The document discusses challenges with mobile data backhaul as data traffic grows exponentially. It compares point-to-point and point-to-multipoint microwave radio architectures for backhaul. A case study shows that point-to-multipoint requires less spectrum and has higher channel utilization compared to point-to-point for a sample of 8 node sites. Point-to-multipoint is presented as a more efficient solution for next generation networks.
The continued growth in video on demand (VOD) delivered over the internet is inevitable as consumers increasingly expect to control their viewing. As watching video over the internet becomes mainstream, consumers are getting more demanding. Until recently, viewers on PCs would forgive nbuffering mid-video, or occasional lack of service availability, recognising that the service was delivered on a ‘best efforts’ basis. However, as more online video services are launched and internet VOD moves to the TV, audiences will increasingly expect internet VOD to match the reliability of broadcast TV. This perspective builds on our work with infrastructure providers, broadcasters and regulators, to examine the ability of the UK’s broadband networks to deliver VOD with the quality of service (QoS) required to satisfy consumers. We consider what Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and content/application providers need to do to adapt their technical and business models to meet future consumer demands, and the role of future net neutrality legislation in shaping this market. By Chris Cowan, partner, and Kim Chua, manager, of Value Partners London.
Learn how to plan, evaluate, and implement wireless in demanding high density environments such as lecture halls, classrooms, and auditoriums. Learn how to evaluate end user throughput requirements and translate this into the number of channels required. Learn how to manage cell size, co-channel interference, and successfully apply these principles using Cisco's Unified Wireless Network.
Getting value from the Internet is the theme of the Spring edition of State of the Net. It also covers trends in catch-up TV, digital advertising and eCommerce
This is the paper that started it all. An early thought piece discussing the widening profitability gap for mobile network operators and positing a disruptive architectural response. Originally branded "Adaptive Backhaul", the concept already had most of the ingredients now found in the Mobile Edge Cloud: content caching, application hosting and acceleration deeply distributed in the radio access network. These ideas have been developed by innovative startups such as Saguna Networks and have formed the basis of important new offerings from Tier 1 network equipment vendors, such as NSN's Liquid Applications.
Enterprise small cell architecture webinarDavid Chambers
Amit Jain, VP Product Management at Spidercloud, explains the various small cell alternatives for enterprise small cells suitable for SOHO, SME and larger businesses. He argues that as the number of enterprise femtocells/small cells increase, more local control is required. Various solutions from individual small cells (femtocells) through to large scale DAS (Distributed Antenna Systems) all have a place to play.
The continued growth in video on demand (VOD) delivered over the internet is inevitable as consumers increasingly expect to control their viewing. As watching video over the internet becomes mainstream, consumers are getting more demanding. Until recently, viewers on PCs would forgive nbuffering mid-video, or occasional lack of service availability, recognising that the service was delivered on a ‘best efforts’ basis. However, as more online video services are launched and internet VOD moves to the TV, audiences will increasingly expect internet VOD to match the reliability of broadcast TV. This perspective builds on our work with infrastructure providers, broadcasters and regulators, to examine the ability of the UK’s broadband networks to deliver VOD with the quality of service (QoS) required to satisfy consumers. We consider what Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and content/application providers need to do to adapt their technical and business models to meet future consumer demands, and the role of future net neutrality legislation in shaping this market. By Chris Cowan, partner, and Kim Chua, manager, of Value Partners London.
Learn how to plan, evaluate, and implement wireless in demanding high density environments such as lecture halls, classrooms, and auditoriums. Learn how to evaluate end user throughput requirements and translate this into the number of channels required. Learn how to manage cell size, co-channel interference, and successfully apply these principles using Cisco's Unified Wireless Network.
Getting value from the Internet is the theme of the Spring edition of State of the Net. It also covers trends in catch-up TV, digital advertising and eCommerce
This is the paper that started it all. An early thought piece discussing the widening profitability gap for mobile network operators and positing a disruptive architectural response. Originally branded "Adaptive Backhaul", the concept already had most of the ingredients now found in the Mobile Edge Cloud: content caching, application hosting and acceleration deeply distributed in the radio access network. These ideas have been developed by innovative startups such as Saguna Networks and have formed the basis of important new offerings from Tier 1 network equipment vendors, such as NSN's Liquid Applications.
