuance of shares at par, a premium, or discount, as well as payment methods like payment in full or by installments.
DIVIDEND PAYOUT RATIO
The dividend payout ratio measures the percentage of a company's net earnings that are paid out in dividends. It is calculated by dividing the total dividend amount by the net income. A lower payout ratio indicates that more earnings are being retained for reinvestment, while a higher ratio means more earnings are being distributed to shareholders. The payout ratio is important for investors to consider because it provides information about how much cash a company is willing to pay out versus reinvesting for future growth.
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Define Multicollinearity in the following terms a. In what .pdf
Define Multicollinearity in the following terms:
a. In what type of regression is it likely to occur?
b. Why is multicollinearity in a regression a difficulty to be resolved?
c. How can multicollinearity be determined in a regression?.
d. If multicollinearity is found in a regression, how is it eliminated?
Solution
Define Multicollinearity in the following terms:
a. In what type of regression is it likely to occur?
Multicollinearity exists in almost all regressions, but is only a big problem when some of the
independent variables are highly correlated. So, if you have many independent variables, there\'s
a good chance some of them will be highly correlated.
b. Why is multicollinearity in a regression a difficulty to be resolved?
Multicollinearity causes the coefficients of the independent variables in question to fluctuate
wildly when any of them is put into, or taken out of, the regression. A coefficient tells you the
impact of changing one \"X\" variable when all others are HELD CONSTANT. But that is
impossible when the indepedent variables are themselves highly correlated: you can\'t change
one without changing the others, at least not easily.
c. How can multicollinearity be determined in a regression?.
One can examine the CORRELATION MATRIX of the independent variables. Although there
is no perfect rule, once the correlations go up to .5-.6 or more, you are very likely to have
collinearity problems. You can also see whether the coefficient on one X variable changes a lot
when another one is removed.
d. If multicollinearity is found in a regression, how is it eliminated?
The easiest way is to remove all but one of any set of X variables that are highly correlated with
one another. For example, you wouldn\'t put the number of bedrooms, number of bathrooms, and
square footage of a house as separate independent variables, since they tend to be VERY highly
correlated. You\'d try to remove two of them..
Define the four types of organizational cultures in the competing va.pdf
Define the four types of organizational cultures in the competing values framework, and describe
the characteristics of each. ?
Solution
According to Robert E. Quinn and Kim S. Cameron at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor,
there are four types of organizational culture: Clan, Adhocracy, Market, and Hierarchy..
Define the four basic integrating mechanisms and explain why they ar.pdf
Define the four basic integrating mechanisms and explain why they are essential to achieving a
seamless continuum of care?
Solution
4. In the context of long term health care, hospitals are a tertiary medical facility. Usually
patients being admitted in a hospital require acute medical services. Moreover the level of
healthcare is more complex in terms of the type of disease or health problems of the patients. For
this purpose hospitals have staff that are more technically knowledgeable and competent.
Nursing homes, on the other hand, are specific to long term care of patients. They try and
replicate the environment of home. In contrast to hospitals the evel of healthcare is less complex
in terms of the type of disease or health problems of the patients. Nursing homes have fewer staff
with high degree of technical knowledge and skills..
Define Ethics and Values. What are four approaches to deciding ethic.pdf
Define Ethics and Values. What are four approaches to deciding ethical dilemmas?
Solution
ETHICS
Ethics, sometimes known as moral philosophy, is a branch of philosophythat involves
systematizing, defending and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct.[1] The term
comes from the Greek word ?????? ethikosfrom ???? ethos, which means \"custom, habit\". The
superfield within philosophy known as axiology includes both ethics and aesthetics and is
unified by each sub-branch\'s concern with value.[2] Philosophical ethics investigates what is the
best way for humans to live, and what kinds of actions are right or wrong in particular
circumstances. Ethics may be divided into three major areas of study:[1].
Define documenting database design in Microsoft Access and give an e.pdf
Define documenting database design in Microsoft Access and give an example.
Solution
Microsoft access helps in printing table relationships, as shown in the relationship window.
