IDENTIFYING REASONS AND CONCLUSION JUNE 10 2022.pdf

THINKING AND
IDENTIFYING REASON
&
CONCLUSION

By the end of this presentation, you
should be able to:
1. Revise on critical, convergent, divergent,
lateral, deductive & inductive thinking
2. Determine if reasoning is present in an
argument;
3. Identify words used in the language of
reasoning;
4. Use the Thinking Map to analyse and
evaluate arguments;
5. Apply tests to evaluate the validity and
acceptability of claims; and
6. Identify assumptions and evaluate
inferences in an argument.

SCAR
Step 3: Failure Analysis
Step 4: Root Cause
Step 5: Corrective Action
Step 6: Preventive Action
Step 7: Effectiveness Verification
Step 2: Control Action
Step 1: Problem Verification
SCAR KEY
ELEMENTS
Supplier Corrective
Action Request (SCAR)
Root Cause
Analysis(RCA

Inductive
&
Deductive
Reasoning

 As many as possible
(Quantity is more important
than Quality)
 Flexibility: As many different
kinds as possible
 Originality: As unique as
possible
 Be spontaneous, playful, &
childlike
Divergent
Thinking
Rules

 Defer judgment: Open-
minded
 No criticism or praise
 Need constructive
conflict
 Encourage
piggybacking
 Encourage wild ideas
 No pressure
 Set Quota
Divergent
Thinking
Rules

Self-examination
Self-correctionn
Stating Results
Justifying Procedures
Presenting Arguments
Querying evidence
Conjecturing
Alternatives
Drawing conclusions
Assessing Calaims
Assessing Arguments
Categorization
Decoding Significance
Clarifying Meaning Examining Ideas
Detecting
Arguments
Analyzing
Arguments
USE
CRITICAL
THINKING

MODE OF THINKING
DIVERGENT THINKING
USING IMAGINATION
CONVERGENT THINKING
USING LOGIC
IDEA
IDEA
FACT
FACT
ANSWER
FACT
FACT
FACT
Also Called:
Creative /
Horizontal
Thinking
(Brainstorming
Also Called:
Critical / Vertical
Analytical / Liner
Thinking (
Using Both
Lateral thinking : Thinking “outside the box”

DO YOUR
RESEARCH
ACCEPT THAT
YOU MAY NOT
BE RIGHT
QUESTIONS
ASSUMPTIONS
THINK
IN
REVERSE
COLLABORATE WITH
OTHER
CRITICAL THINKERS
BECOME A
BETTER
CRITICAL
THINKER
KNOW
YOUR
BIASES

Thinking that is
Outside the box

LATERAL THINKING
Defined lateral thinking as “exploring multiple
possibilities and approaches instead of pursuing a
single approach“.
Lateral thinking has the ability of transforming
problems into opportunity, search for alternative
solutions and significantly increase number of
original and practical ideas
Employing unusual thinking techniques that are
normally not within the ability of our normal
methods of thinking.

What is lateral thinking?
It essentially means being able
to think creatively or "outside
the box" in order to solve a
problem.
Lateral thinking however, looks at
things from a sideways perspective
(also known as horizontal
thinking), in order to find answers
that aren't immediately apparent.

A traditional
logical thinking
Is sequential
Selects ideas
Analyses ideas
Has to be
correct
At every stage
A deliberate
focused thinking
Makes jumps
Generates ideas
Provoke ideas
Does not have to
be correct
At every stage
Lateral Thinking
Vertical Thinking
LATERAL THINKING
De Bono

Or you may simply be asked: Can you give us an example of a
difficult situation where you had to think laterally to get out of it?
The solving of problems by an indirect
and creative approach, typically
through viewing the problem in a new
and unusual light, contrasted with
vertical thinking.
Eg. ; Name an ancient invention
still in use in most parts of the
world today that allows people to
see through walls.
Answer: The window.
LATERAL THINKING.

Technique Description
1. Alternatives/
Concept
Extraction
Employing concepts to come up
with new ideas.
2. Focus Changing or sharpening on your
focus to improve your creative
effort.
3. Challenge Thinking beyond the accepted
ways of operating.
4. Random entry Employing unrelated input to
widen the horizon of thinking.
5. Harvesting Choosing of the most suitable
early ideas and moulding them
into usable approaches.
6. Treatment of
ideas
Expanding ideas in order to
incorporate them into any
particular situations or
organisations.
Table 2.1: Six Techniques in Lateral Thinking
Table 2.1 summarises the six different lateral thinking techniques.