Enterprise small cell architecture webinarDavid Chambers
Amit Jain, VP Product Management at Spidercloud, explains the various small cell alternatives for enterprise small cells suitable for SOHO, SME and larger businesses. He argues that as the number of enterprise femtocells/small cells increase, more local control is required. Various solutions from individual small cells (femtocells) through to large scale DAS (Distributed Antenna Systems) all have a place to play.
Mike Novak
Tellabs
This session will focus on the underlying GPON (Gigabit Passive Optical Network) and All-Secure PON infrastructure, the implications to the Layer-1 design, using Armored Interlocking Fiber to deploy NIPR/SIPR data and voice requirements.
In 2002, Liberty Technologies, then exclusively an infrastructure provider to ISPs in Panama, was assigned a portion of the 3.5-GHz spectrum by the Panamanian government. Liberty launched a residential network service based on Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA) wireless networking technology. The company determined that deploying a wired or cable service would be prohibitively expensive and would not allow for a competitively priced broadband service. Instead, a wireless network could be deployed quickly and inexpensively and had a promising future as a WAN access technology.
Crucial backhaul economics - the latest Total Cost of Ownership comparison o...CBNL
Backhaul economics have never been out of the spotlight and with millions of small cells on the horizon how will operators cope?
This presentation provides:
• The latest financial comparison of backhaul solutions
• An insight as to what options and challenges operators face next
• An overview of the total cost of ownership model used to create the analysis
Senza Fili has completed one of the most thorough analyses of backhaul technologies ever attempted.
It is based on a total cost of ownership model and compares the capex and opex of fibre, microwave and E-band point-to-point, and microwave point-to-multipoint backhaul for different configurations of LTE, 3G, and small-cell networks over a period of five years.
The model also takes into account architectural differences and, for perhaps the first time, takes aggregation benefits into account. The cost of backhaul per site and per Mb/s is compared.
The findings are summarised in the recent Senza Fili white paper ‘Crucial economics for mobile data backhaul’.
This presentation provides and overview of deploying multipoint microwave to backhaul a small cell network and was presented bu Dr John Naylon, CTO at CBNL, at the Packet Microwave and Backhaul Forum 2012.
What to do until the fibre arrives – profitable backhaul strategies for today...CBNL
This presentation was used in the 'What to do until the fibre arrives' webinar.
The presentation examines how mobile operators can lower backhaul costs by using wireless backhaul now, and investing in fibre later.
This strategy uses wireless as an interim solution for operators planning to move to fibre that need to increase backhaul capacity, but cannot move to fibre today.
The presentation shows over ten years, operators can save 27% when deploying wireless first, and building a fibre network later - or save 31% when deploying wireless initially and leasing fibre later.
The full white paper with more detailed analysis can be downloaded from: http://cbnl.com/resources/wireless-backhaul-can-ease-transition-fibre
This was presented by Dr John Naylon, CTO of CBNL, at Mobile World Congress 2012.
This made up part of the Energy Efficient Networks session where industry experts discussed the energy efficiency challenges facing operators when deploying their networks.
This presentation analyses live customer data that clearly demonstrates the efficiencies intelligent data aggregation technologies can bring to mobile backhaul networks.
The data reveals that aggregation can reduce bandwidth requirements by a minimum of 40% whilst delivering an identical service.
The presentation also highlights how wireless point to multipoint network architecture dramatically improves spectral efficiency and power efficiency per link.
The introduction includes a short video of John highlighting the key points of the presentation and how point to multipoint wireless backhaul can help operators become more efficient, save costs and bring environmental benefits to their backhaul networks.
Multi-network Solutions in the Real World: NAB 2012, Will Law, AkamaiVerimatrix
By any analysis, today's pay television operators are facing a more competitive marketplace than ever before. Pure play over-the-top (OTT) providers have joined the traditional battle between cable, satellite and IPTV, creating more concern for legacy players.
This new competitive landscape for video services has increasingly meant delivering content in parallel over different networks to a wider variety of devices. With the latest technologies and protocols enabling OTT video, operators are now combining their proprietary delivery networks with wireless and the Internet for a more compelling consumer experience.
But these new offerings require more complex solutions for encoding, managing, and distributing content – and navigating the thorny arena of content rights on new types of devices that operate inside and outside of the subscriber's home. As early TV Everywhere ventures have illustrated, the challenges of acquisition and management of such rights should not be underestimated.
View the presentations from the Multi-network Solutions in the Real World Forum during NAB 2012. An expert panel presented the opportunities, challenges and solutions for commercial video delivery over combinations of managed and unmanaged networks.
