A Subsurface Magma Ocean on Io: Exploring the Steady State of Partially Molte...Sérgio Sacani
Intense tidal heating within Io produces active volcanism on the surface, and its internal structure has long been a
subject of debate. A recent reanalysis of the Galileo magnetometer data suggested the presence of a high-meltfraction layer with >50 km thickness in the subsurface region of Io. Whether this layer is a “magmatic sponge”
with interconnected solid or a rheologically liquid “magma ocean” would alter the distribution of tidal heating
and would also influence the interpretation of various observations. To this end, we explore the steady state of a
magmatic sponge and estimate the amount of internal heating necessary to sustain such a layer with a high
degree of melting. Our results show that the rate of tidal dissipation within Io is insufficient to sustain a partialmelt layer of f > 0.2 for a wide range of parameters, suggesting that such a layer would swiftly separate into two
phases. Unless melt and/or solid viscosities are at the higher end of the estimated range, a magmatic sponge
would be unstable, and thus a high-melt-fraction layer suggested in Khurana et al. is likely to be a subsurface
magma ocean.
Petro Teach Free Webinar on "Rock Physics for Quantitative Seismic Reservoir ...Petro Teach
Rock Physics ranging from basic laboratory and theoretical results to practical “recipes” that can be immediately applied in the field. In this Free Webinar, Professor Tapan Mukerji will present quantitative tools for understanding and predicting diagnostic seismic signatures of deposition, diagenesis, lithology, pore fluid saturation, stress, pore pressure and temperature, and fractures. He will explain how to apply rock physics models for seismic reservoir characterization and uncertainty quantification
1) Earth science is the study ofa. Oceanographyb. Astrono.docxjeremylockett77
1) Earth science is the study of:
a. Oceanography
b. Astronomy
c. Geology
d. All of the above
2) Which of these is a mineral?
a. Granite
b. Oxygen
c. Quartz
d. Proton
3) Electrons have a charge of what?
a. Negative
b. Positive
c. Neutral
d. Credit
4) A mineral is defined as being which of the following
a. Naturally occurring, crystalline structure, solid
b. Naturally occurring, crystalline structure, small
c. Naturally occurring, inorganic, containing quartz
d. Crystalline structure, definite chemical composition, found on Earth’s surface
5) What can an igneous rock’s texture tell us?
a. What its parent rock was
b. How much weathering it has experienced
c. How quickly it cooled
d. How old it is
6) I have a rock made of sea shells. It is:
a. Sedimentary
b. Igneous
c. Metamorphic
d. Obsidian
7) Slump, Debris flow, and Rockslide are all examples of:
a. Mass wasting
b. Surface mining techniques
c. Parts of a river
d. Types of pollution
Go on to next page
8) Most of Earth’s liquid fresh water is located:
a. In lakes
b. In the ground
c. In human made reservoirs
d. In the atmosphere
9) One way to characterize Metamorphic rocks is by their:
a. Foliation
b. Vesicles
c. Location
d. Size
10) A mineral can be classified as being a Silicate or:
a. Sedimentary
b. Igneous
c. Nonsilicate
d. Metamorphic
11) An atom in a covalent bond will:
a. Share its electrons with another atom or atoms
b. Give away its electrons
c. Take electrons
d. Give away a proton
12) An igneous rock that has a low density is likely:
a. Glassy
b. Vesicular
c. Porphyritic
d. Fine grained
13) Where does Carbonic Acid come from?
a. Water and Carbon Dioxide
b. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
c. Pollution
d. Limestone
14) Which of the following is most resistant to chemical weathering and erosion?
a. Feldspar
b. Gypsum
c. Halite
d. Clays
15) A material’s ability to transmit fluid is called:
a. Porosity
b. Permeability
c. Aquifer
d. Reservoir
16) An example of a depositional landform from a river is:
a. Delta c. Sink hole
b. Karst d. Tributary
Go on to next page
Part 2: Short Answer. Most answers should take 5-10 words. Each worth 4 points.
17) Describe two uses of minerals.
18) Describe an environment where a coarse grained SEDIMENTARY rock can form.
19) Describe two forms of MECHANICAL weathering.
20) Describe two ways a stream can move material (e.g. sediment and rocks)
21) Pick one of the following “spheres” and describe what it includes: Geosphere, Biosphere, Atmosphere, Hydrosphere. (Your answer should go something like: “The geosphere consists of..” OR it could go like” “The Biosphere consists of…”
22) Describe two characteristics that can help you tell one mineral from another.
