International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Importance of Libraries in Rural DevelopmentIJERD Editor
To be a civilized human and create a civilized society it is important to have knowledge through which we became educated in different fields. This knowledge may be practical i.e. experienced gained through day to day incidents. Another is knowledge received through books. Books provide a wide variety of knowledge in every field. We can know the history through the literature given in the books. Libraries should build organization that support learning. With the modernization everything is changing for advancement and development. Now in rural areas also, people like farmers, school children, women and youth are taking active part in development through library. Rural Development generally refers to the process of improving the quality of life and economic well being of people living in relatively isolated and sparsely populated areas. Rural Development is also characterized by its emphasis on locally produced economic development strategies. Rural Development actions are mainly and mostly to development aim for the social and economic development of the rural areas. The revolution in information technology had changed the scenario of libraries and made the system of study very easy and comfortable. About seventy percent (70%) of population lives in rural areas. In addition to other sources, a major source of information is library. Earlier studies stated that the libraries in rural areas are traditional in nature and not well equipped according to the need of the rural people. It had adversely affected the development of a library system. The major reason for the present status of rural libraries is lack of adequate resources, financial and human. The present status of rural libraries can be improved through latest IT techniques, mobile libraries, and mass media to effectively cater to the information needs of the rural people.
This document discusses how libraries can play a new role in supporting rural development by providing information services tailored to meet the critical needs of rural communities. It provides examples of library models from different countries that have transformed into hubs providing locally relevant content on topics like agriculture, health, and government programs. These libraries generate and disseminate materials in local languages and formats accessible to varied literacy levels, while also facilitating knowledge sharing within communities. Going forward, the document advocates for pilot projects, intensive research on rural information needs, and developing synergies between libraries and other organizations working in community development.
The Uganda Community Libraries Association (UgCLA) is a networking organization for community libraries in Uganda. It was registered as a national NGO in 2007 and since then has been joined by over 100 member libraries, more than 20 of which were founded as a result of UgCLA’s existence and encouragement.
Poster-final Page One and Page Two in 25% size...needs to be expanded to 50% ...Dr R Chelliah Jes Chelliah
This document discusses services for multicultural clients at public libraries. It finds:
1. Library staff agree that poor English skills and computer literacy are barriers for multicultural clients. Employing multilingual staff and providing English classes could help address this.
2. The majority of staff feel that incorporating community activities at the library would increase use by multicultural clients.
3. Responses from library staff provided limited insight into meeting the information needs of multicultural clients. Developing a community profile was seen as mixed in providing services.
Communities | Engagement | Libraries: A Collection of Case stories from acros...Rajat Kumar
The intention of this document is to capture best practices and to bring to light some of the inspiring models in public libraries across India.
These case studies were chosen on the basis of: Access, Communication, Competence, Credibility, Reliability, Responsiveness, Security, Tangibles, Content & Services and Methods
The document summarizes the activities and challenges of Friends of African Village Libraries (FAVL) in supporting community libraries in Africa. It discusses that FAVL has helped establish 38 libraries in West and East Africa, but faces ongoing challenges including advocating for more government support, conducting research on the impact of libraries, and motivating and training village librarians with limited resources. It also provides updates on positive activities and developments at several FAVL-supported libraries.
1. The document discusses strategies for public libraries to build community for multicultural communities. It notes challenges like language barriers, computer illiteracy, and lack of integration that public libraries can help address.
2. It provides recommendations for public libraries, including conducting a community profile, increasing funding, restructuring staff profiles through training, reinventing services to be more community-centered, enhancing facilitation roles, and increasing collaboration and diversity.
3. The strategies aim to make libraries more inclusive and equitable through programs, resources, and as community hubs to help bridge social divisions and support lifelong learning.
Importance of Libraries in Rural DevelopmentIJERD Editor
To be a civilized human and create a civilized society it is important to have knowledge through which we became educated in different fields. This knowledge may be practical i.e. experienced gained through day to day incidents. Another is knowledge received through books. Books provide a wide variety of knowledge in every field. We can know the history through the literature given in the books. Libraries should build organization that support learning. With the modernization everything is changing for advancement and development. Now in rural areas also, people like farmers, school children, women and youth are taking active part in development through library. Rural Development generally refers to the process of improving the quality of life and economic well being of people living in relatively isolated and sparsely populated areas. Rural Development is also characterized by its emphasis on locally produced economic development strategies. Rural Development actions are mainly and mostly to development aim for the social and economic development of the rural areas. The revolution in information technology had changed the scenario of libraries and made the system of study very easy and comfortable. About seventy percent (70%) of population lives in rural areas. In addition to other sources, a major source of information is library. Earlier studies stated that the libraries in rural areas are traditional in nature and not well equipped according to the need of the rural people. It had adversely affected the development of a library system. The major reason for the present status of rural libraries is lack of adequate resources, financial and human. The present status of rural libraries can be improved through latest IT techniques, mobile libraries, and mass media to effectively cater to the information needs of the rural people.
