Data Communication and Networking Part 1 (Introduction)

DATACOMMUNICATION AND
NETWORKING
UNIT 1 – PART 1
02/02/2021 & 03/02/2021
STAFF NAME : Ms. P. ABIRAMI
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
ETHIRAJ COLLEGE FOR WOMEN - CHENNAI

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P ABIRAMI (ASST PROF - DEPT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE)
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COMPONENTS
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Characters of data communication
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Data representation
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Dataflow
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Network criteria
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Identifiers of network
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Important concepts
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ACCESS NETWORK
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Protocols:
In computer networks, communication occurs between entities in
different systems. An entity is anything capable of sending or receiving
information.
A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications. A protocol
defines what is communicated, how it is communicated, and when it is
communicated. The key elements of a protocol are syntax, semantics,
and timing.
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Standards:
Standards provide guidelines to manufacturers, vendors, government agencies, and other service providers to
ensure the kind of interconnectivity necessary in today's marketplace and in international communications.
Data communication standards fall into two categories: de facto (meaning "by fact" or "by convention") and
de jure (meaning "by law" or "by regulation").
De facto:
Standards that have not been approved by an organized body but have been adopted as standards through
widespread use are de facto standards. De facto standards are often established originally by manufacturers
who seek to define the functionality of a new product or technology.
De jure:
Those standards that have been legislated by an officially recognized body are de jure standards.
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Network models
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The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model describes
seven layers that computer systems use to communicate over
a network.
It was the first standard model for network communications,
adopted by all major computer and telecommunication
companies in the early 1980s.
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Physical layers
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Physical layer converts the binary sequences into signals vice versa and transfer it through a
transmission media such as cables etc.
The signals generated by physical layer is based on the transmission media.
For example
1. Electrical signal is generated if the media is copper cable
2. Light signal if media is optical fibre
3. Radio signal in case of transmission media is air.
This generated signal is received by the physical layer at the receiver side and converts it
into bits.
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Main functions of Physical Layer:
Digital Transmission:
One of the main functions of physical layer is to transfer data in form of signals. In this guide, we will
learn about digital transmission. A data can be either analog or digital. To transfer the data over a
transmission media such as wire, cable etc. physical layer must need to convert the data to its digital
signal.
Digital data to Digital signal conversion:
Physical layer converts digital data to digital signal. It uses two techniques to do this conversion: Line
coding and block coding.
Line coding:
A digital data is in form of binary sequence such as 1000111 (combination of 0s and 1s). Line coding uses
three schemes to represent these binary sequences in form of signals that can be transferred.
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Data link layer
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Network layer
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Transport layer
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Session layer
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References - images
• www.google.com
• https://www.lifewire.com/osi-model-reference-guide-816289
• https://sites.google.com/site/yutbms/osi-model
• https://www.imperva.com/learn/application-security/osi-model/
• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/layers-of-osi-model/
• https://infosys.beckhoff.com/english.php?content=../content/1033/tf6310_tc3_tcpip/9007199338987915.html&id=
• https://www.lifewire.com/layers-of-the-osi-model-illustrated-818017
• https://beginnersbook.com/2019/04/osi-model-in-computer-network/
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Data Communication and Networking Part 1 (Introduction)

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