Mike Novak
Tellabs
This session will focus on the underlying GPON (Gigabit Passive Optical Network) and All-Secure PON infrastructure, the implications to the Layer-1 design, using Armored Interlocking Fiber to deploy NIPR/SIPR data and voice requirements.
In 2002, Liberty Technologies, then exclusively an infrastructure provider to ISPs in Panama, was assigned a portion of the 3.5-GHz spectrum by the Panamanian government. Liberty launched a residential network service based on Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA) wireless networking technology. The company determined that deploying a wired or cable service would be prohibitively expensive and would not allow for a competitively priced broadband service. Instead, a wireless network could be deployed quickly and inexpensively and had a promising future as a WAN access technology.
Crucial backhaul economics - the latest Total Cost of Ownership comparison o...CBNL
Backhaul economics have never been out of the spotlight and with millions of small cells on the horizon how will operators cope?
This presentation provides:
• The latest financial comparison of backhaul solutions
• An insight as to what options and challenges operators face next
• An overview of the total cost of ownership model used to create the analysis
Senza Fili has completed one of the most thorough analyses of backhaul technologies ever attempted.
It is based on a total cost of ownership model and compares the capex and opex of fibre, microwave and E-band point-to-point, and microwave point-to-multipoint backhaul for different configurations of LTE, 3G, and small-cell networks over a period of five years.
The model also takes into account architectural differences and, for perhaps the first time, takes aggregation benefits into account. The cost of backhaul per site and per Mb/s is compared.
The findings are summarised in the recent Senza Fili white paper ‘Crucial economics for mobile data backhaul’.
This presentation provides and overview of deploying multipoint microwave to backhaul a small cell network and was presented bu Dr John Naylon, CTO at CBNL, at the Packet Microwave and Backhaul Forum 2012.
What to do until the fibre arrives – profitable backhaul strategies for today...CBNL
This presentation was used in the 'What to do until the fibre arrives' webinar.
The presentation examines how mobile operators can lower backhaul costs by using wireless backhaul now, and investing in fibre later.
This strategy uses wireless as an interim solution for operators planning to move to fibre that need to increase backhaul capacity, but cannot move to fibre today.
The presentation shows over ten years, operators can save 27% when deploying wireless first, and building a fibre network later - or save 31% when deploying wireless initially and leasing fibre later.
The full white paper with more detailed analysis can be downloaded from: http://cbnl.com/resources/wireless-backhaul-can-ease-transition-fibre
This was presented by Dr John Naylon, CTO of CBNL, at Mobile World Congress 2012.
This made up part of the Energy Efficient Networks session where industry experts discussed the energy efficiency challenges facing operators when deploying their networks.
This presentation analyses live customer data that clearly demonstrates the efficiencies intelligent data aggregation technologies can bring to mobile backhaul networks.
The data reveals that aggregation can reduce bandwidth requirements by a minimum of 40% whilst delivering an identical service.
The presentation also highlights how wireless point to multipoint network architecture dramatically improves spectral efficiency and power efficiency per link.
The introduction includes a short video of John highlighting the key points of the presentation and how point to multipoint wireless backhaul can help operators become more efficient, save costs and bring environmental benefits to their backhaul networks.
Multi-network Solutions in the Real World: NAB 2012, Will Law, AkamaiVerimatrix
By any analysis, today's pay television operators are facing a more competitive marketplace than ever before. Pure play over-the-top (OTT) providers have joined the traditional battle between cable, satellite and IPTV, creating more concern for legacy players.
This new competitive landscape for video services has increasingly meant delivering content in parallel over different networks to a wider variety of devices. With the latest technologies and protocols enabling OTT video, operators are now combining their proprietary delivery networks with wireless and the Internet for a more compelling consumer experience.
But these new offerings require more complex solutions for encoding, managing, and distributing content – and navigating the thorny arena of content rights on new types of devices that operate inside and outside of the subscriber's home. As early TV Everywhere ventures have illustrated, the challenges of acquisition and management of such rights should not be underestimated.
View the presentations from the Multi-network Solutions in the Real World Forum during NAB 2012. An expert panel presented the opportunities, challenges and solutions for commercial video delivery over combinations of managed and unmanaged networks.
Evaluating Approaches to Building DPI into an LTE Network at the PDN Gateway ...Continuous Computing
Presentation delivered at Broadband Traffic Management Congress on November 2010 entitled, "Evaluating Approaches to Building DPI into an LTE Network at the PDN Gateway and Esuring Scalability"
This was presented by Dr John Naylon, Chief Technology Officer at CBNL, at the Small Cells World Summit 2012 and provides an overview of the small cell backhaul challenges and the role each wireless technology is expected to play.