This document discusses how libraries can play a new role in supporting rural development by providing information services tailored to meet the critical needs of rural communities. It provides examples of library models from different countries that have transformed into hubs providing locally relevant content on topics like agriculture, health, and government programs. These libraries generate and disseminate materials in local languages and formats accessible to varied literacy levels, while also facilitating knowledge sharing within communities. Going forward, the document advocates for pilot projects, intensive research on rural information needs, and developing synergies between libraries and other organizations working in community development.
The Uganda Community Libraries Association (UgCLA) is a networking organization for community libraries in Uganda. It was registered as a national NGO in 2007 and since then has been joined by over 100 member libraries, more than 20 of which were founded as a result of UgCLA’s existence and encouragement.
Poster-final Page One and Page Two in 25% size...needs to be expanded to 50% ...Dr R Chelliah Jes Chelliah
This document discusses services for multicultural clients at public libraries. It finds:
1. Library staff agree that poor English skills and computer literacy are barriers for multicultural clients. Employing multilingual staff and providing English classes could help address this.
2. The majority of staff feel that incorporating community activities at the library would increase use by multicultural clients.
3. Responses from library staff provided limited insight into meeting the information needs of multicultural clients. Developing a community profile was seen as mixed in providing services.
Communities | Engagement | Libraries: A Collection of Case stories from acros...Rajat Kumar
The intention of this document is to capture best practices and to bring to light some of the inspiring models in public libraries across India.
These case studies were chosen on the basis of: Access, Communication, Competence, Credibility, Reliability, Responsiveness, Security, Tangibles, Content & Services and Methods
The document summarizes the activities and challenges of Friends of African Village Libraries (FAVL) in supporting community libraries in Africa. It discusses that FAVL has helped establish 38 libraries in West and East Africa, but faces ongoing challenges including advocating for more government support, conducting research on the impact of libraries, and motivating and training village librarians with limited resources. It also provides updates on positive activities and developments at several FAVL-supported libraries.
1. The document discusses strategies for public libraries to build community for multicultural communities. It notes challenges like language barriers, computer illiteracy, and lack of integration that public libraries can help address.
2. It provides recommendations for public libraries, including conducting a community profile, increasing funding, restructuring staff profiles through training, reinventing services to be more community-centered, enhancing facilitation roles, and increasing collaboration and diversity.
3. The strategies aim to make libraries more inclusive and equitable through programs, resources, and as community hubs to help bridge social divisions and support lifelong learning.
Social responsibility of public libraries and information centres in odishaNIRANJAN MOHAPATRA
This paper was Presented by Niranjan Mohapatra, Librarian, Nabakrushna Choudhury Centre for Development Studies (NCDS) Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India at the National Seminar on Public Library & Digital Divide held at Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur
Role of Library in Modern Society.pptxShamim Aktar
Libraries play an important role in modern society by assembling and organizing information and making it accessible. They help with lifelong learning, cultural preservation, research, education, and disseminating information to help social and economic development. Libraries provide information for formal education, non-formal education, educating illiterates, and assisting those with physical challenges. They aid in research through reference materials, periodicals, and bibliographies. Libraries also support cultural activities, spiritual/religious needs, recreation, and helping solve day-to-day problems in the community.
This document provides a summary of the IFLA Conference held in Cape Town in 2015. It discusses perspectives from libraries around the world, including the Library of Congress and a township library in Cape Town. Key topics included the role of libraries in preserving culture and providing access to information, the Lyon Declaration which emphasizes this role, challenges faced by libraries, and examples of library initiatives from locations like France, South Africa, and the Netherlands. The summary highlights the global scope of the conference and importance of libraries in supporting literacy, education, and communities worldwide.
Role of Public Library in ICT enabled rendering services with special referen...Surendra Kumar Pal
This document summarizes a presentation given at a national conference on the role of public libraries in providing ICT-enabled services, using the Birchandra State Central Library in Agartala, Tripura, India as a case study. The presentation outlined the library's services, collections, and membership details. It was found that while the library provides some digital services like Wi-Fi access and a cyber cafe, it has not fully automated and does not have a digital collection. Recommendations included completing automation, adding more electronic resources, using social media for outreach, and providing more training to transform the library into a "smart library."
This paper discusses the sequential phases in the development of public libraries in Nigeria and the role of public library in national development. It recommends that government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) should invest more in public libraries in view of their important roles in national development and ensure that the libraries are managed by professional librarians.
ASSESSMENT OF THE MIDSAYAP MUNICIPAL PUBLIC LIBRARY FISCAL YEAR 2014-2015Fides Rojo
This document provides an overview of the Midsayap Municipal Public Library and discusses its compliance with standards for Philippine public libraries. It begins with an introduction to the library, noting its role in serving the information needs of clients. The document then outlines the library's statement of the problem, which is to assess whether it meets the standards in several areas, including administration, human resources, collection development, facilities, technology, finances, and partnerships. The significance of studying the library is also discussed. The document provides context through a literature review on public libraries, their developments and changes. It also summarizes the key components of the standards for Philippine public libraries. In closing, the scope, limitations and definitions relevant to the study are defined.
