The document discusses several Supreme Court rulings and their implications for Congress, including the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) and comprehensive immigration reform. It also examines the relationship between representatives and their constituents, discussing Edmund Burke's perspective that representatives should use their own judgment rather than always obeying constituents' opinions. The document summarizes a key study by Miller and Stokes that used surveys and roll call votes to examine constituent influence on representatives across different policy issues, finding the strongest influence on civil rights issues and the weakest on foreign policy issues.
2010 Post-Election Analysis: President Barack Obama and the Closely Divided 1...Patton Boggs LLP
With Republican candidates having made significant gains in the mid-term elections by capturing the House and increasing their share of the Senate, President Barack Obama faces a starkly different legislative environment as he seeks to advance the balance of his policy agenda and as he runs for reelection in 2012. The President has already accomplished two of his most ambitious legislative goals on which he campaigned—health care reform and financial services reform, but two remain unfulfilled—energy/climate change legislation and immigration reform. And now, notwithstanding the need to create jobs and further stimulate the economy, he will likely add deficit reduction as a third one. Will he go for comprehensive bills or will he try for incremental reform? Will he choose confrontation or compromise at the outset? Will he give up on Congress and try to accomplish as much as possible through regulatory action? And how will action in the courts and international events, including the war in Afghanistan, the situation in Iraq, ongoing developments in Iran, and terrorist threats, limit his domestic agenda?
Voter Preferences and Political Change: Evidence From the Political Economy o...Marcellus Drilling News
A research report that looks at the effect of shale drilling on political races and finds that in areas with shale drilling, more Republican and conservative candidates win and those people tend to vote more conservative. The research was conducted by researchers at Bocconi University (Italy), University of Pennsylvania, and Boston College.
Policy and Elections 3.03 LC)The president is responsible for se.docxIRESH3
Policy and Elections 3.03 LC)
The president is responsible for
selecting the new state governors
creating rules for Congress to follow
making sure the laws are carried out
approving Senate office appointments
Question 2
(Multiple Choice Worth 3 points)
(Policy and Elections 3.04 MC)
Interest groups can influence public policy because they
try to get their members elected whom they expect to vote along the party platform on issues
lobby the members of legislative committees to convince them to vote a certain way on bills
have considerable power in influencing judicial decisions on difficult civil and criminal trials
select who will serve as advisors to the members of the executive and legislative branches
Question 3
(Multiple Choice Worth 3 points)
(Policy and Elections 3.04 MC)
Most interest groups are formed because members want
to become famous for something other than sports or fine arts
a social organization they can rely on to plan leisure activities
to get one of their members elected to a government office
the government to pay attention to a concern that they share
Question 4
(Multiple Choice Worth 3 points)
(Policy and Elections 3.05 MC)
"Candidate Florent is obviously the better man for the job. No one can match his education and experience."
This quote shows that the reporter
uses emotional appeal to support Florent
uses emotional appeal against Florent
has a bias in favor of Florent
has a bias against Florent
Question 5
(Multiple Choice Worth 3 points)
(Policy and Elections 3.05 MC)
"Key provisions of the Patriot Act are set to expire next year. The terrorist threat will not expire on that schedule. Our law enforcement needs this vital legislation to protect our citizens."—President Bush, 2004 State of the Union Address
In this quote, President Bush
reveals his bias against anti-terrorism legislation and wants to allow the laws to end
appeals to people's fears of terrorism to convince lawmakers to renew the legislation
omits key information about the impact of the legislation so people will not support it
uses specific facts about the impact of anti-terrorism legislation to increase its support
Question 6
(Multiple Choice Worth 3 points)
(Policy and Elections 3.04 LC)
Interest groups consist of
people who share beliefs and support their members in elections
people with shared goals who work together to influence public policy
various means of mass communication, such as television and radio
government agencies that regulate and monitor citizens and businesses
Question 7
(Multiple Choice Worth 3 points)
(Policy and Elections 3.05 MC)
Federal political campaigns in recent years have expanded their use of
social networking sites to connect with voters
radio programming during typical driving hours
television programming to discuss detailed issues
newspaper advertisements in local and state news
Question 8
(Multiple Choice Worth 3 points)
(Policy and Elections 3.05 MC
Which communicat.