The merits of each technology is analysed and more specifically the reasons why high-capacity Multipoint Microwave should be on the must try list for all operators.
Software-Defined Networking (SDN): Unleashing the Power of the NetworkRobert Keahey
It goes without saying that cloud computing has dramatically reshaped the information technology services landscape. Virtualization is unleashing the power of commodity-based technology and open source communities are building new applications and services at an astonishing rate, but networking has lagged behind compute and storage in virtualization and automation. We’ve become accustomed to specialized networking silicon, complex operating systems and highly distributed control planes. For the most part, we’ve accepted the model along with its high costs.
All that is changing! New protocols such as OpenFlow are freeing the network control plane from proprietary operating systems and hardware platforms. We are entering a new era where customers control the features – and release schedules – of new, open networking applications that address the needs of the mega-scale world.
A lot of work is required to realize the potential of Software-Defined Networking (SDN), where we can enjoy the benefits derived from “software automating software.” This talk will examine some of the history that led us to the point where current networking architectures are no longer viable for cloud computing at mega-scale. We’ll take a look at the basics of SDN and some of its key elements – OpenFlow, network virtualization, and orchestration – along with some of the initiatives and companies that are setting the stage for the next generation of networking.
This presentation was shown at LTE World summit 2010 in Amsterdam illustrating Continuous Computing's LTE (Long Term Evolution) technologies and expertise. The presentation covers:
•Supporting early development of nontraditional products for use on LTE networks
•Building a broad ecosystem of devices in parallel with LTE deployment what should the role of the operator be?
•Removing business and technical barriers and defining new models to accelerate mass adoption of new services and devices
Managing Data Offloading Securely Over WLan Access Networks With I-WLanGreen Packet
Cellular operators are increasingly shifting their focus for alternative wireless access methods to manage data offload. Legacy cellular networks were designed for low bandwidth consumption and insufficient to cope with the growth of data requirements today. Although operators continuously upgrade their networks with greater capacity and advanced technologies, heavy investments for cell build is not an economical approach in the longer term.
The availability of Wi-Fi hotspots are highly accessible and appropriate for data offloading. Taking advantage of the unlicensed spectrum and better bandwidth utilization, data offloading can be achieved with lower cost per bit. In this paper, we present I-WLAN to effectively manage data offloading securely between 3GPP and non-3GPP networks. We will also be exploring the different network use scenarios of I-WLAN in enabling simple unified EAP authentication and subscriber policies.
Several MultiConnect technologies are actively discussed in research today. MultiPath TCP (MPTCP) is capable of splitting one flow into subflows and balance the load across multiple access technologies. Multihoming is an older technology that makes it possible for network providers to balance load across multiple up- and down-links dynamically. Finally, Software Defined Networking (SDN) achieves the ultimate flexibility of connection and routing decisions. However, none of these technologies enable true (network or otherwise) resource-pooling in communications within arbitrary size user groups such as occur in meetings, class discussions, and ad-hoc communities in the wild. This paper proposes the concept of a Virtual Wireless User (VWU) which represents the entire group and appears as single user to an over-the-network service. Each group member is capable of MultiConnect using Wi-Fi Direct in parallel with any other connection method. Modeling based on real measurements shows that VWUs can achieve throughput in the order of tens of Mbps even if throughput of individual users is very low. The paper also formulates a formal optimiation problem in relation to VWU.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
• What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
• How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Le nuove frontiere dell'AI nell'RPA con UiPath Autopilot™UiPathCommunity
In questo evento online gratuito, organizzato dalla Community Italiana di UiPath, potrai esplorare le nuove funzionalità di Autopilot, il tool che integra l'Intelligenza Artificiale nei processi di sviluppo e utilizzo delle Automazioni.