23) Describe the difference between Felsic igneous rocks and Mafic igneous rocks.
Go on to next page
24) Using the following figure, describe which minerals will form ...
Introduction to plate tectonics theory presents plate tectonics using a set of block models redrawn from the National Geographic Society's Making of a Continent map, published in 1986. Plate tectonics models published by the USGS are also included for presenting key basic concepts used to explain why ocean basins and continents shift around the globe. The slide show contains audio text, and is part of a four part series which presents global tectonic evolution of the ocean basins and continents.
https://planet-geology.com/geology-gate-2021-crash-course/
Solution to the GATE 2018 Geology and Geophysics (Geology option) Examination. GATE is the national level examination that is used to test subject-specific knowledge. GATE score is used by universities for awarding admissions to their graduate programmes and by government companies to recruit technical professionals.
Planet-G provides online GSI and GATE coaching for Geology students:
Visit our channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8GLL_Ppud7U51HA0tFRYvw
https://geologyplanet.wordpress.com/
A Subsurface Magma Ocean on Io: Exploring the Steady State of Partially Molte...Sérgio Sacani
Intense tidal heating within Io produces active volcanism on the surface, and its internal structure has long been a
subject of debate. A recent reanalysis of the Galileo magnetometer data suggested the presence of a high-meltfraction layer with >50 km thickness in the subsurface region of Io. Whether this layer is a “magmatic sponge”
with interconnected solid or a rheologically liquid “magma ocean” would alter the distribution of tidal heating
and would also influence the interpretation of various observations. To this end, we explore the steady state of a
magmatic sponge and estimate the amount of internal heating necessary to sustain such a layer with a high
degree of melting. Our results show that the rate of tidal dissipation within Io is insufficient to sustain a partialmelt layer of f > 0.2 for a wide range of parameters, suggesting that such a layer would swiftly separate into two
phases. Unless melt and/or solid viscosities are at the higher end of the estimated range, a magmatic sponge
would be unstable, and thus a high-melt-fraction layer suggested in Khurana et al. is likely to be a subsurface
magma ocean.
Petro Teach Free Webinar on "Rock Physics for Quantitative Seismic Reservoir ...Petro Teach
Rock Physics ranging from basic laboratory and theoretical results to practical “recipes” that can be immediately applied in the field. In this Free Webinar, Professor Tapan Mukerji will present quantitative tools for understanding and predicting diagnostic seismic signatures of deposition, diagenesis, lithology, pore fluid saturation, stress, pore pressure and temperature, and fractures. He will explain how to apply rock physics models for seismic reservoir characterization and uncertainty quantification
1) Earth science is the study ofa. Oceanographyb. Astrono.docxjeremylockett77
1) Earth science is the study of:
a. Oceanography
b. Astronomy
c. Geology
d. All of the above
2) Which of these is a mineral?
a. Granite
b. Oxygen
c. Quartz
d. Proton
3) Electrons have a charge of what?
a. Negative
b. Positive
c. Neutral
d. Credit
4) A mineral is defined as being which of the following
a. Naturally occurring, crystalline structure, solid
b. Naturally occurring, crystalline structure, small
c. Naturally occurring, inorganic, containing quartz
d. Crystalline structure, definite chemical composition, found on Earth’s surface
5) What can an igneous rock’s texture tell us?
a. What its parent rock was
b. How much weathering it has experienced
c. How quickly it cooled
d. How old it is
6) I have a rock made of sea shells. It is:
a. Sedimentary
b. Igneous
c. Metamorphic
d. Obsidian
7) Slump, Debris flow, and Rockslide are all examples of:
a. Mass wasting
b. Surface mining techniques
c. Parts of a river
d. Types of pollution
Go on to next page
8) Most of Earth’s liquid fresh water is located:
a. In lakes
b. In the ground
c. In human made reservoirs
d. In the atmosphere
9) One way to characterize Metamorphic rocks is by their:
a. Foliation
b. Vesicles
c. Location
d. Size
10) A mineral can be classified as being a Silicate or:
a. Sedimentary
b. Igneous
c. Nonsilicate
d. Metamorphic
11) An atom in a covalent bond will:
a. Share its electrons with another atom or atoms
b. Give away its electrons
c. Take electrons
d. Give away a proton
12) An igneous rock that has a low density is likely:
a. Glassy
b. Vesicular
c. Porphyritic
d. Fine grained
13) Where does Carbonic Acid come from?
a. Water and Carbon Dioxide
b. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
c. Pollution
d. Limestone
14) Which of the following is most resistant to chemical weathering and erosion?
a. Feldspar
b. Gypsum
c. Halite
d. Clays
15) A material’s ability to transmit fluid is called:
a. Porosity
b. Permeability
c. Aquifer
d. Reservoir
16) An example of a depositional landform from a river is:
a. Delta c. Sink hole
b. Karst d. Tributary
Go on to next page
Part 2: Short Answer. Most answers should take 5-10 words. Each worth 4 points.
