DASAR PERENCANAAN 2_NEW.pptx

1. DASAR – DASAR PERENCANAAN
In Search of Integration:The Past Negative
Experience

2. • in the name of planning theory, a sort of planning “self analysis” or “meta-analysis” has broken
out.
• This type of analysis has led to the crumbling of everything that could be consolidated and
cohesive in planning, through its methods and practices.
• Faludi’s work: People should expect a broadening, a unification, and an integration of the
different approaches and fields of planning, at least those practised for public purposes (from
physical-spatial to economic and social)
• How familiar are the planning theorists who come
from the conventional town planning point of view with the work of the planning
theorists who come from the economic point of view, such as Frisch, Tinbergen (both Nobel
Prize winners)
• how familiar are those theorists coming fromthe economic point
of view with the important contributions made to planning theory by town planners
of quality, such as Doxiades, Chapin, Perloff, and many others? With the last generous
effort by John Friedmann (1987),
Expectations and Results from the Integration
of the Planning Sciences

3. • During the 1960s, in several countries of Western Europe, people tried to introduce
(with stronger ideological resistance) the methods and procedures of
macroeconomic governance known as economic programming.
• Many trials were developed that tried to integrate macro-economic planning and
physical planning at the national scale. The most obvious bridge between these
two kinds of planning has been the regional splitting of national plans (called
“regional policies” in many countries).
• In the USA, a country with a demographic and territorial size not comparable to
European countries, this integrative role has been played by state planning.
Macro-Economic Planning in Europe

4. • An example of an attempt to integrate macro-economic programming or planning
with regional and spatial planning that I know better, of course, is the Italian
“Progetto 80”. But other attempts have been developed in the Netherlands, in
France, and (in the 1970s) in Germany, with the Federal
“Raumordnungsprogramme”, that has since been put aside.
• But the cases of real operational integration have remained very rare, as a
consequence of the lack of a real disciplinary integration
Macro-Economic Planning in Europe

5. • When, in the 1960s, strategic management and planning was developed in business
corporations and even in governmental agencies (local, state, and federal) through
the impulse of systems analysis, engineering, and operational research, various
attempts were implemented to integrate the methods of macro-economic
planning with (at least) public expenditure and budgeting practices.
• Furthermore, there are the well-known attempts to introduce the PPBS (Planning-
Programming-Budgeting-System) and similar procedures for evaluation in the US
Federal and local administrations, and the RCB (Rationalisation des Choix
Budgétaires) in France.
• All these attempts failed, in my opinion because of the lack of connections to
macro-economic planning (and even with a mere budgetary policy at the national
scale, which was also lacking).
Strategic Management and Planning in the Public
Sector

6. • When, in the 1970s, some governments tried to take a more generalised approach
to urban planning (which traditionally had been physical in orientation, and until
that moment carried out in isolation and limited to land-use aspects),
• many attempts were made to go beyond this character and to integrate physical
and industrial planning at the regional and local scale (for example the structure
plans carried out by counties in England).
• The difficulties met by the “structure plans” in becoming a stable operating system
are due to the fact that they were not framed in a national, multi-county scenario,
capable of controlling the consistency between county design and national
decisions and design.
Integrated Regional Planning

7. • The first included, on its editorial board, economists of the level of Ragnar Frisch
and H. Darin-Drabkin, town planners such as BrittonHarris,Martin Meyerson and
John Dyckman, and system analysts such as R.H. Howard and H.G. Berkman.
• The second had economists such as Peter Nijkamp, town planners such as Peter
Hall, system analysts such as R. Quandt, etc.)
• But, the expectations in this direction were largely frustrated.These journals have
developed their own “core focuses”: Socio-Economic Planning Sciences deals mainly
with conventional “operational research” disciplines (even if applied to the public
and social sectors), and Environment and Planning covers conventional “regional
science” with a strong orientation towards a positive, neo-classical, economic
approach and therefore with scarce interest in planning (until more recent years,
when it has been extended with other subjects and with the publication of new
accompanying journals).
Integrated Approach in Academic Journals

8. In conclusion (to return to the thread of my initial reasoning), people should expect
progress towards an ever deeper refinement and methodological integration of
different kinds of planning (in order to strengthen a general methodology of planning)
which in turn could strengthen at the same time:
• techniques and capacity for analysis of the discipline itself; and
• the applied results of the discipline, by which I mean the plans and their capacity
to be implemented with a more comprehensive outcome that is more consistent
with the conditions and constraints of their environment in a programming vision,
rendering them more feasible.
It is in this direction that one could expect the emerging “planning theory” to lead us,
and it is in this progressive direction that Faludi’s expression of the theory of planning
deserves to go.
Integrated Approach in Academic Journals

9. • Planning theory would work much better in the neglected direction of the
integration of the approaches (trying to bring into the discussion many types of
scholars involved in many different types of planning, which presently is not the
case).
• In searching for such an integration of approaches, planning theory could discuss
how to make connections, logical and methodological, among the different scales
of planning (suburban, urban, metropolitan, regional, national, international,
global), among the different sectors of planning (agricultural, industrial,
commercial, services, governmental), and among the different units of planning
(communities, unions, associations, “stakeholders,” political institutions
The Bad Course of the Debate

10. • A planning society, especially in a pluralist society or world, cannot avoid defining
the machinery through which each unit, scale, or sector makes its own planning
activities consistent with the planning activities of others, within a less casual and
disordere frame than in a non-planning society.
• This non-planning society is the object, against which planning activities, the
planning profession, planning schools, and therefore planning theory, should be
erected.
• And this definition of the planning society and its operative functioning should be
the appropriate field of planning theory.
The Bad Course of the Debate

