Cytokines.ppt
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Cytokines are low molecular weight proteins that act as mediators and communicate between cells. They are potent and function at low levels, acting locally in an autocrine, paracrine, or sometimes endocrine manner. Cytokines are highly interactive, with pleiotropic, redundant, synergistic, and antagonistic effects. The main families of cytokines are the hematopoietic family, interferon family, tumor necrosis factor family, and chemokine family, which elicit physiological responses or serve as chemoattractants. Cytokines signal through cell surface receptors that consist of multiple transmembrane and cytoplasmic components to activate intracellular signaling pathways such as JAK-STAT.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
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- 5. Cytokines: • Mediators • “low” molecular weight proteins • Less than 30 kDa • Can be classified by recurrent architecture
- 6. Functional features • Potent – Some function at 10-15 Molar • Local – autocrine – paracrine – (sometimes) endocrine • Highly interactive – pleiotropic – redundant – synergistic / antagonistic
- 7. Functional features • Potent – Some function at 10-15 Molar
- 8. Functional features • Local – autocrine – paracrine – (sometimes) endocrine
- 9. Functional features • Highly interactive pleiotropic redundant synergistic antagonistic
- 10. Cytokine families I. Hematopoietic family II. Interferon family III. Tumor necrosis factor family IV. Chemokine family I, II, and III elicit physiological responses. IV serves as a chemoattractant.
- 11. Hematopoietic family Defined by architecture…
- 13. Tumor necrosis factor… • Time to be critical… • Question: What does the text say? • Answer: Not a lot. – More specifically, there is no text. – There is an entry in Table 12.1 (which stretches over four pages!) What does it say? – “Has toxic effects. Induces cytokine secretion…”
- 14. So, something’s amiss… • Try another approach. • Cytokines are soluble immunomodulators. • That means that they are ligands. • Question: Can they be characterized in terms of their receptors? • Answer: Yes.
- 16. Of receptors and signal transduction… • Receptors for cytokines have surface component, single transmembrane component, and cytoplasmic tails. • Commonly multimeric. The protomers can associate in different groupings; the various associations have different affinities for cytokines; hence, different intensities of signaling. • The different protomers also have different signaling functions, e. g. phosphorylation sites.
- 17. What are the principal signaling systems? JAK’s & STAT’s
- 18. OK, let’s look at a complex image
- 19. And, an important example…
- 20. And, an update…
- 21. Some terms (from Horst Ibelgaufts): cytokine network (aka: Neuroimmune network ). “This is, of course, true to the extreme: connect everything with everything in a diagram of 100 cell types and 500 factors -and add some extra lines.” Synonyms:Horst Ibelgaufts'COPE: Cytokines Online Pathfinder Encyclopaedia zoo of factors jungle of interactions deep morasses of acronyms bleak deserts of synonyms