This document defines different elements of logical arguments including reasons, conclusions, indicators, hypothetical reasoning, assumptions, counterarguments, and what makes an argument credible and plausible. It provides examples of indicator words that introduce reasons, conclusions, examples, and counterarguments. It also explains that assumptions are never directly stated, and that counterarguments and assertions are used to disagree with the main conclusion.

1. A reason is
a cause which makes
something happen.
A conclusion is
a result or
judgement which has
been caused by the
reason.
Indicator words for
conclusions
 So
 Therefore
 As a result
 Consequently
 Which proves that
Indicator words for
reasons
 Because
 Seeing as
 Since
 In view of the fact that
 Given that
Hypothetical
Reasoning
 Used to predict
what will happen
as a consequence
of something else
 Identifiable by ‘if’
and ‘then’
Indicator words for
Examples/Evidence
 For example
 Such as
 For instance
 Eg
Assumptions
 Never stated in the text
 Things that you need to
justify the statement
Indicator words for
Counter
Arguments/Assertions
 It could be said
 Against this
 Some people say
A counter assertion is a
statement which goes
against the main
conclusion of the
argument. It is often used
so it can then be
discredited.
A counter argument is
a mini argument that
goes against the main
conclusion
For credibility
remember:
Reputation
Ability to perceive
Vested interest
Expertise
Neutrality
For plausibility
remember:
Assumptions
Clarification
Evidence
Critical
Thinking!