1. The coordinator visited Canon Esau Public Library in Rukiga district, Uganda on April 19, 2023. The library was founded in January 2023 by Hillary Turyakira and currently has 200 books on 2 shelves along with a computer room with 4 working machines but no internet.
2. The library is run by 3 permanent staff and provides services like a reading space, tailoring training, basket weaving, computer literacy training, and secretarial services. It receives an average of 20 users per day.
3. The coordinator provided advice on best practices for managing the library, such as keeping accession, borrowers, and attendance registers, having a library stamp, activity schedule board, and collaborating
The revolution of technology has taken place of libraries in recent times but they can't compete with libraries and a book lover knows this very well. The availability of Public Library in North Delhi glorifies the importance of libraries in everyone's life.
https://bestlibrarydelhilist.blogspot.com/2022/05/public-library-functions-and-objectives.html
This document discusses innovative public library services that could benefit rural farmers. It conducted surveys of 150 farmers and 5 public libraries in West Bengal, India. The surveys found that farmers need information on weather, new crop varieties, farming techniques, best practices, government schemes, and market prices. However, the libraries were not adequately meeting these needs. The document proposes that libraries provide services like weather updates, information on seeds and techniques, advice from experts, and training to help farmers grow crops successfully and benefit their livelihoods and communities. Public libraries could play an important role in rural development if given more support and modern resources to fulfill information needs.
Status of public libraries’ automation in assam: an evaluative study on some ...dbpublications
The present paper is based on the current status of the public libraries in some selected District Libraries of Assam. The tremendous development in Information Communication Technology and their application in the libraries have opened a new door for the libraries and users alike. In the age of Information Technology, there is a large change in the methods and techniques of seeking the information and way of information dissemination on the other hand. The Public Library System is a type of information system which allows the information seeker to use the resources of its end user. But, unfortunately the public libraries of Assam are not fully automated, due to the lack of efficient IT infrastructure as well as insufficient library staffs. So that Public Libraries of are not able to satisfy there users.
1. The Nepal National Library was established in 1957 with a collection of 30,000 manuscripts and printed books purchased from a private collection. It was initially housed in Singha Durbar with limited space and outdated furniture.
2. By the 1950s, with the advent of democracy and growing interest in education, the need for public libraries and library services was felt. Existing academic libraries played an important role in collecting books to support the growing number of schools and colleges.
3. The establishment of diplomatic relations with other countries after 1951 resulted in the opening of missionary libraries like the American Library and Indian Library to promote cultural relations and information exchange.
The document discusses the poor reading and library culture in Pakistan. It states that without a strong reading and library culture, a nation cannot progress. It outlines some of the key reasons for the poor culture, including limited access to education and economic challenges, inadequate library infrastructure, limited availability of books, cultural priorities that do not emphasize reading, and the impact of technology on reading habits. It concludes that sustained community efforts and strategies that meet evolving needs are necessary to promote reading and library culture in Pakistan.
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
Libraries play an important role in society by disseminating knowledge and supporting education. They do this by providing access to knowledge resources and materials, as well as referrals that support teaching, research, and training. Additionally, libraries build good reading habits, encourage lifelong learning, and promote the spread of knowledge, information, education, and culture throughout communities. Overall, libraries democratize information and link people to knowledge sources, which is important for the progress and development of society.
Lis 17 -public libraries: Governance of Public LibrariesMaryV Navarro
The document discusses the governance, services, and operations of public libraries. It explains that public libraries are established and funded by local governments to serve their constituents. They provide educational, informational, and recreational resources to all members of the community. Public libraries are governed by local boards and offer services like lending materials, children's programming, and electronic resources. Maintaining adequate funding and collections are important to ensure public libraries can fulfill their role of serving the information needs of the community.
Lis 17: The Governance of Public LibraryMaryV Navarro
The document discusses the governance of public libraries in the Philippines. It provides an overview of the different types of public libraries, including provincial, municipal, city, and barangay libraries. It outlines the roles and responsibilities of various entities in governing public libraries, such as the National Library, local government units, and the Department of Interior and Local Government. Key aspects of governance covered include administration, funding, services offered, and legislation guiding public libraries. The document emphasizes that public libraries should be locally governed and serve the needs of their communities.
NCompass Live - June 20, 2018
http://nlc.nebraska.gov/ncompasslive/
The Aspen Institute Dialogue on Public Libraries report Rising to the Challenge: Re-Envisioning Public Libraries and its companion Action Guide can be powerful tools for libraries as we seek to leverage our position as a trusted community resource to forge new partnerships for achieving community goals. Learn how one small public library used the Aspen Report in its strategic planning process to develop a dynamic new road map for community success.
Presenter: Anna L. Yount, Library Director, Transylvania County Library, Brevard, NC.