17) Describe two uses of minerals.
18) Describe an environment where a coarse grained SEDIMENTARY rock can form.
19) Describe two forms of MECHANICAL weathering.
20) Describe two ways a stream can move material (e.g. sediment and rocks)
21) Pick one of the following “spheres” and describe what it includes: Geosphere, Biosphere, Atmosphere, Hydrosphere. (Your answer should go something like: “The geosphere consists of..” OR it could go like” “The Biosphere consists of…”
22) Describe two characteristics that can help you tell one mineral from another.
23) Describe the difference between Felsic igneous rocks and Mafic igneous rocks.
Go on to next page
24) Using the following figure, describe which minerals will form ...
Introduction to plate tectonics theory presents plate tectonics using a set of block models redrawn from the National Geographic Society's Making of a Continent map, published in 1986. Plate tectonics models published by the USGS are also included for presenting key basic concepts used to explain why ocean basins and continents shift around the globe. The slide show contains audio text, and is part of a four part series which presents global tectonic evolution of the ocean basins and continents.
https://planet-geology.com/geology-gate-2021-crash-course/
Solution to the GATE 2018 Geology and Geophysics (Geology option) Examination. GATE is the national level examination that is used to test subject-specific knowledge. GATE score is used by universities for awarding admissions to their graduate programmes and by government companies to recruit technical professionals.
Planet-G provides online GSI and GATE coaching for Geology students:
Visit our channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8GLL_Ppud7U51HA0tFRYvw
https://geologyplanet.wordpress.com/
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Mammalian Pineal Body Structure and Also Functions
Defense upload
1. 1
Dynamique
des
intrusions
magma1ques
peu
profondes
“Instead of rising through the beds of the Earth’s crust, it stopped at a lower horizon,
insinuated itself between two strata, and opened for itself a chamber by lifting all the
superior beds … it congealed, forming a massive body … the name laccolith … will
be used. “ Gilbert (1877, p. 19)
Thorey
Clément
PhD
defense
Under
the
supervision
of
Chloé
Michaut
and
Mark
Wieczorek
2. Rock
body
formed
when
a
magma
have
crystallised
and
solidified
beneath
the
Earth
surface
2
Magma;c
intrusion
3. Main
driving
force
:
buoyancy
Dyke
Makhtesh
Ramon,
Israel
Par;al
mel;ng
Upper
mantle
3
Introduc1on:
Magma
forma1on
and
transport
TransportForma1on
Con1nental
crust
Oceaninc
crust
Lithosphere
100
km
5. Dyke
CrustCrust
Magma%c
intrusion
:
Neutral
buoyancy
layer
5
Introduc%on:
Intrusive
magma%sm
Intrusive
90%
Extrusive
10%
Mass
and
heat
flux: Mantle Crust
Melt
distribu%on
con%nental
crust
Significant impact on crust
★Forma;on
★Thermal
evolu;on
Surface
Magma;c
intrusion
Crust
(Crisp,
1984;
White
et
al,
2006)
6. 6
Introduc%on:
PhD
ques%on
Can
we
constrain
the
intrusive
component
of
lunar
magma%sm
?
Intrusive
???
Extrusive
~106
km3
Melt
redistribu%on
Lunar
crust
★ Geological evolution lunar crust
★ Constrain on thermal evolution model
Intrusive
volume
:
key
7. 7
Introduc%on:
PhD
ques%on
Can
we
constrain
the
intrusive
component
of
lunar
magma%sm
?
★ Geological evolution lunar crust
★ Constrain on thermal evolution model
Intrusive
volume
:
key
Intrusive
???
