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Chemistry Chapter 4 Structure of the Atom
Main Ideas The ancient Greeks tried to explain matter, but the scientific study of the atom began with John Dalton in the early 1800's. An atom is made of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons; electrons move around the nucleus. The number of protons and the mass number define the type of atom. Unstable atoms emit radiation to gain stability.
Early Ideas about Matter Objectives: ,[object Object],[object Object]
Greek Philosophers Many ancient scholars believed matter was composed of such things as earth, water, air, and fire. ,[object Object]
Democritus ,[object Object]
Aristotle ,[object Object],[object Object]
Greek Philosophers
John Dalton ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
John Dalton ,[object Object],[object Object]
Dalton’s Atomic Theory Even though some of the theory was incorrect, It provided the basis we have today for atomic theory. As is common with science, his theory has since been revised and additional information learned.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Question ? Who was the first person to propose the idea that matter was not infinitely divisible? A. Aristotle  B. Plato  C. Dalton  D. Democritus
Question? Dalton’s theory also conveniently explained what?  A. the electron  B. the nucleus  C. law of conservation of mass  D. law of Democritus
Defining the Atom Objectives ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Atom ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
STM
STM Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is the highest resolution imaging and nanofabrication technique available. It relies on quantum tunneling of electrons from a sharp metal tip to a conducting surface. The 71 Angstrom diameter "quantum corral" shown above was created and imaged with an ultra-high vacuum cryogenic STM. Each sharp peak in the circle is an iron atom resting on atomically flat copper
Cathode Ray Tube ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cathode Ray Tube
Cathode Ray Tube
Cathode Ray Tube ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Milikan’s Oil Drop Experiment ,[object Object]
The Electron ,[object Object],[object Object],the mass of a hydrogen atom
Early Atomic Models ,[object Object],[object Object]
The Nucleus ,[object Object],[object Object]
The Nucleus ,[object Object]
The Nucleus ,[object Object]
The Nucleus
The Nucleus ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Niels Bohr Model
The Nucleus ,[object Object],[object Object]
The Nucleus ,[object Object],[object Object]
The Nucleus ,[object Object],[object Object]
The Nucleus ,[object Object]
Question? Atoms are mostly ____.   A. positive  B. negative  C. solid spheres  D. empty space
Question? What are the two fundamental subatomic particles found in the nucleus?   A. proton and electron  B. proton and neutron  C. neutron and electron  D. neutron and positron
How Atoms Differ Objectives: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Atomic Number ,[object Object],[object Object]
Isotopes and Mass Number  ,[object Object],[object Object]
Isotopes and Mass Number ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Isotopes and Mass Number
Mass of Atoms ,[object Object],[object Object]
Mass of Atoms ,[object Object]
Question? An unknown element has 19 protons, 19 electrons, and 3 isotopes with 20, 21 and 22 neutrons. What is the element’s atomic number?   A. 38  B. 40  C. 19 D. unable to determine
Question ? Elements with the same number of protons and differing numbers of neutrons are known as what?   A. isotopes  B. radioactive  C. abundant  D. ions
Unstable Nuclei and Radioactive Decay Objective: ,[object Object],[object Object]
Radioactivity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Radioactive Decay ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Radioactive Decay ,[object Object],[object Object]
Alpha Particle ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Alpha Particle ,[object Object],[object Object]
Beta Particle ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Beta Particle
Gamma Rays ,[object Object],[object Object]
Question ? A reaction that changes one element into another is called what?  A. chemical reaction  B. beta radiation  C. nuclear reaction  D. physical reaction
Question ? Why are radioactive elements rare in nature?   A. They do no occur on Earth.  B. Most have already decayed to a  stable form. C. They take a long time to form.  D. They are too hard to detect.
Study Guide Key Concepts ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Study Guide Key Concepts ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Study Guide  Key Concepts ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Study Guide Key Concepts ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Question? Whose work led to the modern atomic theory?   A. Dalton  B. Rutherford  C. Einstein  D. Aristotle
Question? Which particle is not found in the nucleus of an atom?   A. neutron  B. proton  C. dust  D. electron
Question? Two isotopes of an unknown element have the same number of:   A. protons  B. neutrons  C. electrons  D. both A and C
Question? Lithium has an atomic mass of 6.941 and two isotopes, one with 6 neutrons and one with 7 neutrons. Which isotope is more abundant?   A. 6 Li   B. 7 Li   C. Both isotopes occur equally.  D. unable to determine
Question? What happens when an element emits radioactive particles?   A. It gains energy. B. It gains neutrons.  C. It loses stability.  D. It loses energy.
Question? What is the smallest particle of an element that still retains the properties of that element?   A. proton  B. atom  C. electron  D. neutron
Question? How many neutrons, protons, and electrons does  124 54 Xe have?   A. 124 neutrons, 54 protons, 54 electrons  B. 70 neutrons, 54 protons, 54 electrons  C. 124 neutrons, 70 protons, 54 electrons  D. 70 neutrons, 70 protons, 54 electrons
Question? The primary factor in determining an atom's stability is its ratio of neutrons  to ____.  A. protons  B. electrons C. alpha particles D. isotopes
Question? What is the densest region of an atom?   A. electron cloud  B. nucleus  C. isotopes  D. atomic mass
Question? Why are electrons attracted to the cathode in a cathode ray tube?   A. The cathode is more stable.  B. The cathode has a positive charge.  C. The cathode has a negative charge.  D. The cathode has no charge.