Acess can also help in printing the design charecteristics of database projects.
Steps:
Go to database tools, and click relationships in Relationships group.
Click show table in Relationships group, to show a table.
Tables can be re-arranged by dragging them.
Example: Following tables can be created : product sales by category, product sales by total
revenue, product sales by employee etc..
define multivariate statistical analysisSolutionMultivariate s.pdf
define multivariate statistical analysis
Solution
Multivariate statistics is a form of statistics encompassing the simultaneous observation and
analysis of more than one outcome variable. The application of multivariate statistics is
multivariate analysis. Methods of bivariate statistics, for example simple linear regression and
correlation, are NOT special cases of multivariate statistics because only one outcome variable is
involved.
Multivariate statistics concerns understanding the different aims and background of each of the
different forms of multivariate analysis, and how they relate to each other. The practical
implementation of multivariate statistics to a particular problem may involve several types of
univariate and multivariate analysis in order to understand the relationships between variables
and their relevance to the actual problem being studied.
In addition, multivariate statistics is concerned with multivariate probability distributions, in
terms of both:.
define the distribution of sample meansSolution .pdf
define the distribution of sample means
Solution
The distribution of the means of an infinite number of samples of a certain size
selected from a population Before, we talked about distributions of scores, but now we are
talking about the distribution of all possible sample means of a specific size from a population
SAMPLING ERROR: •The amount of error, or the difference, between a sample statistic and the
corresponding population parameter •If we start with a population, and take a number of samples
from that population, each of the sample means will be different from the population mean in
varying degrees.
Define and explain what PAC is.SolutionPAC= Production activit.pdf
Define and explain what PAC is.
Solution
PAC= Production activity control
We can define PAC as the process that coordinates the manufacturing resoures, schedule and
controlls them
PAC involves many plans associated with the action, reporting the results achieved and reviving
the plans etc.
PAC converts what we have planed into actions by providing all the information and guide that
we might need.
According to McMahon, a simple Production Activity Control architecture consists of the
following five building blocks :
1. Scheduler
2. Dispatcher
3. Monitor
4. Mover
5. Producer
Source: KJ Singh , MBA.
Define asymmetric information. Distinguish between hidden characteri.pdf
Define asymmetric information. Distinguish between hidden characteristics and hidden actions.
Which type of asymmetric information contributes to the principal-agent problem?
Solution
Answer: Asymmetric information is said to exist where the parties involved in economic
transations are not equally infomed about the quality of items being transacted. Hence one party
has relatively more infomation with respect to the quality of item.
Generaly Customer can not indentify the hidden features of items and becomes the victim of
hidden actions by party that has more information.
Now a days the management and manager have become separate entities. Manager has relatively
more infomation about the firms but he does not cooperative with management while taking
decisions. Hence it gives birth to problem of Principal and agent..
define the following types of asymptotic behavior of a function of t.pdf
define the following types of asymptotic behavior of a function of time as time approaches
infinity
1.Constant solution( equilibrium)
2.
Solution
bounded from above/below
3.Bounded solution on two sides
4.Periodic solution
5.Asymptotically constant solution
6.Asymptotically linear solution
7.Asymptotically periodic solution
can someone please help me define these maybe give me examples??
thank you.
Define cyberbullying and use two workable ethical theories to analyz.pdf
Define cyberbullying and use two workable ethical theories to analyze it
Solution
CYBERBULLYING
Cyberbullying is the use of internet or phone calls/text messages to inflict psychological harm
onanother person. Under the social contract theory, this is unethical because the person
beingbullied has a right to be left alone. If everyone in society bullied one another through
thecyberweb, no one would be able to enjoy their connectivity. The greater good of the society
isachieved when no one bullies another.
Why Cyberbullying is Different
Kids who are being cyberbullied are often bullied in person as well. Additionally, kids who are
cyberbullied have a harder time getting away from the behavior.