11. • It is obvious that this “rational” vision of the planning system (and how could it be
otherwise?) is an abstract picture that could be founded only with difficulty in the
(ex-post) reality.
• Fromtime immemorial, however, planning has taken this for granted (and to return
to it seems to me useless).
• Inherent in the concept of planning is the recognition that an ideal is not a fixed
objective, but itself will change. The rational plan “can be striven for, but never
achieved”
• This fact does not negate the usefulness and effectiveness of rational planning.
• On the contrary, it constitutes its rationale, or raison d’etre, and this is a point which
we should avoid questioning (at least after Condorcet) when we look at the not-
alwaysrational nor enlightened progress of humankind.
The Bad Course of the Debate

12. • Amatter of determining which research fields could contribute to the integration of
different approaches to planning, to the unification of some cognitive and analytical
tools, to the development of a common language, and even lexicon, (an aspect that
planning theory has also neglected), and to the co-ordination of a tax- onomy
among different plans and planning activities.
• All this, should bethe privileged task of a renovated theory of planning
• This also would be the way to resuscitate planning from the loquacious catalepsy
into which it seems to have fallen.
Is a Positive Reconstruction of PlanningTheory
Possible?

13. Pembangunan Terencana
Ciri penting dari pembangunan yang terencana adalah:
a) Masalah yang dihadapi dapat ditunjukkan dengan jelas.
b) Tujuan dan sasaran yang dicapai dapat dinyatakan
dengan jelas.
c) Tahapan untuk mencapai tujuan dapat diutarakan
dengan jelas.
d) Prosedur kerjanya jelas.
e) Arah pembangunannya jelas.

14. Gambaran Perencanaan

15. Aspek-Aspek Kebijakan Publik dalam Proses
Perencanaan

17. UU No.23 Tahun 2014 tentang
Pemerintahan Daerah

18. Pemerintah Pusat adalah Presiden Republik Indonesia yang memegang kekuasaan pemerintahan
negara Republik Indonesia yang dibantu oleh Wakil Presiden dan menteri
sebagaimana dimaksud dalamUndang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia
Tahun 1945.
Pemerintahan Daerah adalah penyelenggaraan urusan pemerintahan oleh pemerintah daerah dan dewan
perwakilan rakyat daerah menurut asas otonomi dan tugas pembantuan dengan
prinsip otonomi seluas-luasnya dalamsistemdan prinsip Negara Kesatuan Republik
Indonesia sebagaimana dimaksud dalamUndang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik
Indonesia Tahun 1945.
Dilaksanakan oleh DPRD dan kepala daerah.
DPRD dan kepala daerah berkedudukan sebagai unsur penyelenggara pemerintahan
daerah
DPRD dan kepala daerah berkedudukan sebagai mitra sejajar yang mempunyai
fungsi yang berbeda.
DPRD mempunyai fungsi pembentukan Perda, anggaran dan pengawasan
Kepala daerah melaksanakan fungsi pelaksanaan atas Perda dan kebijakan Daerah.
Urusan Pemerintahan yang sepenuhnya menjadi kewenangan Pemerintah Pusat
dikenal dengan istilah urusan pemerintahan absolut dan ada urusan pemerintahan
konkuren.
Urusan pemerintahan konkuren terdiri atas Urusan Pemerintahan Wajib dan Urusan
Pemerintahan Pilihan yang dibagi antara Pemerintah Pusat, Daerah provinsi, dan
Daerah kabupaten/kota.
UUNo.23 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah
Penyelenggaraan Pemerintahan Daerah
Urusan Pemerintahan

19. Peran Gubernur sebagai Wakil Pemerintah
Pusat di Daerah
Presiden sebagai penanggung jawab akhir pemerintahan secara keseluruhan
melimpahkan kewenangannya kepada gubernur untuk bertindak atas nama
Pemerintah Pusat untuk melakukan pembinaan dan pengawasan kepada Daerah
kabupaten/kota
Pembentukan Daerah dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan pelayanan publik guna
mempercepat terwujudnya kesejahteraan masyarakat
Pembentukan Daerah harus mempertimbangkan berbagai faktor seperti kemampuan
ekonomi, potensi Daerah, luas wilayah, kependudukan, dan pertimbangan dari aspek
sosial politik, sosial budaya, pertahanan dan keamanan, serta pertimbangan dan
syarat lain
Perangkat Daerah Besaran organisasi Perangkat Daerah baik untuk mengakomodasikan Urusan
Pemerintahan Wajib dan Urusan Pemerintahan Pilihan paling sedikit
mempertimbangkan faktor jumlah penduduk, luasan wilayah, beban kerja, dan
kemampuan keuangan Daerah.
Daerah harus mempunyai sumber keuangan agar Daerah tersebut mampu
memberikan pelayanan dan kesejahteraan kepada rakyat di Daerahnya.
Pemberian sumber keuangan kepada Daerah harus seimbang dengan beban atau
Urusan Pemerintahan yang diserahkan kepada Daerah.
Perda kepala daerah dan DPRD selaku penyelenggara Pemerintahan Daerah membuat
Perda sebagai dasar hukumbagi Daerah dalammenyelenggarakan Otonomi Daerah
Perlu adanya upaya memacu kreativitas Daerah untuk meningkatkan daya saing
Daerah.
Untuk itu perlu adanya kriteria yang obyektif yang dapat dijadikan pegangan bagi
pejabat Daerah untuk melakukan kegiatan yang bersifat inovatif.
Penataan Daerah
Keuangan Daerah
Inovasi Daerah
UUNo.23 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah

20. Diskusi
Sebagai perencana, bagaimana kita
menyeimbangkan antara being right and doing
good ?

21. THANK YOU