This document discusses the importance of developing public library systems in Muslim communities from an Islamic perspective. It argues that while other nations have advanced public library systems that have enriched their societies, Muslim communities are lagging behind in this area. Establishing public libraries within walking distance in Muslim communities could radically change the arena of knowledge and learning, helping regain lost glory. Public libraries aim to spread knowledge, education, and culture by providing educational materials like books for free or low cost. Developing public library systems could produce more scholarly people with diverse knowledge and help address why Muslim societies are less studious than others.
Role of-libraries-in-creation-of-literate-environmentsBard Syahar
This document summarizes the role of libraries in creating literate environments and promoting literacy. It discusses how libraries can support literacy by providing free access to reading materials for all ages and literacy levels. It also describes challenges libraries face, such as lack of funds, staff, and materials. The document advocates for policies and programs that strengthen libraries' ability to foster literacy in communities.
Public libraries are libraries that are accessible to the general public and are funded by public sources like taxes. They have five key characteristics - they are supported by public funds, governed by a board to serve the public interest, open to all community members, entirely voluntary to use, and provide basic services without charge. Public libraries aim to serve the general public or special categories through providing free information, education, recreation, and inspiration. They allow temporary borrowing and have reference materials. Public libraries play an important role in supporting an educated population.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Social responsibility of public libraries and information centres in odishaNIRANJAN MOHAPATRA
This paper was Presented by Niranjan Mohapatra, Librarian, Nabakrushna Choudhury Centre for Development Studies (NCDS) Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India at the National Seminar on Public Library & Digital Divide held at Odisha State Open University, Sambalpur
Role of Library in Modern Society.pptxShamim Aktar
Libraries play an important role in modern society by assembling and organizing information and making it accessible. They help with lifelong learning, cultural preservation, research, education, and disseminating information to help social and economic development. Libraries provide information for formal education, non-formal education, educating illiterates, and assisting those with physical challenges. They aid in research through reference materials, periodicals, and bibliographies. Libraries also support cultural activities, spiritual/religious needs, recreation, and helping solve day-to-day problems in the community.
This document provides a summary of the IFLA Conference held in Cape Town in 2015. It discusses perspectives from libraries around the world, including the Library of Congress and a township library in Cape Town. Key topics included the role of libraries in preserving culture and providing access to information, the Lyon Declaration which emphasizes this role, challenges faced by libraries, and examples of library initiatives from locations like France, South Africa, and the Netherlands. The summary highlights the global scope of the conference and importance of libraries in supporting literacy, education, and communities worldwide.
Role of Public Library in ICT enabled rendering services with special referen...Surendra Kumar Pal
This document summarizes a presentation given at a national conference on the role of public libraries in providing ICT-enabled services, using the Birchandra State Central Library in Agartala, Tripura, India as a case study. The presentation outlined the library's services, collections, and membership details. It was found that while the library provides some digital services like Wi-Fi access and a cyber cafe, it has not fully automated and does not have a digital collection. Recommendations included completing automation, adding more electronic resources, using social media for outreach, and providing more training to transform the library into a "smart library."
This paper discusses the sequential phases in the development of public libraries in Nigeria and the role of public library in national development. It recommends that government and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) should invest more in public libraries in view of their important roles in national development and ensure that the libraries are managed by professional librarians.
ASSESSMENT OF THE MIDSAYAP MUNICIPAL PUBLIC LIBRARY FISCAL YEAR 2014-2015Fides Rojo
This document provides an overview of the Midsayap Municipal Public Library and discusses its compliance with standards for Philippine public libraries. It begins with an introduction to the library, noting its role in serving the information needs of clients. The document then outlines the library's statement of the problem, which is to assess whether it meets the standards in several areas, including administration, human resources, collection development, facilities, technology, finances, and partnerships. The significance of studying the library is also discussed. The document provides context through a literature review on public libraries, their developments and changes. It also summarizes the key components of the standards for Philippine public libraries. In closing, the scope, limitations and definitions relevant to the study are defined.
1. The coordinator visited Canon Esau Public Library in Rukiga district, Uganda on April 19, 2023. The library was founded in January 2023 by Hillary Turyakira and currently has 200 books on 2 shelves along with a computer room with 4 working machines but no internet.
2. The library is run by 3 permanent staff and provides services like a reading space, tailoring training, basket weaving, computer literacy training, and secretarial services. It receives an average of 20 users per day.
3. The coordinator provided advice on best practices for managing the library, such as keeping accession, borrowers, and attendance registers, having a library stamp, activity schedule board, and collaborating
The revolution of technology has taken place of libraries in recent times but they can't compete with libraries and a book lover knows this very well. The availability of Public Library in North Delhi glorifies the importance of libraries in everyone's life.
https://bestlibrarydelhilist.blogspot.com/2022/05/public-library-functions-and-objectives.html
This document discusses innovative public library services that could benefit rural farmers. It conducted surveys of 150 farmers and 5 public libraries in West Bengal, India. The surveys found that farmers need information on weather, new crop varieties, farming techniques, best practices, government schemes, and market prices. However, the libraries were not adequately meeting these needs. The document proposes that libraries provide services like weather updates, information on seeds and techniques, advice from experts, and training to help farmers grow crops successfully and benefit their livelihoods and communities. Public libraries could play an important role in rural development if given more support and modern resources to fulfill information needs.
