This document discusses concepts related to data transmission including analog and digital transmission. It defines data transmission as sending data over a communication medium between devices. It describes direct links between two devices and multipoint guided configurations with multiple devices sharing a medium. It also discusses analog and digital data and signals, and characterizes analog as continuous and digital as discrete. Finally, it outlines common transmission impairments like attenuation, distortion, and noise that can degrade signals over long distances.

1. DATA TRANSMISSION
2.1 CONCEPTS AND
TERMINOLOGY
2.2 ANALOG AND
DIGITAL DATA
TRANSMISSION
2.3 TRANSMISSION
IMPAIRMENTS

2. DATA TRANSMISSION
Data transmission is a process of sending digital and analog
data over a acommunication medium to one more
computing network.
Sending and receiving data via cables

3. • The successful
transmission of data
depends principally n
two factors;
• Quality of the signal
being transmitted
• The characteristics of
the transmission
medium ( Bandwith,
cost, ease of
installatio, etc…)

4. Concepts and Terminologies
Data transmission and terminologies occurs between transmitter and
receiver over some transmission medium.

6. • Direct link used to refer
to the transmission path
between two devices in which
signals propagate directly from
transmitter to receiver with no
intermediate devices , other
than amplifiers or repeaters
used to increase signal strength.
• This term can apply to
both guided and unguided
media.

7. Multipoint guided
configuration , more
than two devices
share the same
medium.

9. Electromagnetic signals is use as a means to transmit data. The
signal is a function of time, but it can also be expressed as function
time, but it can also be expressed as a function of frequency; that is
the signal components of different frequencies. It turns out that the
frequency-domain view of signal is far more important to
understanding of data transmission than a time-domain view .

10. Analog and
Digital Data
Transmission
• The terms analog and digital
corresponds roughly to continuous and
discrete , respectively. These two terms are
frequently in data communications in at least
three context.
• Data
• Signaling
• Transmission

11. Data
The concepts of analog and digital
data are simple enough. Analog
data take on continuous values on
some interval.
For example, voice and video are
continuously varying patterns of
intensity. Most data collected, by
sensors, such as temperature and
pressure, are continuous valued.
Digital data take on discrete values ,
examples are text and integers.

12. • We can define data as entities that convey
meaning. Signals are electric or electromagnetic
encoding data. Signaling is the act of propagating
the signal along a suitable medium. Finally
transmission is the communication of data by the
the propagation and processing of signals.

16. Transmission
Impairments
The impairment is caused by the strength of signals that degrades
with distance over a transmission link.

17. The most significant impairments are:
•Attenuation
•Delay distortion
•Noise

18. • ATTENUATION
• refers to lose energy by a signal time
• When a signal, sample or composite, travels through a medium it loses some of its energy in overcoming the
resistance of the medium.
• It compensate for this lose, amplifier are used.

19. DISTORTION
• Distortion means signal changes its form and
shape.
• Distortion can occur in a composite signal made
of different frequency. Each component have its
own propagation sped through a medium and
therefore its own delay in arriving at the final
signal.

21. • Noise maybe devided into
four categories:
• Thermal use
• Intermodulation
• Crosstalk
• Impulse noise