The document discusses different concepts related to culture. It defines culture as stemming from the German word "Kultur" meaning civilization, and notes the shift from seeing culture as European art and refinement to a way of life of a particular group. Culture has both material components like tools and non-material components like beliefs and traditions. The document also discusses ethnocentrism, xenocentrism, cultural relativism and culture shock. It defines subcultures as portions of society with distinct patterns from the larger society, and countercultures as subcultures that openly oppose aspects of the larger society.

1. PROF. VIVENCIO “VEN” BALLANO ST. PAUL UNIVERSITY QUEZON CITY

2. ROOT WORD: German Word “Kultur” which means “civilization” OLD NOTION : CULTURE AS KNOWING EUROPEAN ART, REFINEMENT NEW NOTION : CULTURE AS A WAY OF LIFE OF A PARTICULAR GROUP OF PEOPLE

3. MATERIAL COMPONENT (ARTIFACTS): E.G. TOOLS, EQUIPMENTS, GADGETS, ETC. NON-MATERIAL COMPONENT (MENTIFACTS): E.G. BELIEFS, VALUES, TRADITIONS, ETC.

4. ETHNOCENTRISM: AN ATTITUDE WHICH SEES ONE CULTURE AS SUPERIOR TO OTHER CULTURES. “MY CULTURE IS THE BEST CULTURE.” XENOCENTRISM: AN ATTITUDE WHICH SEES ONE CULTURE AS INFERIOR TO OTHER CULTURES. E.G. “AMERICAN CULTURE IS BETTER THAN PHILIPPINE CULTURE.”

5. CULTURAL RELATIVISM: ONE CULTURE IS AS GOOD AS THE OTHER. EACH CULTURE HAS ITS OWN STANDARDS AND VALUES AND THUS MUST BE JUDGED BY ITS OWN MERITS. IT VIEWS PEOPLE’S BEHAVIOR FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF ONE’S OWN CULTURE. E.G. AMERICAN CULTURE IS A GOOD AS FILIPINO CULTURE.

6. A TEMPORARY PHENOMENON WHERE A PERSON IS DISORIENTED OR ‘SHOCKED” AFTER BEING EXPOSED TO A NEW OR UNFAMILIAR CULTURE. E.G. AN RESIDENT AMERICAN MIGHT BE SHOCKED TO KNOW HE HAS EATEN DOG MEAT IN A BAGUIO.

7. SUBCULTURES: A PORTION OF SOCIETY THAT SHARES A DISTINCTIVE PATTERN OF MORES, FOLKWAYS AND VALUES THAT DIFFER FROM THE PATTERN OF A LARGER SOCIETY. IT REFERS TO A CULTURE WITHIN A LARGER & DOMINANT CULTURE.

8. COUNTERCULTURES: WHEN A SUBCULTURE CONSPICOUSLY & DELIBERATELY OPPOSES CERTAIN ASPECTS OF A LARGER SOCIETY. E.G. THE HIPPIES. GAY CULTURE. TYPICALLY THRIVE AMONG THE YOUNG.