1. Cambridge researchers speculated about the possibility of finding life on Hycean planets, which could be around 2.6 times Earth's size with hydrogen-rich atmospheres and oceans too hot for humans but possibly habitable by other creatures. 2. Researchers at the University of Missouri successfully treated bone cancer in 14 dogs using a personalized vaccine created from each dog's tumor, living several months longer than average. This led to approval for testing the method on human brain cancer patients. 3. Three missions that arrived at Mars in February 2021 aimed to study the planet's past and present climate and weather patterns from orbit over daily, monthly, and yearly timescales.

1. G.K. H.H.W.
10 latest scientific inventions

2. 1-) Closer than ever to finding ET
Cambridge researchers in a paper in August speculated about the existence of a world falling into the category of Hycean planets which
could support life.The world they spoke about would be around 2.6 times the size of Earth, with a Hydrogen-rich atmosphere, hot and
covered with oceans. Humans wouldn't be able to survive in such a world but other creatures would.

3. 2-) Successful Immunotherapy for Canine Bone Cancer Advances to Human Brain Cancer Trial
In June, veterinary researchers at the University of Missouri leveraged personalized medicine to successfully treat bone cancer in 14
dogs. By creating a vaccine from a dog’s own tumor, the scientists were able to target specific cancer cells and avoid the toxic side effects
of chemotherapy. Compared with the average survival time with amputation and chemotherapy, the dogs that underwent the
immunotherapy treatment lived several months longer-5 lived for more than two years after they started treatment. The study’s
successful results helped the research team secure FDA approval to test the method on human brain cancer patients.

4. 3-) New findings on Mars
Three missions arrived at Mars in February 2021,taking advantage of the Earth-Mars orbit alignment, something that
happens once every 26 months.The United Arab Emirates' Hope orbiter aimed to study the past and present climate of
Mars from orbit by monitoring the Red Planet's daily, monthly and yearly changes.

5. 4-) Artificial titanium heart developed
An Australian research team has created BIVACOR, a titanium heart that utilises spinning disc technology.It doesn't
work exactly like a human heart but tries to surpass evolution with a better mechanism to pump blood around the
human body. It has a circular pump suspended between magnets in an artificial heart made of titanium.

6. 5-) CRISPR gene editing injected into blood
The concept of gene editing is rapidly taking strides and in June 2021, the CRISPR Cas-9 gene editor was injected directly
into the bloodstream of a patient with a rare inherited disease.Usually, cells are extracted from a patient and CISPR
works on them in a lab setting before the edited genes are returned into the body.It is a time-consuming and expensive
process and often, the patients often need to undergo chemotherapy afterwards.

7. 6-) New species of early humans
Researchers from China analysed the skill using uranium series dating, and X-ray fluorescence and declared it a new
species of early humans.The skull had a large cranium which can hold a bigbrain, a thick brow and almost square eye
socketsthese differentiate it from the other Homospecies.Homo longi or 'dragon man', as this new species has been
named, was earlier suggested to be a later Pleistocene human, joining Homo sapiens and Neanderthals.

8. 7-) A new organ found in human anatomy
Dutch scientists fortuitously discovered a new tinyorgan in the human body. While studying tumor-like growths using
PSMA PET/CET, they accidentally found the so-called tubarial glands that are positioned in the upper region of the
throat, another top 10 scientific breakthroughs in 2020. The main project supervisors believe that the small, new fangled
tubarial glands are to lubricate and moisten the oropharynx and nasopharynx regions.

9. 8-) Most powerful quantum processor
Quantum computers can do in seconds what the best supercomputers of today would take several days or weeks to
process.Quantum computer uses the laws of quantum physics for incredible processing capabilities which can
revolutionise meteorology, cybersecurity, manufacturing, national defense, and much more.In November 2021, IBM
launched its 127-qubit Eagle. This is the most powerful quantum processor yet.

10. 9-) Launch of James webB telescope
The James Webb Space Telescope, the largest and most powerful space telescope ever developed, launched in
December.It will travel nearly 1 million miles over 30 days to a stable spot in space, and then take another six months to
unfold its instruments, align, and calibrate.The work to create the telescope started in 1996 by NASA, the Canadian
Space Agency and the European Space Agency, and it cost around USD 500 million. The launch was delayed several
times.

11. 10-) FishFins Are as Sensitive as Fingertips
Fish fins aren’t just for steering and swimming, University of Chicago neuroscientist Adam Hardy and his lab found
this year. In fact, the researchers discovered that fins are as sensitive as primate fingertips. To reach this conclusion, the
scientists studied round gobies, a type of bottom dwelling fish native to places like the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea,
but invasive populations live anywhere from European rivers to the Great Lakes. These little critters are known to
“perch” on rocks, brushing their fins along the rock bed of lakes

12. Thank You!