Effects of Cyberbullying
Cell phones and computers themselves are not to blame for cyberbullying. Social media sites can
be used for positive activities, like connecting kids with friends and family, helping students with
school, and for entertainment. But these tools can also be used to hurt other people. Whether
done in person or through technology, the effects of bullying are similar.
Kids who are cyberbullied are more likely to:
The 2010-2011 School Crime Supplement (National Center for Education Statistics and Bureau
of Justice Statistics) indicates that 9% of students in grades 6–12 experienced cyberbullying.
The 2013 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey finds that 15% of high school students
(grades 9-12) were electronically bullied in the past year.
Research on cyberbullying is growing. However, because kids’ technology use changes rapidly,
it is difficult to design surveys that accurately capture trends..
define and explain the difference between Consumer Perception, Consu.pdf
define and explain the difference between Consumer Perception, Consumer Learning, and
Consumer Research
Solution
Consumer perception – consumer perception is a method by which a consumer identifies,
organizes and interprets information to create meaning.
Consumer learning – consumer learning refers to a process by which an individual gather and
interpret the purchase and consumption knowledge and experience that they apply to future
related behavior.
Consumer research is the study done on consumers’ preferences, attitudes, trustworthiness, habit
and behavior in a market. It helps in considerate customers so that the marketing campaigns can
be designed accordingly..
Define and explain significant noncash investing and financing activ.pdf
Define and explain significant noncash investing and financing activities and the method of
reporting them on the statement of cash flows.
Solution
Investing and Financing activities are reported under respective heads in cashflow statement
onlyn it results inflow or outflow of cash.
Noncash investing and financing activities are not a part of cash flow statement since it doesnut
have any significance in a statement prepared to reflect the movement of cash in reporting
period.
For better understanding for readers of financial satements we disclose this information as a Note
or Schedule to cash flow statement.
The significant noncash investing and financing activities are
1. Purchase of Assets other than Cash
ex. Company acquired assets (Investing Activity) by arranging loan , issuing securities, or any
alternative way of financing ( all are financing activity}
2. Acqusition of interest in Subsidiary, associates etc by issuing security
It is also an ivesting activity but doesnot result cash outflow since we are issuing shares/
debentures of the company in consideration. Issue of security is a financing activity
3. Sale/ Disposal of Assets not for cash
Sale of Assets definitl;y a investing activity since the consideration is not received/ receivable in
cash it result a non cash activity. Consideration may be acquring another assets, Acquiring
intersest in other business, settling of debt etc,
4. Financial arrangements
Acquring finance by way of issuing security or external financial sources for repaying another
debt, redumption of debentures etc is also an example of noncash financing activity.
Describe briefly FIVE major developments over the past twenty years .pdf
Describe briefly FIVE major developments over the past twenty years or so that have led to
globalisation.
Solution
Globalisation refers to the closer integration of countries and people around the world. It is the
result of a number of factors, some unrelated, some interconnected, some of which are briefly
described here.
Reduced trade barriers
Trade barriers have been loosened and this has been a driver of globalisation. In recent years,
the World Trade Organisation (WTO) which comprises over 150 countries has been prominent
in advocating free trade and has been instrumental in reducing barriers to trade in goods and
services.
Improved transportation
Transportation systems, especially rail, shipping and air travel have improved. More goods than
ever can now be moved relatively easily, quickly and cheaply from where they have been
produced to countries and regions where they are consumed. In particular, the introduction of
cold storage facilities and handling has made a significant difference to the
extent of international trade.
Low cost efficient communication systems
Advances in, and the subsequent spread of, new technologies have revolutionised international
communications and encouraged the development of global patterns of production and
consumption. It is now possible for people to communicate with each other instantaneously and
meet regularly, despite living and working in different parts of the world. As such,
videoconferencing, email and webcams have all been significant developments.
Increased movement of capital and technology
Easier access and cheaper transport has led to increased movements of capital and technology
across borders. Inevitably, this has, in turn, impacted on local cultures, knowledge sharing and
learning as people travel further.
Production efficiencies
The development of industrial and agricultural production processes through greater automation
and improved methods has decreased reliance on labour for basic agricultural and production
needs. This has led to a redeployment of people to satisfy global consumer needs and wants.