Status of public libraries’ automation in assam: an evaluative study on some ...dbpublications
The present paper is based on the current status of the public libraries in some selected District Libraries of Assam. The tremendous development in Information Communication Technology and their application in the libraries have opened a new door for the libraries and users alike. In the age of Information Technology, there is a large change in the methods and techniques of seeking the information and way of information dissemination on the other hand. The Public Library System is a type of information system which allows the information seeker to use the resources of its end user. But, unfortunately the public libraries of Assam are not fully automated, due to the lack of efficient IT infrastructure as well as insufficient library staffs. So that Public Libraries of are not able to satisfy there users.
1. The Nepal National Library was established in 1957 with a collection of 30,000 manuscripts and printed books purchased from a private collection. It was initially housed in Singha Durbar with limited space and outdated furniture.
2. By the 1950s, with the advent of democracy and growing interest in education, the need for public libraries and library services was felt. Existing academic libraries played an important role in collecting books to support the growing number of schools and colleges.
3. The establishment of diplomatic relations with other countries after 1951 resulted in the opening of missionary libraries like the American Library and Indian Library to promote cultural relations and information exchange.
The document discusses the poor reading and library culture in Pakistan. It states that without a strong reading and library culture, a nation cannot progress. It outlines some of the key reasons for the poor culture, including limited access to education and economic challenges, inadequate library infrastructure, limited availability of books, cultural priorities that do not emphasize reading, and the impact of technology on reading habits. It concludes that sustained community efforts and strategies that meet evolving needs are necessary to promote reading and library culture in Pakistan.
Multidisciplinary Journal Supported by TETFund. The journals would publish papers covering a wide range of subjects in journal science, management science, educational, agricultural, architectural, accounting and finance, business administration, entrepreneurship, business education, all journals
Libraries play an important role in society by disseminating knowledge and supporting education. They do this by providing access to knowledge resources and materials, as well as referrals that support teaching, research, and training. Additionally, libraries build good reading habits, encourage lifelong learning, and promote the spread of knowledge, information, education, and culture throughout communities. Overall, libraries democratize information and link people to knowledge sources, which is important for the progress and development of society.
Lis 17 -public libraries: Governance of Public LibrariesMaryV Navarro
The document discusses the governance, services, and operations of public libraries. It explains that public libraries are established and funded by local governments to serve their constituents. They provide educational, informational, and recreational resources to all members of the community. Public libraries are governed by local boards and offer services like lending materials, children's programming, and electronic resources. Maintaining adequate funding and collections are important to ensure public libraries can fulfill their role of serving the information needs of the community.
Lis 17: The Governance of Public LibraryMaryV Navarro
The document discusses the governance of public libraries in the Philippines. It provides an overview of the different types of public libraries, including provincial, municipal, city, and barangay libraries. It outlines the roles and responsibilities of various entities in governing public libraries, such as the National Library, local government units, and the Department of Interior and Local Government. Key aspects of governance covered include administration, funding, services offered, and legislation guiding public libraries. The document emphasizes that public libraries should be locally governed and serve the needs of their communities.
NCompass Live - June 20, 2018
http://nlc.nebraska.gov/ncompasslive/
The Aspen Institute Dialogue on Public Libraries report Rising to the Challenge: Re-Envisioning Public Libraries and its companion Action Guide can be powerful tools for libraries as we seek to leverage our position as a trusted community resource to forge new partnerships for achieving community goals. Learn how one small public library used the Aspen Report in its strategic planning process to develop a dynamic new road map for community success.
Presenter: Anna L. Yount, Library Director, Transylvania County Library, Brevard, NC.
This document discusses the importance of developing public library systems in Muslim communities from an Islamic perspective. It argues that while other nations have advanced public library systems that have enriched their societies, Muslim communities are lagging behind in this area. Establishing public libraries within walking distance in Muslim communities could radically change the arena of knowledge and learning, helping regain lost glory. Public libraries aim to spread knowledge, education, and culture by providing educational materials like books for free or low cost. Developing public library systems could produce more scholarly people with diverse knowledge and help address why Muslim societies are less studious than others.
Role of-libraries-in-creation-of-literate-environmentsBard Syahar
This document summarizes the role of libraries in creating literate environments and promoting literacy. It discusses how libraries can support literacy by providing free access to reading materials for all ages and literacy levels. It also describes challenges libraries face, such as lack of funds, staff, and materials. The document advocates for policies and programs that strengthen libraries' ability to foster literacy in communities.
Public libraries are libraries that are accessible to the general public and are funded by public sources like taxes. They have five key characteristics - they are supported by public funds, governed by a board to serve the public interest, open to all community members, entirely voluntary to use, and provide basic services without charge. Public libraries aim to serve the general public or special categories through providing free information, education, recreation, and inspiration. They allow temporary borrowing and have reference materials. Public libraries play an important role in supporting an educated population.
Similar to Rural Library Services: Lessons from Five Rural Public Libraries in West Bengal (20)
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...