2010 Post-Election Analysis: President Barack Obama and the Closely Divided 1...Patton Boggs LLP
With Republican candidates having made significant gains in the mid-term elections by capturing the House and increasing their share of the Senate, President Barack Obama faces a starkly different legislative environment as he seeks to advance the balance of his policy agenda and as he runs for reelection in 2012. The President has already accomplished two of his most ambitious legislative goals on which he campaigned—health care reform and financial services reform, but two remain unfulfilled—energy/climate change legislation and immigration reform. And now, notwithstanding the need to create jobs and further stimulate the economy, he will likely add deficit reduction as a third one. Will he go for comprehensive bills or will he try for incremental reform? Will he choose confrontation or compromise at the outset? Will he give up on Congress and try to accomplish as much as possible through regulatory action? And how will action in the courts and international events, including the war in Afghanistan, the situation in Iraq, ongoing developments in Iran, and terrorist threats, limit his domestic agenda?
Voter Preferences and Political Change: Evidence From the Political Economy o...Marcellus Drilling News
A research report that looks at the effect of shale drilling on political races and finds that in areas with shale drilling, more Republican and conservative candidates win and those people tend to vote more conservative. The research was conducted by researchers at Bocconi University (Italy), University of Pennsylvania, and Boston College.
Policy and Elections 3.03 LC)The president is responsible for se.docxIRESH3
Policy and Elections 3.03 LC)
The president is responsible for
selecting the new state governors
creating rules for Congress to follow
making sure the laws are carried out
approving Senate office appointments
Question 2
(Multiple Choice Worth 3 points)
(Policy and Elections 3.04 MC)
Interest groups can influence public policy because they
try to get their members elected whom they expect to vote along the party platform on issues
lobby the members of legislative committees to convince them to vote a certain way on bills
have considerable power in influencing judicial decisions on difficult civil and criminal trials
select who will serve as advisors to the members of the executive and legislative branches
Question 3
(Multiple Choice Worth 3 points)
(Policy and Elections 3.04 MC)
Most interest groups are formed because members want
to become famous for something other than sports or fine arts
a social organization they can rely on to plan leisure activities
to get one of their members elected to a government office
the government to pay attention to a concern that they share
Question 4
(Multiple Choice Worth 3 points)
(Policy and Elections 3.05 MC)
"Candidate Florent is obviously the better man for the job. No one can match his education and experience."
This quote shows that the reporter
uses emotional appeal to support Florent
uses emotional appeal against Florent
has a bias in favor of Florent
has a bias against Florent
Question 5
(Multiple Choice Worth 3 points)
(Policy and Elections 3.05 MC)
"Key provisions of the Patriot Act are set to expire next year. The terrorist threat will not expire on that schedule. Our law enforcement needs this vital legislation to protect our citizens."—President Bush, 2004 State of the Union Address
In this quote, President Bush
reveals his bias against anti-terrorism legislation and wants to allow the laws to end
appeals to people's fears of terrorism to convince lawmakers to renew the legislation
omits key information about the impact of the legislation so people will not support it
uses specific facts about the impact of anti-terrorism legislation to increase its support
Question 6
(Multiple Choice Worth 3 points)
(Policy and Elections 3.04 LC)
Interest groups consist of
people who share beliefs and support their members in elections
people with shared goals who work together to influence public policy
various means of mass communication, such as television and radio
government agencies that regulate and monitor citizens and businesses
Question 7
(Multiple Choice Worth 3 points)
(Policy and Elections 3.05 MC)
Federal political campaigns in recent years have expanded their use of
social networking sites to connect with voters
radio programming during typical driving hours
television programming to discuss detailed issues
newspaper advertisements in local and state news
Question 8
(Multiple Choice Worth 3 points)
(Policy and Elections 3.05 MC
Which communicat.
The Impact and Importance of the Legislative ProcessCongressional .docxrtodd33
The Impact and Importance of the Legislative Process
Congressional leaders are voted into office through general elections. For this reason, legislation is heavily impacted by social movements and public opinion. Lobbyists, citizens, religious leaders, or interest groups attempt to sway congressional votes on bills. Any number of current events, ideological shifts, demographic trends, or other movements may help or hinder the passage of certain bills in Congress. Likewise, bills passed by Congress may institute sweeping changes in public policy. Understanding the complicated nature of the legislative process and its impact on policy shifts and trends will help you become a more astute legal researcher in the area of statutory law.
Statutory research is the process of finding statutory law that answers a legal question. In past years, the role of statutory law in a legal researcher’s work was frequently overshadowed by case law and appellate decisions. However, as legislatures become more active in law making, their statutes add considerable legal authority and potential research material to existing case law and common law principles. Today, it is common for appellate decisions to involve the application of statutes.
To prepare for this Discussion:
Review the assigned pages of Chapter 2 in your course text,
Legal Research Methods
, and Chapter 4 in your course text,
Principles of Legal Research
. Focus on the federal legislative process.