Improved financial systems
The efficient and safe transfer of funds from the buyer to the seller is essential and so
improvements in the financial systems have been important in developing international trade.
There has been an enormous expansion of international financial markets. In addition, the growth
of international financial institutions has enabled capital to be obtained in the cheapest markets
and this would enable large projects to be undertaken in most countries and enable the countries
to exploit their natural resources and skills.
Emergence of BRIC economies
There has been a large increase in foreign direct investment (FDI) flowing to developing and
transition economies. The emergence of the BRIC economies (Brazil, Russia, India and China),
plus others such as Indonesia and Mexico has fuelled world trade and globalisation. Their
declining dependence on agriculture and governmen.
Describe briefly, the primary activities of a value chain.Soluti.pdf
Describe briefly, the primary activities of a value chain.
Solution
The concept of the value chain was developed by Michael Porter in the 1970s. The value chain is
a dynamic process view of an organisation with both primary and secondary activities. Briefly,
the effectiveness of how value chain activities are carried out determines the value that is created
by the organisation, its costs and, by implication, its profits.
Primary activities can be grouped into five main areas: inbound logistics, operations, outbound
logistics, marketing and sales, and service..
Describe by legal name all parties to a contract assignment. May all.pdf
Describe by legal name all parties to a contract assignment. May all rights be assigned? Are anti-
assignment clauses in a contract allowed to prevent assignments?
Solution
Following parties are involved in a contract assignment:
Assignor = The party handling a contract’s obligations and benefits to another party is known as
assignor
Assignee = The party receiving a contract’s obligations and benefits from another party is known
as assignee
Under delegation of performance clauses, all rights can be assigned to the assignee except where
the assignment would materially change the duty of other party or it increases the material
burden imposed on him or impair his chance of obtaining return performance.
Anti-assignment clauses are mentioned in a contract to prohibit one party from handling
obligations and benefits of an assignment to another party. Absent of anti-assignment clause
enables a party to transfer the obligations and benefits to other party..
Describe at least 4 reasons a company would use a performance evalua.pdf
Describe at least 4 reasons a company would use a performance evaluation system.
Solution
1. Base the performance appraisal on an analysis of the job. 2. De?ne your
performance dimensions in behavioral terms and support assessments with observable, objective
evidence. 3. Keep things simple. 4. Monitor and audit for discrimination. 5. Train raters to
assess performance accurately and to conduct effective appraisal discussions. 6. Provide for
upper-management review before the appraisal is reviewed with the individual. 7. Provide some
appeal mechanism..
Describe and explain satellite remote sensing mission for monitoring.pdf
Describe and explain satellite remote sensing mission for monitoring water, carbon and global
climate change.
Solution
In recent years, the subjects of water, carbon, and global climate change
have attracted worldwide attention by scientists and the media. Climate
change, whether associated with human- induced or natural
variations, has and will continue to be important to policy makers and the
public. It is clear from reports such as that by the Intergovernmental Panelon Climate Change
(IPCC) [1] that
Earth observations play a critical role in providing information for assessment
and modeling. Improving these observations, better quality and newvariables, is a goal of most
national
and intergovernmental space agencies. Major initiatives are under waythat will result in benefits
to a broad
range of our global society. In the United States, a decadal study [2] was recently completed by
the
Committee on Earth Science and Applications of the US National Research
Council. The committee called for a commitment from the U.S. administration
to Earth observations to secure benefits for mankind. The report gives both
direction and a large boost to U.S. satellite programs as it recommended NOAA
to restore key observational capabilities of satellite missions and also that NASA
and NOAA launch 17 new satellite missions in the next 10 years. The study also
adds an additional focus to these missions: societal benefits.
Other countries have also been expanding their Earth observation programs
with numerous advanced concept satellite missions. Of particular relevance to
this issue are articles describing the
Earth observing programs of the
European Space Agency (ESA),
the Japanese Aerospace Exploration
Agency (JAXA), the China National
Space Administration (CNSA), the
Canadian Space Agency (CSA), and
the National Space Program Office
(NSPO) of Taiwan.