Rural Library Services: Lessons from Five Rural Public Libraries in West Bengal
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org || Volume 3 Issue 10 || October. 2014 || PP.27-30
www.ijhssi.org 27 | Page
Rural Library Services: Lessons from Five Rural Public
Libraries in West Bengal
Ruksana Sultana
Research Scholar,
Department of Library and Information Science,
University of Calcutta, Calcutta, West Bengal, India
ABSTRACT: A well informed society is considered as developed one. In this aspect libraries can take the
pioneer role as an efficient „vehicle‟ for acquiring, organizing and making information available. Public
libraries are an integral part of any community, regardless of size. The development of any rural community is a
positive indicator for the development of a nation. Information dissemination via rural public library is an
essential ingredient for the development of the rural community. Unfortunately however, little attention has
been given to the role of rural public libraries can play in the overall development of West Bengal. It has been
observed that rural public libraries in West Bengal have not developed up to the mark. The principal victims of
these under-developments have been rural community without having any individual means of becoming
literate, due to them being too illiterate, too poor or too ill because of the information poverty. This paper
examines the status of services provided by rural public libraries, and then looks at the roles and the sources of
funding of these rural public libraries and pinpoints problems bedeviling them. It concludes by recommending
ways of revamping the rural public libraries from their miserable situation.
KEY WORDS: Rural public libraries, rural community, development, information poverty, information
dissemination.
I. INTRODUCTION
Rural public libraries are important institution as academic and socio-cultural organization for the
rural people. Rural public libraries in West Bengal are part of the State Government in terms of administration
and budget procedures. Majority of the population in this state lives in rural remote areas. Most of the
inhabitants of these rural areas are without education. The library can have an important role in the
advancement of knowledge. This role can be effectively carried out with well-structured and well-planned
library services. Ranganathan (1961,p.63) defined “public library as a public institution or establishment
charged with the care of collection of books and the duty of making them accessible to those who require the use
of them”. No country in the world can progress without providing free public library services to the citizens of
the remote areas. A public library is a library that offers services to the public free of charge and it also
provides educational, social and political information to people in a particular community. Generally, public
libraries are accepted as a public good. In the words of Olanlokun and Salisu (1993), public libraries are
libraries set up to provide free but traditional service to everyone. A public library serves the community and is
generally referred to as a layman's library or university. The library is a service-oriented institution with set
goals to be achieved within the resources made available by the parent institution, usually the Government.
Maximization of benefit of library resources and services by the users is the main motive of a public library.
Such services are always the responsibility of the Government and thus funded totally /partially by them. The
main thrust of this paper is to examine the status of rural library services taking lessons from services provided
by five rural public libraries in West Bengal.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Public libraries provide a range of economic support in that they bolster the economic prosperity of
their communities, contribute to the economic well being of the businesses that surround them, improve the
market worth of their communities, support their local economies, benefit local businesses, and they offer highly
skilled and often highly technical jobs in an automated environment (McClure and Bertot, 1998, p.11). Rural
development is a basis for economic development and information is an important ingredient in development
process (Okiy, 2003). Since the rural communities are farming communities, information on how to improve
their farms and means through which they can improve their farming techniques should be provided for them in
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a format they will understand (Aboyade, 1990). Deshpande (2000) has studied the importance of public
libraries in developing countries and has pointed out the salient characteristics of a public library and grass
root services. The services which can be offered to the public are detailed in the study, which are educating the
illiterates, providing information services for women, giving children‟s service, conducting adult education
classes, providing information on social evils, giving information service to the farmers, creating science
temper, and providing information services to the disadvantaged.
Borcherdt (1977) remarked that "none of the thousands of projects in the developing countries can be
executed without the fundamental conditions of the establishment of a literate and numerate (rural) society, and
a system for continuous provision of idea- exchange, thought and knowledge on which the rural society can
“feed-on; with suitable modifications to construct own cultural and industrial destiny. Thus, rural dwellers need
relevant, efficient and current information and hence, the need for libraries. Libraries are not just a centre to
keep and read the books but a place to be used as community education centre with facilities for the effective
use of non formal education media. Rural libraries could be best used as information centre for effective use in
adult education and development plans of the country (Tugbiyele, 1977). Hanif Uddin (2000) has emphasized
the importance of establishing rural libraries in each and every village of Bangladesh. They are: 1) To sensitize
the people to better health, water supply and sanitation, 2) To find out government policy, 3) To provide better
crops, 4) To prevent and control environmental pollution, 5) To provide text books and teaching aids, 6) To
provide sport facilities, and 7) To prevent and control social problems. The rural dwellers need to be told the
types of information they can get from the library. Judging by their professional background, librarians may not
be agriculturalists, but they are usually equipped to provide technical information services to experts in other
fields using the language they understand most. In providing agricultural extension services, librarians may
need to adopt canvassing or mobile libraries to bring library services to the doorsteps of the farmers in the
rural areas (Omopupa, 2006). The collections carried by mobile libraries reflect the requests previously made
and the perceived need of the local communities where there are service stations (Nwalo, 2003).