📕 Vedremo insieme alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di Autopilot in diversi tool della Suite UiPath:
Autopilot per Studio Web
Autopilot per Studio
Autopilot per Apps
Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
👨🏫👨💻 Speakers:
Stefano Negro, UiPath MVPx3, RPA Tech Lead @ BSP Consultant
Flavio Martinelli, UiPath MVP 2023, Technical Account Manager @UiPath
Andrei Tasca, RPA Solutions Team Lead @NTT Data
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
2. Contents
• The quality of experience problem space
• Architectures compared
• Applicability to next generation networks
• Conclusions
www.cbnl.com 2
3. The Problem Space: Data is Dominant
• Mobile traffic is now dominated by data
− Data overtook voice in 2009
− Data volume is growing exponentially
• It costs the same to backhaul a byte of
voice as a byte of data
− But user price for a data byte is much lower
• Efficient data backhaul is a critical
issue for mobile operators today
Mobile Data Growth, Actual and Forecast
Sources: Cisco VNI
www.cbnl.com 3
4. Smartphones, Tablets and Cloud Apps are the Norm
• 78% of tablets shipped will have a 3G/4G
modem in 2015
• By 2015, 65% of e-readers worldwide will
ship with an embedded 3G/4G modem.
• Approximately 16 million portable and
computing devices shipped with 3G/4G
cellular connectivity in 2010
• 70% of the companies currently using cloud-
based services plan to move additional tools
to the cloud in the next 12 months
• 63% of cloud users say being on the cloud
has decreased performance issues
• SandHill survey of 500 IT decision-makers;
50% say their primary reason for adopting
cloud applications is business agility.
Source: Gartner, In-Stat 4
www.cbnl.com
3rd party logo’s and trademarks acknowledged
5. End of the PC?
iPhone was an awakening ...all it needed was a bigger screen
• By the time we got to the iPhone 3Gs, • ...And the iPad was
people realised they were spending born. As more people
more time on their phones doing more buy iPhones (18m per
than they ever dreamt! quarter), more people
will buy iPads!
The PC replaced the typewriter Cloud OS and apps are next
• It took PC’s 15 years to replace • Chrome OS has almost no identifiable
typewriters... now we use several need for anything but minimal amounts of
local storage. Cloud computing demands
computers each day, some are high performance networks to deliver a
stationary, others are mobile, most good experience
are embedded. Networks will enable it
www.cbnl.com
6. The Problem Space: Wireless dominant in the last mile
• Need to connect mobile base stations
(node Bs) to core network 100%
− Could use copper, fibre or microwave radio
− Microwave is the dominant choice
− Circa 500k microwave backhaul connections 75%
per year
50%
25%
0%
08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
Year
Microwave Fibre Copper
Worldwide Installed Mobile Backhaul Connections
Source: Infonetics Research
www.cbnl.com 6
7. The Problem Space: Shape of Data
• Data is “bursty”, uncorrelated, asymmetric
− This characteristic is driven by user and application behaviour
− Burstiness still present when traffic is aggregated within a node B
Handset traffic (one iPhone 4)
Peak: 11.44 Mbps
Mean: 0.14 Mbps
Ratio: 79.20 Mbps
Handset traffic (10 Devices)
Peak: 12.07 Mbps
Mean: 1.44 Mbps
Ratio: 8.37 Mbps
Node B backhaul traffic
Peak: 23.31 Mbps
Mean: 5.54 Mbps
Ratio: 4.20 Mbps
www.cbnl.com 7
8. The Problem Space: Peak to Mean Ratio
• RAN air interfaces are becoming
more sophisticated, with larger *
carriers
− Potential peak upload and download
speeds increase
• Peak-to-mean ratio of backhaul
traffic averages 3.9:1 across a broad
range of peak speeds
− We must provision at least the
peak, and the mean utilisation of the link
is at most equal to the mean offered
load
− Therefore mean utilisation of point-to-
point links to node Bs limited to ~25%
− To improve on this utilisation, we must
use PMP to take advantage of other
properties of the traffic (see section 2) * HSPA+ 21.6 tri-cellular nodeBs
www.cbnl.com 8
9. Challenge: Deliver a superior customer experience
• Changing customer behaviours and
devices demand high peak download
speeds, low latency
• Cloud-based applications and storage
increases pressure on network
performance
• Backhaul solutions need to be high
capacity and low latency to retain
customers and low opex to deliver
business case
www.cbnl.com Commercial in confidence 9
10. Contents
• The quality of experience problem space
• Architectures compared
• Applicability to next generation networks
• Conclusions
www.cbnl.com Commercial in confidence 10
11. Architecture 1: Point-to-Point Microwave Radio, Star Topology