The ESA has a long history of
Earth observation from space that
began with meteorological missions
and has included a series of increasingly
sophisticated radars that have
provided valuable data about climate
and the changing environment. The
ESA’s current and future Earth observing
is under its Living Planet
Programme and includes the Earth
Explorer, meteorological, and Sentinel
missions.
JAXA has supported a wide range
of satellite-based instruments and
platforms that have and will provide
global Earth observations for water,
carbon, and climate. Of particular
note for the future is the commitment
to the Global Change Observation
Mission (GCOM) that will launch a
series of two types of satellites (water
and climate) to provide consistent and
continuous observations of key variables
over a 15-year period.
In addition to the United States,
ESA, and JAXA programs, there are
strong satellite-based Earth observing
programs in Canada, China, Argentina,
Taiwan, and Brazil.
In this Special Issue some of the
most significant recent and future Earth
observing satellites planned to monitor
water, carbon and global clima.
Describe an algorithm that takes as input a list of n integers in no.pdf
Describe an algorithm that takes as input a list of n integers in nondecreasing order and produces
the list of all values that occur more than once.
Solution
input Array [1...n]
for (n = 1 n <= array size; n++)
do
{
compare corresponding element with all other elements of the array
if (element matches with some other element in the list)
{
if the element that matched is not present already in our list
{
print that element
}
}
else
{
do nothing
}
}
Just want to explain this line
if the element that matched is not present already in our list
i.e. when we input an array, we create a new list , initially that list is empty. when loop runs for
the first time, it will check taking the first element of the array and compare it with all other
elements of the array. Let\'s suppose that element is found. Now, when that element is found,
then, it will be added to our list.
Now, observe that when loop runs again, there comes an instance when the element that was
found more than once will again run with for loop. that\'s why we are checking here to see that if
that element is not already a part of current list, then only add that element. If it is present in our
list, then do nothing and move on with the for loop..
Describe an initial public offering for a global firm (Red Bull). 15.pdf
Describe an initial public offering for a global firm (Red Bull). 150 - 200 words with reference
A discussion of some of the risks involved in the public offering and how the securities laws deal
with them
Please do not plagiarize. Only original work needed.
Solution
Initial public offering(IPO)
Initial public offering (IPO) is a public offering in which shares or stock of a company are sold to
institutional investors that in turn, sell to the general public, on a security exchange, for the first
time. A company selling shares is never required to repay the capital to its public investors. After
the IPO, when shares trade freely in the open market, money passes between public investors.
Initial public offerings are mostly used by companies to raise the expansion of capital, possibly
to monetize the investments of early private investors, and to become publicly traded enterprises.
Risks involved in the public offering and how the securities laws deal with them
There are many risks involved in IPO. Many companies that are going public for the first time
are new. Therefore, when one invests in public offering stocks they are sharing the risks of the
company. If the company goes under, the investor can stand the chance of losing his or her
investment .Initial public offering (IPO) may be a risky investment because of the following
reason
How the securities laws deal with them
The SEC does not regulate how the business decisions and how IPO shares are allocated(\"U.S.
Securities And Exchange Commission\", 2014). However, once a company decides to go public,
they must register with the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
At the time of the registration process they provide information regarding their financial state
and business operations. In addition to federal securities law, a company may also have to
comply with state securities laws, also known as \"blue sky\" laws (Inc., 2014).
Foreign Exchange Risks a Company Can Face and How to Mitigate Them Like any investment,
either buying or selling, there are inherent risks involved. The foreign exchange risk incorporates
not only the inflation of the parent country, but the inflation, economic stability, and political
standings of the foreign countries. The initial evaluation of any risk is to identify the source of
the risk and then find a way to minimize it..
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This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Wound healing PPT
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptxMohd Adib Abd Muin, Senior Lecturer at Universiti Utara Malaysia
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
described clinical examination all orthopeadic conditions .
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