This document is a final examination paper for a DBA course on advanced good governance and corporate social responsibility. It discusses good governance in education and defines it as a set of responsibilities and procedures exercised by institutions to provide strategic direction and ensure educational objectives are achieved through effective resource use, accountability, and participatory decision-making. The paper also discusses the principles of corporate social responsibility for maritime training centers in the Philippines and the need to consider social and environmental impacts alongside economic and business interests. It addresses the "triple bottom line" of corporate social responsibility encompassing economic, environmental and social factors.

1. DBA 703 ADVANCED GOOD GOVERNACE AND CORPORATE
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
A Final Examination Paper
Presented to the Faculty of Graduate School
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Sta. Mesa Manila
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree
Doctor in Business Administration
Submitted to:
____________________________
By
CHICKIE D. MARSHALL
February 2023

2. Introduction
Governance is the process by which government makes and implements policy
decisions that influence the finance and delivery of education to citizens of a nation. It
also implies the way and manner of how power is exercised through a country’s
economic, political, social and civil society to use the country’s resources for socio-
economic development which have an impact on each household, individual or nation.
Good governance is an act by which political process translates to the will of the
people into public policies by establishing rules that will give room for efficient delivery
services to all citizens of the country. Good governance can be seen as full respect of
human right, participation of people in decision making, transparency and
accountability, resources management, equity, access to knowledge and the likes that
foster responsibility towards the realization of goals and objectives.
Good governance in this study is a set of responsibilities and procedures
exercise by an institution or government to provide strategic direction to ensure
educational objectives are achieved through effective and efficient use of resources,
accountability, and participation of people in decision-making. Good governance in
education is concerned with how a school system composes policies, produce funds
and expend funds, teacher preparation for teaching, scheming curricula and
administration of school population (Khalique, 2010). This means school governance is
responsible for school effectiveness, quality, and accountability
Kadir (2019) in his study is all about the governance issues in education more
specifically in the country of Nigeria focus on the examination with regard to the
relationship between resources management, accountability, participatory decision-

3. making, and management in secondary schools. The study found out that there was a
positive and significant relationship between resources management, accountability,
participatory decision-making, and management of secondary schools in Nigeria. It was
recommended that government should continue to ensure effective management of the
resources, accountability, as well as fostering the voice of citizens through participatory
decision-making towards the realization of effective management of secondary schools
in Nigeria. However, in the study revealed that in good governance has something to do
in their CSR to be aware and focus in their promulgating principles so that the
sustainability of the organization must have continue and has achieved the financial
resources including environment wherein the people in the organization could feel that
there were important and has significant value.
Background of the Study
The principles of the corporate social responsibility of maritime training centers in
the Philippines is to maximize profits with a commitment to provide the very core of
maritime training centers’ vision and commitment for the benefit of maritime training
personnel, managers and seafarers. Business and social benefits of the corporate social
responsibility is commonly defined as an economic activity undertaken by businessmen
for profit and that the businessmen serve society best when they profit the most are clearly
deceptive. Maritime Training Centers are the organs of the society and do not exist for
their own sake, but to fulfill specific social purpose and to satisfy a specific need of the
individual, society, and community. Maritime Training Centers’ executives must look
upon their power and authority in the business organizations not only with a view of

4. harnessing resources and combining them to produce the desired level of profitability, but
also a golden opportunity for the development of the society and environment as a whole.
Definitely, profit is very important and this is the objective of the maritime training centers
in the Philippines. Often, it is the company’s reason for existence and possible expansion;
however, business as a human activity must also serve the needs of the society where it
operates. Thus, maritime personnel, managers and seafarers in maritime training centers
face unprecedented challenges, because as an economic institution, the level of
awareness, implementation, business, and social benefits of the corporate social
responsibility of maritime training centers in the Philippines has a mission as well as
responsibility to society.
According to Kreitner (2009), the concept of social responsibility is far from being
a new concept. It has been in existence for a long period of time, but unfortunately, it has
not been and helped to grow by narrow-minded businessmen, because it would mean a
diversion of part of the business’ income to activities other than business and thereby
result in smaller profits. Today, the concept of social responsibility of maritime training
centers no longer asks what the limitations of business enterprise are, or what they should
be doing for those under their immediate authority. It demands that managers and
executives take responsibility for social issues and problems and that they be the keepers
of society’s conscience and help the government to solve some society’s problems.
Those maritime training centers officials responsible for corporate policy should consider
not only the interest of the owners of the business, but also the interest of those affected
by the activities enterprise is directed towards the owners and other capital providers;