With these thoughts in mind:
Post by Day 4
an explanation of how the legislative process impacts policy shifts and trends. Then explain the importance of understanding the legislative process for legal research. Be specific and use examples to support your explanation.
Be sure to support your postings and responses with specific references to the Learning Res
.
University of Massachusetts BostonScholarWorks at UMass Bost.docxouldparis
University of Massachusetts Boston
ScholarWorks at UMass Boston
Sociology Faculty Publication Series Sociology
12-2013
Jim Crow 2.0?: W hy States Consider and Adopt
Restrictive Voter Access Policies
Keith Gunnar Bentele
University of Massachusetts Boston, [email protected]
Erin E. O'Brien
University of Massachusetts Boston, [email protected]
Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.umb.edu/sociology_faculty_pubs
Part of the American Politics Commons, Politics and Social Change Commons, and the Race and
Ethnicity Commons
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Sociology at ScholarWorks at UMass Boston. It has been accepted for inclusion in
Sociology Faculty Publication Series by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at UMass Boston. For more information, please contact
[email protected]
Recommended Citation
Bentele, Keith Gunnar and O'Brien, Erin E., "Jim Crow 2.0?: Why States Consider and Adopt Restrictive Voter Access Policies"
(2013). Sociology Faculty Publication Series. Paper 11.
http://scholarworks.umb.edu/sociology_faculty_pubs/11
http://scholarworks.umb.edu?utm_source=scholarworks.umb.edu%2Fsociology_faculty_pubs%2F11&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages
http://scholarworks.umb.edu/sociology_faculty_pubs?utm_source=scholarworks.umb.edu%2Fsociology_faculty_pubs%2F11&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages
http://scholarworks.umb.edu/sociology?utm_source=scholarworks.umb.edu%2Fsociology_faculty_pubs%2F11&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages
http://scholarworks.umb.edu/sociology_faculty_pubs?utm_source=scholarworks.umb.edu%2Fsociology_faculty_pubs%2F11&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages
http://network.bepress.com/hgg/discipline/387?utm_source=scholarworks.umb.edu%2Fsociology_faculty_pubs%2F11&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages
http://network.bepress.com/hgg/discipline/425?utm_source=scholarworks.umb.edu%2Fsociology_faculty_pubs%2F11&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages
http://network.bepress.com/hgg/discipline/426?utm_source=scholarworks.umb.edu%2Fsociology_faculty_pubs%2F11&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages
http://network.bepress.com/hgg/discipline/426?utm_source=scholarworks.umb.edu%2Fsociology_faculty_pubs%2F11&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages
http://scholarworks.umb.edu/sociology_faculty_pubs/11?utm_source=scholarworks.umb.edu%2Fsociology_faculty_pubs%2F11&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages
mailto:[email protected]
Jim Crow 2.0?: Why States Consider and Adopt Restrictive Voter Access Polices
Forthcoming at Perspectives on Politics. Please do not cite or distribute without
permission of corresponding author.
Keith Bentele, PhD*
Assistant Professor of Sociology
University of Massachusetts Boston
e-mail: [email protected]
phone: 617.287.4056
Erin O’Brien, PhD
Associate Professor of Political Science
University of Massachusetts Boston
e-mail: [email protected]
phone: 216.262.6772
*Corres ...
DescriptionDebate on a wide variety of issues in the United.docxcarolinef5
Description
Debate on a wide variety of issues in the United States has become increasingly partisan. This is due in part to the fact that the party platforms have coalesced around positions on sets of issues and have sorted voters based on their relative preferences on these issues. Assignment: Pick two of the following issues and do a little research about how the parties’ average position on that issue has changed over the past twenty years (i.e. the era where partisan polarization has been said to be happening).
The issues are:
● Expanding federal environmental regulation
● Raising tax rates on top earners
● Legalizing gay marriage
● Supporting universal healthcare
● Joining international free trade agreements
● Authorizing domestic surveillance
Recall there are two types of polarization we have talked about:
• Mass polarization- how much the general public is or is not polarizing
• Elite polarization- how much more influential people are or are not polarization (including members of Congress, wealthy Americans, certain political activists, etc)
Choose one of these two types (mass or elite) to focus on, and apply it to both of the issues you chose. If you choose mass, you can use public opinion polls to get an idea of how people are polarizing on an issue. If you choose elite, focus on Congress as a special case (in part because it’s easier to measure, and in part because polarization in Congress have profound consequences). Polarization in Congress can be measured by looking at voting on bills. For example, if in 1973 the House of Representatives votes on a bill, and 130/265 Democrats and 85/170 Republicans vote for a bill, we can say it’s not all that polarized because about 49% of the Democrats and 50% of the Republicans voted for it, meaning they don’t differ very much in their view of the bill. On the other hand, if 90% of Democrats and 15% of Republicans vote yes in 2015, it certainly looks like things have been polarized. This logic using percentages also holds for public opinion data if you choose to talk about mass instead of elite. Keep in mind that you need to compare the past to the present. If you choose elite, then compare a law voted on by Congress before the 1990s to a more recent one (you do this once each for each of the two issues you chose. If you choose mass, then compare public opinion data by party between now and some time further in the past. You can find a ton of valuable polling and survey info through Gallup and Pew’s sites (if you choose mass). If you choose elite, then votes on laws in Congress can be found on their official website. If you’re unsure of a source, ask me first.