III. DIMENSION & COVERAGE OF THE STUDY
The proposed theme of present paper seeks to evaluate the following hypothesis – Role of library is
reflected in the services generated to the public.
This paper investigates how far a public library's activities, in practice, contribute toward the
achievement of its social objectives. Several frequently used library services have been selected for analysis for
this purpose. They fall under these general categories: library collections, circulation and reference
transactions, programming, and electronic resources. The frequency of use of these services in 2008-09 was
collected from various public libraries in West Bengal. In this study, services provided during the period 2008-
09 are collected from five rural public libraries in West Bengal, namely, Hasanpur Milani Pathagar, Jalangi
Kishore Sangha Rural Pathagar, Faridpur Kishore Sangha Rural Library, Belgoria Sudha Smriti Pathagar, and
Katiahat Sudharam Pathagarr.
IV. RURAL PUBLIC LIBRARIES’ SERVICES
4.1 Collection of Library Materials
In Hasanpur Milani Pathagar the total collection of books including adult‟s books and children book is
5050 among which almost 80% belong to the adult‟s book and the remaining 20% collection is of children‟s
book. The total collection of periodicals magazines and journals is 535. In this library only one daily magazine,
2 weekly magazines, 2 fortnight magazines, 2 monthly magazines and 2 other magazines are kept for the users.
The total number of daily magazines is 365, the number of weekly magazines is 288, the number of fortnight
magazines is 48, the number of monthly magazines is 24 and the collection of other magazines is 2. In Jalangi
Kishore Sangha Rural Pathagar the total collection of books including adult‟s books and children book is 8575
among which almost 86% belong to the adult‟s book and the remaining 14% collection is children‟s book. The
total collection of periodicals magazines and journals is 890. The total number of daily magazines is 730, the
number of weekly magazines is 96, the number of fortnight magazines is 48, the number of monthly magazines is
12 and the collection of other magazines is 4. In Faridpur Kishore Sangha Rural Library the total collection of
books including adult‟s books and children book is 3301 among which almost 89% belong to the adult‟s book
and the remaining 11% collection is of children‟s book. The total collection of periodicals magazines and
journals is 557. The total number of daily magazines is 365, the number of weekly magazines is 96, the number
of fortnight magazines is 72 and the number of monthly magazines is 24. In Belgoria Sudha Smriti Pathagar the
total collection of books including adult‟s books and children book is 7110 among which almost 64% belong to
the adult‟s book and the remaining 36% collection is of children‟s book. The total collection of periodicals
magazines and journals is 524. The total number of daily magazines is 440, and the number of weekly
magazines is 84. The collection of monthly magazines and other periodicals is nil. In Katiahat Sudharam
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Pathagar the total collection of books including adult‟s books and children book is 7322 among which almost
63.8% belong to the adult‟s book and the remaining 36.2% collection is of children‟s book. The total collection
of periodicals magazines and journals is 238. The total number of daily magazines is 215, the number of
monthly magazines is 8 and the number of other periodicals is 15.
4.2 Users in the Library
The total users in Hasanpur Milani Pathagar are 4400 among which the number of users in
periodicals etc occupies the lion‟s share (63.6%). In respect of user value, books occupy the largest share of
55.7%. Total number of users in Jalangi Kishore Sangha Rural Pathagar is 5567 among which the number of
users in periodicals etc occupies the major share (53%). In respect of user value, books occupy the largest
share of 83%. In Faridpur Kishore Sangha Rural Library the total number is 4172. Most of the users (67.4 %)
in this library are of periodicals. In respect of user value, books occupy the largest share of 69.8%. In Belgoria
Sudha Smriti Pathagar the total number of users is 3733. In this library the number of users in books occupies
the lion‟s share (58%). In respect of user value, books occupy the largest share of 93.7%. In Katiahat Sudharam
Pathagar the total number of users is 3445. More than half of the users (53.6%) are of periodicals. In respect of
user value, books occupy the largest share of 83.3%.in this library.
4.3 Expenditure of and Benefit from Library Services
The empirical estimates of expenditure of & benefits from the services from rural public libraries in
West Bengal show that the benefits are much higher than the expenditure for providing various library services.
In Hasanpur Milani Pathagar, total expenditure including capital consumption allowance is Rs. 14873.00 and
the benefit received by the users is Rs 68636.57. This library organizes lot awareness programmes in the
locality. The total current expenditure on all the collections and programming services is of Rs.12433.00 among
which 40% is used for books purchase. Estimated Value of benefits received by the library users from
Programming Services is of Rs. 3190.00 in our survey period. In Jalangi Kishore Sangha Rural Pathagar, total
expenditure including capital consumption allowance is Rs. 20585.00 and the benefit received by the users is Rs
129711.30. In Faridpur Kishore Sangha Rural Pathagar, total expenditure including capital consumption
allowance is Rs. 15742.50 and the benefit received by the users is Rs 72898.60. In Belgoria Sudha Smriti
Pathagar, total expenditure including capital consumption allowance is Rs. 11060.00 and the benefit received
by the users is Rs 75797.87. In Katiahat Sudharam Pathagar, total expenditure including capital consumption
allowance is Rs. 12350.00 and the benefit received by the users is Rs 60571.20.