5. towards the employees; towards the customers; towards the suppliers; towards
competitors; towards the local and national government and towards society as a whole.
Richardson (2008) explained that corporate social responsibility ensures the
sustainability of the business because it is a form, of risk management. It is a precaution
because it can prevent the downfall of companies against the worldwide clamor to bring
to an end businesses not conforming to corporate social responsibility standards. It is a
value because it stresses that all stakeholders can be partners in aiming to the well-being
of the society. It is a responsive strategy because it becomes a unique selling point and
helps reduce social tension. Stakeholders should make certain that corporate social
responsibility is not the end in itself, but instead the means through which business
enterprise can help to solve societal problems and yet maintain its competitive edge in
the world market.
However, nowadays it is difficult at times for some companies to adopt a good
sense of CSR because they often want to engage only in direct profitable ventures.
According to Michael E. Porter and Mark R. Kramer (2003), the Strategic Philanthropist,
companies, can benefit by engaging in CSR activities. It will focus on the cluster and
improve capability of the business but CSR should make the profit at the same time. So,
companies find the best strategy for making sure that business have responsibility
regarding social issues and make profit at the same time.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is viewed as an umbrella concept, which
includes corporate citizenships, corporate sustainability, stakeholder management,
environment management, business ethics and corporate social performance (Viser. W

6. 2005). So, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is one strategy to run the business or
sometimes its core business especially in big organizations.
Triple bottom line: it is very difficult to talk about CSR without looking at triple bottom
line thinking (that is interactive thinking taking into consideration social, environmental
and economic factors). These three indicators of CSR are shown in fig 1 below.
Figure 3: Triple bottom line
Source: Indstate.edu (2010)
Economic. No doubt in previous business, economics has influenced our world.
Every company in all sectors has focused on the benefits or profits. Some organizations
want to serve only shareholders or financial reports. But nowadays it is difficult to do this
if companies think about merely their own benefits by ignoring social, environment and
other stakeholders. Because it is short term strategies and the firms will face several
impacts of organizations.
In order to sustain economic businesses, companies should not only concern
about benefits of financial forms but also ethnic firms have to care to people or society
and environment as well (Elkington .J 1997, p.72).
From Eco-efficiency, companies have involved in competitive businesses by
offering good prices, products and services to improve the quality of life in order to make

7. customer satisfaction. In which these processes try to reduce environmental impacts
(Elkington .J 1997, p.78).
Natural resource productions relate to maintaining environment and
competitiveness which limited environment has created innovation of products as an eco-
efficiency (Elkington .J 1997, p 109).
To develop economic sustainability, all companies have to rely on ethnic
businesses that they cannot run businesses without responsible stakeholders such as
their staffs, customers or societies who affect directly to companies such as losing image,
profits of companies and so on. On other words, the ethic’s company will receive a lot of
economic benefits of organizations by using innovations to operate their businesses
which can increase the company’s‟ benefits. For instance, reducing the cost of
productions, creating good qualities of products and good image of media including
building long run relationship with stakeholders too. It might say these are win-win
strategies.
Environment. All mankind is involved with the environment. Everybody has used
a lot of natural resources in the whole life. Unfortunately, nowadays our environment is
destroyed by people or corporations that might not care about it of which there are many
impacts on our planet such as increasing pollution around the world, wastes water,
climate change etc. because we don’t care about the environment enough. There are two
main things of significant natural capitals reformative or replacing natural resources.
Firstly, it is necessary for the reservation of life and ecosystem balance. Secondly, it can
renovate or replace natural resources such as solar cells in order to limit fuels (Elkington
.J 1997, p. 79).

8. From many countries, there are regulations to companies for their environmental
performances (Elkington .J 1997, p 80).
In order to protect the environment or ecosystem, we have to protect the
environment by reducing the use of natural resources because some resources can
renew again by using technological replacement such as using wind energy to produce
electricity or recycle products and also can reduce companies cost as well. Moreover we
have to protect environment at the same time by treating waste processes before sending
to the environment (to main our earth).
All of the above show that, in maintaining the environment it is important that all
parties have to realize it. It’s not only you and me but also everybody in our world.
Social. Social development is one of the important parts in triple bottom line. It might
be affected to economics and environment too.
Social capital is trust of people in society which some parts can measure people ability
to work together in organization. These capabilities have importance to develop
sustainability in every status of society (Elkington .J 1997, p 85).
Social accounting focuses on evaluating people who have impacted to the
corporation. The area covers training, community relations, product safety, employment,
education, donation and so on (Elkington .J 199, p 87-88).
For organizations, they have to be responsible communities both inside and outside
because it has impact to developing companies by providing good environmental
workplace, training skills, welfare, and human right. For outside organizations, it should
make good relationships with society by creating activities to support or help society such
as donating money into communication or improving society to become better life etc.

9. As researcher, it takes as an interest to apply the level of awareness,
implementation, business, and social benefits of the corporate social responsibility of
Maritime Training Centers in the Philippines in my course description in advanced good
governance and corporate social responsibility.