.
DescriptionDebate on a wide variety of issues in the United.docxdonaldp2
Description
Debate on a wide variety of issues in the United States has become increasingly partisan. This is due in part to the fact that the party platforms have coalesced around positions on sets of issues and have sorted voters based on their relative preferences on these issues. Assignment: Pick two of the following issues and do a little research about how the parties’ average position on that issue has changed over the past twenty years (i.e. the era where partisan polarization has been said to be happening).
The issues are:
● Expanding federal environmental regulation
● Raising tax rates on top earners
● Legalizing gay marriage
● Supporting universal healthcare
● Joining international free trade agreements
● Authorizing domestic surveillance
Recall there are two types of polarization we have talked about:
• Mass polarization- how much the general public is or is not polarizing
• Elite polarization- how much more influential people are or are not polarization (including members of Congress, wealthy Americans, certain political activists, etc)
Choose one of these two types (mass or elite) to focus on, and apply it to both of the issues you chose. If you choose mass, you can use public opinion polls to get an idea of how people are polarizing on an issue. If you choose elite, focus on Congress as a special case (in part because it’s easier to measure, and in part because polarization in Congress have profound consequences). Polarization in Congress can be measured by looking at voting on bills. For example, if in 1973 the House of Representatives votes on a bill, and 130/265 Democrats and 85/170 Republicans vote for a bill, we can say it’s not all that polarized because about 49% of the Democrats and 50% of the Republicans voted for it, meaning they don’t differ very much in their view of the bill. On the other hand, if 90% of Democrats and 15% of Republicans vote yes in 2015, it certainly looks like things have been polarized. This logic using percentages also holds for public opinion data if you choose to talk about mass instead of elite. Keep in mind that you need to compare the past to the present. If you choose elite, then compare a law voted on by Congress before the 1990s to a more recent one (you do this once each for each of the two issues you chose. If you choose mass, then compare public opinion data by party between now and some time further in the past. You can find a ton of valuable polling and survey info through Gallup and Pew’s sites (if you choose mass). If you choose elite, then votes on laws in Congress can be found on their official website. If you’re unsure of a source, ask me first.
.
Reflect on partisanship in the Congress and discuss the proper role kailynochseu
Reflect on partisanship in the Congress and discuss the proper role of the minority party in each house of the Congress. Is the frequent use of the filibuster for ideological purposes an act of patriotism or partisan politics at its worst?
Also discuss the proper role of the majority party in each house of the Congress. In responding to your classmates, discuss if you think its members should exclude the minority party whenever possible or try to compromise with them.
classmate post #1:
The proper role of the minority party in each house in Congress is to influence legislation at the committee level and ensure that all of the rules are being followed through the legislative process. The minority should also use the court of public opinion through the media to fight egregious legislation and apply public pressure to the majority party.
The frequent use of filibuster is used by both parties equally for ideological purposes and for partisan politics at its worst. While the ideological debates on various issues can be very informative, very seldom does the use of filibuster change the direction of the voting majority. Filibuster has also been the cause of excessive delays in the confirmations of federal judge appointees, thus slowing down the judicial branch of government.
The proper role of the majority party in each house of the Congress is to control the referral of legislation to congressional committees and ultimately control the legislative process. A bill's survival depends on referral to a favorable committee. The majority is also tasked with remaining cohesive in policy positions and protecting the brand of their respective political party.
Evans, J., & Michaud, K. (2019).
Central Ideas in American Government (9th ed.)
. Asheville, NC: Soomo Learning. Retrieved from:
https://www.webtexts.com
classmate post #2:
When looking into congress we have to realize that they are the ones who make the laws, of course after they're signed by the president. It ismade up of two houses, the House of Reps and the Senate. Congress has the big responsibility to look out and take care of the citizens of the United States, make sure all laws are being abided and that the government is doing right by the people.