4.4 State Aid for the Library Services
The revenue going to the library comes from two sources – State aid and other sources of funding. In
Hasanpur Milani Pathagar, the State aid occupies the lion‟s share of almost 95% among which 12.5% of total
revenue is used for capital consumption allowance. In Jalangi Kishore Sangha Rural Pathagar, the State aid
occupies the lion‟s share of almost 80% among which 19% of total revenue is used for capital consumption
allowance. In Faridpur Kishore Sangha Rural Library, the State aid occupies the lion‟s share of almost 67%
among which 15.8% of total revenue are used as depreciation expenditure. In Belgoria Sudha Smriti Pathagar,
the State aid occupies the lion‟s share of almost 75.5%. The depreciation cost is 15.6 % of total revenue
collected. In Katiahat Sudharam Pathagar, the State aid occupies the lion‟s share of almost 80.5%. The
depreciation cost is 14.4 % of total revenue collected.
V. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH RURAL LIBRARY SERVICES
Rural public libraries in West Bengal suffers from several loopholes like the lack of children books
collection, lack of electronic services, lack of programming services, lack of infrastructure , lack of staffs, lack
of reference books collection ,shortage of sufficient materials, deficiency of current information, absence of
mobile service, lack of information of development activities, lack of scientific & technological information etc..
In order to alleviate these lacks huge amount of funding is necessary. Inadequate or total lack of funding is
seriously affecting the activities of the public library. The Government does not fund the rural public library
adequately.
VI. CONCLUSION
In rural public libraries of West Bengal, although the number of users of periodicals is higher than that
of the other services, yet the value of library benefits from the periodicals is relatively smaller than that of other
services. It is mainly due to the lesser per unit cost of daily magazine, etc than that of the books. The rural
libraries play the vital role by providing the rural youth, the information of employment opportunities via
Karmakhetra, Karmasangasthan, etc. to the rural youths. Rural public libraries in this State can also be
regarded as the centre of local and regional culture. It is manifested in the various library programming
services provided by Hasanpur Milani Pathagar. Hence rural public libraries activity in West Bengal is not only
confined that to economic aspect but also ramified to other social aspects. The empirical estimates of
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expenditure of & benefits from services of rural public libraries show that the benefits created are much higher
than the expenditure for providing various library services. Rural public libraries in West Bengal behave like a
welfare organization. Rural public libraries in West Bengal are financed mostly from the State aid, that is State
Government plays the crucial role for human resource development of rural communities. The rural public
libraries collect the membership fees / subscription fees from the users. The services provided by rural public
libraries in West Bengal can be treated as the near-public good, not as the public good.
VII. RECOMMENDATIONS
Rural public libraries of West Bengal should provide and maintain collections of more temporary
materials like brochures, newspaper clippings, etc. which are more easier to understand and more current than
collected books. The rural libraries can be utilized to distribute the materials to the rural community which will
help the poverty-ridden people to get rid of miserable condition via their human resource development. It is
high time to design a blue print by the rural librarians of the State that would accommodate all the rural people
and benefit them towards attaining their individual motives, as well as enjoying the country to reap higher
heights.
CITED REFERENCES:
[1]. Aboyade, O. (1990). The provision of information for rural development. Ibadan: Fountain Publications.
[2]. Bordchart, D.H. (1977). Aspects of work of library and information services in the framework of social planning, International
Library Review, 4 (4), 403.
[3]. Deshpande, K. S. (2000). Public libraries: Community fountain of information, education and culture, SRELS Journal of
Information Management, 37(3), 165-182.
[4]. Hanif Uddin. (2000). The role of rural libraries in the rural development of Bangladesh, IASLIC Bulletin, 45 (3), 97-104.
[5]. McClure, C & Bertot, J. (1998). Public library use in Pennsylvania: identifying uses benefits and impacts, Pennsylvania,
Department of Education, Office of Commonwealth Libraries.
[6]. Nwalo, K. I. N. (2003). Fundamentals of library practice: A manual on library routine. Ibadan: Stirling-Horden.
[7]. Okiy, R.B. (2003). Information for rural development: Challenge for Nigerian rural public libraries, Library Review, 52 (3),
126-131.
[8]. Olanlokun, S.O. & Salisu, M.T. (1993). Understanding the library: A handbook on library use. Lagos: University press.
[9]. Omopupa K.T. (2006). Libraries in Nigeria and their role in rural development for peace and unity, Bookmobile and Outreach
Services, 2, 17
[10]. Ranganathan, S.R. (1961). Reference Service. 2nd edition, SRELC, Series 8, Asia Publishing House, http://dlist.sir.arizona.edu.
[11]. Tugbiyele, E.A. (1977). Library and adult education, Nigerbiblios, 2(1), 6-8.