• The most common microwave topology in use today
− For N links, 2N radios
− Dedicated RF channel for each node B served
− Circuit-switched architecture is well-suited to constant bit rate traffic
− Conventional and E-Band frequencies
www.cbnl.com 11
12. Architecture 2: Point-to-Multipoint Microwave Radio
• The fastest growing microwave topology today
− For N links, N+1 radios
− Shared RF channel amongst all node Bs served
− Packet-switched architecture is well-suited to variable bit rate (bursty) traffic
− Well-suited to dense environments
www.cbnl.com 12
13. Comparison: Installation and Maintenance
Point-to-Point Point-to-Multipoint
2 ODUs per link 1 hub ODU plus 1 RT per link
2 truck rolls per link added 1 truck roll per link added
2 antenna rentals per link 1 hub site rental plus 1 per link
2 units power per link 1 unit power per hub plus 1 per link
• 16 ODUs/truck rolls/antennas • 9 ODUs/truck rolls/antennas
• 16 units of power consumption • 9 units of power consumption
www.cbnl.com 13
14. Comparative Case Study
• We examine measured backhaul profiles from a group of eight node Bs
− Live network, large middle-eastern operator, heavy data usage
− HSPA+ 21.6Mb/s tri-cellular node Bs
− Theoretical maximum throughput 64.8Mbp/s per site
• Consider the amount of spectrum needed for each of the two topologies
− Use the bare minimum of spectrum to carry exact data profile (no ‘headroom’)
www.cbnl.com 14
17. Contents
• The quality of experience problem space
• Architectures compared
• Applicability to next generation networks
• Conclusions
www.cbnl.com 17
19. LTE deployments will be macro and small cells
• Demand for mobile traffic is increasing on average by about 100% per annum
− So in the next 5 years we expect growth of about 20—40
• Capacity is provided by network operators using the following parameters:
Capacity = Spectrum Mean Spectral Efficiency Site Density
• In the next 5 years:
− Spectrum will almost double = 2
− 3G and 4G technology will roughly double mean spectral efficiency = 2
− This gives a capacity gain per site of = 4
− The only tool left in the box is site density and therefore I need = 5—10
higher site density to give the necessary result of network capacity = 20—40
www.cbnl.com 19
20. PMP Advantages Increase with Site Density: Efficiency
• PMP advantages increase as the RAN gets denser
− More sources in a PMP sector results in more statistical multiplexing gain
− Measured results from 922 node Bs backhauled across VectaStar PMP
− Live network, HSPA+ 21Mpbs, very heavy data usage
www.cbnl.com 20
21. Comparison: Installation and Maintenance
Point-to-Point Point-to-Multipoint
2 ODUs per link 1 hub ODU plus 1 RT per link
2 truck rolls per link added 1 truck roll per link added
2 antenna rentals per link 1 hub site rental plus 1 per link
2 units power per link 1 unit power per hub plus 1 per link
• 16 ODUs/truck rolls/antennas • 9 ODUs/truck rolls/antennas
• 16 units of power consumption • 9 units of power consumption
At 8 Links = PMP Saving of 7 ‘units’
www.cbnl.com 21
22. PMP Advantages Increase with Site Density: CAPEX and OPEX
Point-to-Point Point-to-Multipoint
2 ODUs per link 3 hub ODUs plus 1 RT per link
2 truck rolls per link added 1 truck roll per link added
2 antenna rentals per link 3 hub site rental plus 1 per link
2 units power per link 3 unit power per hub plus 1 per link
• 160 ODUs/truck rolls/antennas • 83 ODUs/truck rolls/antennas
• 160 units of power consumption • 83 units of power consumption
At 80 Links = PMP Saving of 77 ‘units’
www.cbnl.com 22
23. Another Dimension: LOS or NLOS
Requirement: Capacity Coverage
Aggregating 10 cells to a PoP Cells in cluttered locations
requires 10 mean cell capacity Uncertain LOS to PoPs
Implications:
High capacity and NLOS capability are
mutually exclusive requirements
www.cbnl.com 23
24. Contents
• The quality of experience problem space
• Architectures compared
• Applicability to next generation networks
• Conclusions
www.cbnl.com 24
25. Summary
• Data is bursty, uncorrelated, asymmetric and growing like crazy
− Not easy to backhaul efficiently
• Point-to-point microwave is fundamentally a circuit switched architecture
− Packet data does not map onto circuits well (!)
− Utilisation of the average point-to-point link backhauling mobile data is ~25%
• Point-to-multipoint microwave provides true packet switching and:
− The same user experience
− More efficient utilisation of spectrum
− Less equipment to install and maintain
• Point-to-multipoint advantages are increasing with current RAN trends
− Higher peak speeds imply better statistical multiplexing gain
− Capex and Opex advantages scale with network density
www.cbnl.com 25