Both sides elect their leaders by ballots. The majority and minority group have very similiar responsibilities, they are in charge of making sure all of the laws that have been signed are being followed the right away , that they are being represented correctly. The slight differences between both is that the minority party has fewer seats and they also need to make deals to pass legislation laws, whereas the majority side does not.
Filibuster is a procedure wherer congree present a certain bill and they debate on whether or not they want to pass it. They could delay it, or simply kill it all in all. They can do this by discussing potential issues that they believe can occur with it. When talkiing about this it's honestly ...
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Day 2 - The Representative-Constituency Linkage (U.S. Congress)
1. Day 2 – The Representative-Constituency
Linkage
June 27, 2013
2. In the News
Supreme Court Rulings on VRA, DOMA, and Prop. 8
and how they affect Congress
Accompanying Supreme Court Rulings is the “Running of
the Interns”
http://www.buzzfeed.com/bennyjohnson/the-2013-running-of-
the-interns
3. Gay Marriage Rulings
What is DOMA?
http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/104/hr3396
Changes in gay marriage legislation over time.
http://graphics.latimes.com/usmap-gay-marriage-chronology/
The decision yesterday.
http://www.nbcnews.com/id/3036789/#52326724
Implications for Congress?
Comprehensive Immigration Reform (CIR)
http://www.politico.com/story/2013/06/gay-marriage-ruling-
immigration-bill-93420.html
Why have Republicans quickly changed positions on immigration?
http://www.pewhispanic.org/2012/11/07/latino-voters-in-the-2012-election/
4. The Two Congresses (DOL 3-13)
Congress as a collegial body, performing
constitutional duties, and debating legislative issues
that affect the entire nation.
Complex network of rules, organizations, and traditions.
Congress as a representative assembly of 541
individuals.
5. Two Constituencies
Constituents at home
Colleagues in Congress
*MCs constantly deal with tension between lawmaking
and representing.
Sometimes this means breaking from party and
politicians to appease one’s constituency.
Example: Joe Manchin – Democratic Senator from West
Virginia
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xIJORBRpOPM
Or breaking away from the national party
The popularity of Washington Republicans vs. state
Republicans.
http://www.nbcnews.com/id/3036789/#52304879 (1:30)
6. Edmund Burke’s Perspective
“Your representative owes you, not his industry only,
but his judgment; and he betrays, instead of serving
you, if he sacrifices it to your opinion.”
5 minutes on a scratch sheet of paper.
Do you agree or disagree with Burke’s argument? Is it
too simplistic? Is he right in some contexts and not in
others?
7. Citizen Perceptions
As an institution, Congress is judged mainly on the
basis of citizens’ overall attitudes toward politics.
Citizens view their own legislators are largely agents
of local concerns.
9. Constituency Influence In Congress (Miller
and Stokes 1963)
Key research question: How much influence do
constituents have on their Congressmen’s behavior?
In particular, do legislators respond similarly in each
situation or do they respond differently on different
issues?
What dimensions do they examine?
10. Three Models of Representation
Constituency Control
Legislator votes according to wishes of constituents
Responsible Parties Hypothesis
Legislator votes in line with national party
Trustee model
Legislator votes according to their own judgment.
11. Questions for Reading
What specific policies do they examine?
What method do they use to gather data? (p.46)
How do they describe electoral behavior? How do
they characterize voters? (p.53)
What do they find, in particular, do they find support
for constituency influence, responsible parties, or the
trustee model? Does this vary by policy issue?
12. Model
From Miller and Stokes (1963) p.50
The constituency can influence the decisions of the representative in two ways: 1)
The legislator, is so similar to his constituents’ that in following his own convictions
he does his constituent’s will. 2) Legislator follows her perceptions of district attitude
in order to win re-election.
13. Measurement
Congressmen ranked according to:
Roll Call Votes
Information revealed in confidential surveys
Candidates ranked according to:
Information revealed in confidential surveys
Constituents:
Average of attitude scores of all constituents living in the
same districts
Measure of the dominant electoral elements in the district
14. Results
From these measures, they can derive an empirical measure of the extent of policy
agreement between legislator and district.
From Miller and Stokes (1963) p.49
15. Initial findings
Social and economic welfare – 0.3 agreement, MCs
are, on average, more or less “liberal” than their
districts.
No agreement on foreign policy.
And the strongest agreement on civil rights – 0.6
17. From Miller and Stokes (1963) p.52
Roll call votes on VRA confirm the delegate model (largely based on region)
http://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/89-1965/h87