Extrusive
~106
km3
Melt
redistribu%on
Lunar
crust
8. 8
Lunar
basalt
density
:
~3000
kg
m-‐3
Mare
basalt
V~106
km3
Age
~
3
-‐
4
Gyr
Lunar
crust
GRAIL
density
es;mate
:
~2550
kg
m-‐3
Intrusive
ac%vity
should
be
large
on
the
Moon
4.4
Gyr
Introduc%on:
Moon
forma%on
10. 10
Laccolith
Can
we
characterise
the
expected
surface
deforma%on
from
the
intrusion
of
a
shallow
laccolith
?
Shallow
<
5
km
Introduc%on:
Probing
intrusive
ac%vity
from
the
surface
Dykes
Sills
11. 11
Forma;on
~
100
years
Thickness
~
100
m
Radius
~
10
km
Laccolith at Bear Butte State Park
magmaUpper
strata
Rigid
basement
h0
R
h0
R
Laccolith:
Descrip%on
Dynamics
model
for
the
emplacement
of
laccolith
12. 12
Forma;on
~
100
years
Thickness
~
100
m
Radius
~
10
km
Laccolith at Bear Butte State Park
Laccolith:
Descrip%on
Upper
strata
Rigid
basement
magmaUpper
strata
Rigid
basement
h0
R
Dynamics
model
for
the
emplacement
of
laccolith
13. 13
Modified from Rocchie et al 2002
9
shallow-‐level
felsic
laccoliths
emplaced
at
depth
between
1.9
and
3.7
km
Laccolith:
Benchmark
data
-‐
Elba
Island
laccoliths
16. 16
Elastic layer
Rigid layer
Michaut,
2011
Lister
et
al,
2013
Hewi?
et
al,
2015
Magma
weight Crust
weight
Bending
pressure
Pressure
Bending
s;ffness
Magma
density
Crust
density
Intrusion
depth
Lateral
gradients
in
this
pressure
drive
flow
Isoviscous
laccolith:
Model
17. 17
Elastic layer
Rigid layer
Michaut,
2011
Lister
et
al,
2013
Hewi?
et
al,
2015
Magma
weight
Bending
pressure
Driving
Pressure
Bending
s;ffness
Magma
density
Lateral
gradients
in
this
pressure
drive
flow
Isoviscous
laccolith:
Model
18. 18
Elastic layer
Rigid layer
Michaut,
2011
Lister
et
al,
2013
Hewi?
et
al,
2015
Height
scale
Balance
between
bending
and
gravity
Length
scale
Bending
s;ffness
Magma
density
Magma
viscosity Injec;on
rate
Isoviscous
laccolith:
Model
27. 27
Isoviscous
laccolith:
Scale Applica;on
Poisson’s
ra;o
Youngs’s
modulus
Intrusion
depth
Depth 1.9 - 3.7 km
Young’s mod. 10 GPa
Poisson’s ratio 0.25
Density 2500 kg m-3
Gravity 9.81 m s-2Magma
density
Gravity
28. 28
Applica;on
Magma
viscosity Injec;on
rate Density 2500 kg m-3
Viscosity 105 Pa s
Injection rate 10 m3 s-1
Gravity 9.81 m s-2
Poisson’s
ra;o
Youngs’s
modulus
Intrusion
depth
Depth 1.9 - 3.7 km
Young’s mod. 10 GPa
Poisson’s ratio 0.25
Density 2500 kg m-3
Gravity 9.81 m s-2Magma
density
Gravity
Isoviscous
laccolith:
Scale
31. Mafic
magmas
:
101-‐104
Poise
Felsic
magmas
:
106-‐1014
Poise
University
of
Rhode
Island
BasalLc
lava
flow
,Hawai
(USGS)
Ryholite
lava
flow
from
Oregon
(USGS)
Can
the
cooling
explain
the
difference
between
predic%ons
and
observa%ons
?
31
Isoviscous
laccolith:
What
is
missing
?
44. 44
h0
R
magma
Elas;c
crust
Rigid
crust
cooling
The
viscosity
of
the
;p
region
controls
h0/R
Cooling
laccolith:
Effec%ve
viscosity
45. 45
Gap
?
h0
R
magma
Elas;c
crust
Rigid
crust
cooling
Isoviscous
predic;on
best
fit
Cooling
laccolith:
Elba
Island
laccoliths
46. 46
h0
R
magma
Elas;c
crust
Rigid
crust
cooling
Cooling
Isoviscous
predic;on
Model
predic;on
:
ν
=
10
-‐6Model
predic;on
:
ν
=
10
-‐8
best
fit
Cooling
laccolith:
Elba
Island
laccoliths
47. 47
Expected
laccolith
topographic
deforma%on
Morphology Dimension
Can
we
detect
laccoliths
at
the
lunar
surface
?