The End
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IB 7
IB 8
IB 9
IB 10
IB 11
IB 12
IB 13
IB 14
IB 15
IB 16
IB 17
CIM Table 4.3	Properties of Subatomic Particles Figure 4.12  Rutherford's Experiment Figure 4.14  Features of an Atom Figure 4.21  Types of Radiation
Help Click any of the background top tabs to display the respective folder. Within the Chapter Outline, clicking a section tab on the right side of the screen will bring you to the first slide in each respective section. Simple navigation buttons will allow you to progress to the next slide or the previous slide. The “Return” button will allow you to return to the slide that you were viewing when you clicked either the Resources or Help tab. The Chapter Resources Menu will allow you to access chapter specific resources from the Chapter Menu or any Chapter Outline slide. From within any feature, click the Resources tab to return to this slide. To exit the presentation, click the Exit button on the Chapter Menu slide or hit Escape [Esc] on your keyboards while viewing any Chapter Outline slide.
End of Custom Shows This slide is intentionally blank.

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Chem chapt 4

  • 1. Chemistry Chapter 4 Structure of the Atom
  • 2. Main Ideas The ancient Greeks tried to explain matter, but the scientific study of the atom began with John Dalton in the early 1800's. An atom is made of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons; electrons move around the nucleus. The number of protons and the mass number define the type of atom. Unstable atoms emit radiation to gain stability.
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  • 10. Dalton’s Atomic Theory Even though some of the theory was incorrect, It provided the basis we have today for atomic theory. As is common with science, his theory has since been revised and additional information learned.
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  • 12. Question ? Who was the first person to propose the idea that matter was not infinitely divisible? A. Aristotle B. Plato C. Dalton D. Democritus
  • 13. Question? Dalton’s theory also conveniently explained what? A. the electron B. the nucleus C. law of conservation of mass D. law of Democritus
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  • 16. STM
  • 17. STM Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is the highest resolution imaging and nanofabrication technique available. It relies on quantum tunneling of electrons from a sharp metal tip to a conducting surface. The 71 Angstrom diameter "quantum corral" shown above was created and imaged with an ultra-high vacuum cryogenic STM. Each sharp peak in the circle is an iron atom resting on atomically flat copper
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  • 35. Question? Atoms are mostly ____. A. positive B. negative C. solid spheres D. empty space
  • 36. Question? What are the two fundamental subatomic particles found in the nucleus? A. proton and electron B. proton and neutron C. neutron and electron D. neutron and positron
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  • 44. Question? An unknown element has 19 protons, 19 electrons, and 3 isotopes with 20, 21 and 22 neutrons. What is the element’s atomic number? A. 38 B. 40 C. 19 D. unable to determine
  • 45. Question ? Elements with the same number of protons and differing numbers of neutrons are known as what? A. isotopes B. radioactive C. abundant D. ions
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  • 55. Question ? A reaction that changes one element into another is called what? A. chemical reaction B. beta radiation C. nuclear reaction D. physical reaction
  • 56. Question ? Why are radioactive elements rare in nature? A. They do no occur on Earth. B. Most have already decayed to a stable form. C. They take a long time to form. D. They are too hard to detect.
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  • 61. Question? Whose work led to the modern atomic theory? A. Dalton B. Rutherford C. Einstein D. Aristotle
  • 62. Question? Which particle is not found in the nucleus of an atom? A. neutron B. proton C. dust D. electron
  • 63. Question? Two isotopes of an unknown element have the same number of: A. protons B. neutrons C. electrons D. both A and C
  • 64. Question? Lithium has an atomic mass of 6.941 and two isotopes, one with 6 neutrons and one with 7 neutrons. Which isotope is more abundant? A. 6 Li B. 7 Li C. Both isotopes occur equally. D. unable to determine
  • 65. Question? What happens when an element emits radioactive particles? A. It gains energy. B. It gains neutrons. C. It loses stability. D. It loses energy.
  • 66. Question? What is the smallest particle of an element that still retains the properties of that element? A. proton B. atom C. electron D. neutron
  • 67. Question? How many neutrons, protons, and electrons does 124 54 Xe have? A. 124 neutrons, 54 protons, 54 electrons B. 70 neutrons, 54 protons, 54 electrons C. 124 neutrons, 70 protons, 54 electrons D. 70 neutrons, 70 protons, 54 electrons
  • 68. Question? The primary factor in determining an atom's stability is its ratio of neutrons to ____. A. protons B. electrons C. alpha particles D. isotopes
  • 69. Question? What is the densest region of an atom? A. electron cloud B. nucleus C. isotopes D. atomic mass
  • 70. Question? Why are electrons attracted to the cathode in a cathode ray tube? A. The cathode is more stable. B. The cathode has a positive charge. C. The cathode has a negative charge. D. The cathode has no charge.
  • 72. IB 4
  • 73. IB 5
  • 74. IB 6
  • 75. IB 7
  • 76. IB 8
  • 77. IB 9
  • 78. IB 10
  • 79. IB 11
  • 80. IB 12
  • 81. IB 13
  • 82. IB 14
  • 83. IB 15
  • 84. IB 16
  • 85. IB 17
  • 86. CIM Table 4.3 Properties of Subatomic Particles Figure 4.12 Rutherford's Experiment Figure 4.14 Features of an Atom Figure 4.21 Types of Radiation
  • 87. Help Click any of the background top tabs to display the respective folder. Within the Chapter Outline, clicking a section tab on the right side of the screen will bring you to the first slide in each respective section. Simple navigation buttons will allow you to progress to the next slide or the previous slide. The “Return” button will allow you to return to the slide that you were viewing when you clicked either the Resources or Help tab. The Chapter Resources Menu will allow you to access chapter specific resources from the Chapter Menu or any Chapter Outline slide. From within any feature, click the Resources tab to return to this slide. To exit the presentation, click the Exit button on the Chapter Menu slide or hit Escape [Esc] on your keyboards while viewing any Chapter Outline slide.
  • 88. End of Custom Shows This slide is intentionally blank.