Cooling
laccolith:
Elba
Island
laccoliths
50. Applica;on
Poisson’s
ra;o
Youngs’s
modulus
Intrusion
depth
Magma
density
Gravity
Depth 1.5 km
Young’s mod. 10 GPa
Poisson’s ratio 0.25
Density 2900 kg m-3
Gravity 1.62 m s-2
50
Low-‐slope
domes:
Scales
51. Applica;on
Magma
viscosity Injec;on
rate
Poisson’s
ra;o
Youngs’s
modulus
Intrusion
depth
Magma
density
Gravity
Depth 1.5 km
Young’s mod. 10 GPa
Poisson’s ratio 0.25
Density 2900 kg m-3
Gravity 1.62 m s-2
Density 2900 kg m-3
Viscosity 104 Pa s
Injection rate 10 m3 s-1
Gravity 1.62 m s-2
51
Low-‐slope
domes:
Scales
65. Thorey
et
al,
JGR,
2014
65
Floor-‐fractured
craters:
Conclusion
Can
we
detect
the
gravita%onal
signatures
produced
by
the
magma%c
intrusions
?
Floor-‐fractured
craters
are
deformed
following
the
emplacement
of
shallow
magma%c
intrusion
66. Synthe;c
gravity
anomaly
(mGal)
Crater
wall
66
Gravita%onal
signature:
Introduc%on
Mean
anomaly
~30
mGal
10 20 30 40 500
180
km
in
diameter
2
km
in
thick
Density
contrast
:
500
kg
m-‐3
Cylinder-‐like
intrusion
Detectable
in
the
gravity
field
collected
by
GRAIL
mission
67. Zuber
et
al,
2013;
Konopliv
et
al,
2014
67
Gravita%onal
signature:
Free
air
gravity
map
68. Zuber
et
al,
2013;
Konopliv
et
al,
2014
68
Gravita%onal
signature:
Bouguer
gravity
map
69. Zuber
et
al,
2013;
Konopliv
et
al,
2014
69
Gravita%onal
signature:
Bouguer
gravity
map
81. h0
R
magma
Elas;c
crust
Rigid
crust
cooling
81
Conclusion:
Numerous
shallow
lunar
magma%c
intrusions
Elastic layer
Rigid layer
Crater-‐centered
intrusion
Laccolith
Gravita;onal
signature
Low-‐slope
domes
FFCs
82. 82
Perspec%ves:
Lunar
intrusive
magma%sm
~200
FFCs
+
~10
domes
1%
of
the
maria
volume
Volume
~
104
km3
Origin
of
the
magma
?
Larger
and
deeper
magma
reservoirs
within
the
crust
?
Deforma;ons
are
localised
inside
the
crater
wall
Melt
redistribu%on
Lunar
crustMare
basalt
V~106
km3
Extrusive
~106
km3
Shallow
intrusive
~104
km3
83. 83
Perspec%ves:
Lunar
intrusive
magma%sm
~200
FFCs
+
~10
domes
1%
of
the
maria
volume
Volume
~
104
km3
Origin
of
the
magma
?
Larger
and
deeper
magma
reservoirs
within
the
crust
?
Deforma;ons
are
localised
inside
the
crater
wall
Shallow
intrusive
~104
km3
Melt
redistribu%on
Lunar
crust
Mare
basalt
V~106
km3
Extrusive
~106
km3
Deep
intrusive
???
84. Mars Venus
b)
d)
d)
)
)
f)
Sato
et
al
2010 Wichman
and
Schultz
1995
Mercury
Schultz
1997,
Thomas
et
al
2015
84
Perspec%ves:
Crater
=
Enhance
shallow
intrusive
ac%vity
?
What
causes
intrusive
ac;vity
to
preferen;ally
occur
beneath
impact
craters
?
85. Fracture
criterion
85
Perspec%ves:
Dynamics
-‐
Real-‐%me
data
interpreta%on
?
Amelung
et
al,
2000
Real-‐%me
deforma%on
monitoring
Magma
physical
parameters
•Injec;on
rate
•Intrusion
depth
Model
improvement
•Effect
of
solidifica;on
•Precise
descrip;on
of
the
dynamics
at
the
;p
•Stopping
criterion
Gas-‐filled
region
1992 1997 1998
Sierra
Negra
volcano