Basis for
comparis
on
Deductive
Reasoning
Inductive
Reasoning
Definition Deductive reasoning is
the form of valid
reasoning, to deduce
new information or
conclusion from known
related facts and
information.
Inductive reasoning
arrives at a
conclusion by the
process of
generalization
using specific facts
or data
Approach Deductive reasoning
follows a top-down
approach
Inductive reasoning
follows a bottom-
up approach
COMPARISON CHART: DEDUCTIVE &
INDUCTIVE REASONINGS

Start
From
Deductive
reasoning starts
from Premises
Inductive reasoning
starts from the
Conclusion
Validity In deductive
reasoning
conclusion must be
true if the premises
are true
In inductive reasoning,
the truth of premises
does not guarantee the
truth of conclusions
Usage Use of deductive
reasoning is
difficult, as we
need facts which
must be true.
Use of inductive
reasoning is fast and
easy, as we need
evidence instead of
true facts. We often
use it in our daily life

Process Theory→ hypothesis→
patterns→confirmation
Observations-
→patterns→hypoth
esis→Theory.
Argument In deductive
reasoning, arguments
may be valid or invalid
In inductive
reasoning,
arguments may be
weak or strong.
Structure Deductive reasoning
reaches from general
facts to specific facts
Inductive reasoning
reaches from
specific facts to
general facts

PRESENTING AN ARGUMENT
Using is simple REASON to understandthe
argument but at other times it can be rather
difficult for example :
That test was unfair. I studied for days,
reading the material four times,
underlining important details and then
studying them. After doing all these I
should obtain a good grade. That test was
unfair.

Arguments consist of
a) Claims and
b) Reasons or Premises (for our purpose, a
reason or a premise are different words for
the same thing).
The claim is simply the main idea the
argument attempts to present or defend; in
writing it’s often called the “thesis”.
Reasoning is the process of making
inferences (Membuat Andaian) from
the information given.

Rember to judge the validity of an
argument. How?
By analyzing its logic and evidence; in
simple terms, logic refers to the relation-
ship between reasons or premises in an
argument;
How those reasons are combined to reach a
conclusion.

“Analyzing” means "to take apart" (literally:
"to dissolve"), to identify and label those
parts, and to examine the relationship
between the different parts.
This is as true of arguments as it is of
“psychoanalysis” or simply analyzing why
your car won’t start.

1) Identify the claim: what is the single unifying idea
the argument wants you to believe?
2) Separate the reasons from and the other
elements of the argument (such as appeals to other
Line of Argument)
3) Separate the reasons from each other
4) Identify and state the implicit reason behind
each of these explicit reasons (this is the hard part)
To analyze an argument we:

5) Identify the evidence necessary to prove
each reason and evaluate whether or not the
argument has adequately presented that
evidence.
6) Examine the logic used to connect all
these elements to the claim.

The utilisation of such phrases always indicate
the occurrence of a conclusion to an argument.
Structure of arguments : Reasons
Arguments are set of statements containing
reasons supporting a conclusion.
Conclusions are the primary claims of arguments;
the claims we are trying to get others accept.
Reasons are the supporting claims. They support
the conclusions. So, both conclusions and
reasons are types of claims.

Identify reasons in arguments and
understand the different ways they might
support the conclusions.
Reasons are claims that intend to support
the conclusions.
These claims are also called PREMISES
A premise is simply any claim to put
forward as support for the conclusions

The structure of the reasoning will
lead to the making of the conclusion
indicators because they signal the
presence of a conclusion, for which
reasons have been presented.
Young Ali was
confident to
sacrifice his life
He even broke
and cut the
killer’s hand
He managed
to defend
his brother
He was swift and
skillful with the
Rambo knife
Eventually,
despite Ali was a
brave boy and as
well skillful with
the Rambo knife,
he dared to
sacrifice his life
to defend his
family.
Conclusion
Reasoning

The structure of the reasoning will
lead to the making of the conclusion
indicators because they signal the
presence of a conclusion, for which
Young Ali was
confident to
sacrifice his life
He even broke
and cut the
killer’s hand
He managed
to defend
his brother
He was swift
with the Rambo
knife
In Conclusion,
despite Ali was
just a brave boy
at an early age,
he had shown
the sign of a
legendary hero.
False conclusion
Reasoning

BAHASA PENAAKULAN
. Antara perkataan dan frasa yang digunakan bagi
menunjukkan dakwaan itu adalah kesimpulan bagi
sebab yang telah dikemukakan adalah:
• Oleh sebab itu….
• Oleh itu…..
• Jadi…..
• Maka……
• Oleh yang demikian……..
• Yang membuktikan bahawa……..
•

Mewajarkan kepercayaan/ memperlihatkan…….
• Boleh disimpulkan bahawa…………….
• Dari mana kita boleh membuat kesimpulan……
• Justeru / ia menunjukkan bahawa…….
• Mesti…..

Ask yourself…
What are claims?
What are premises?
What are some examples of reason
indicators?
Are reason indicators always present in
arguments?
In what ways are reasons and conclusions
similar?
What makes a reason a “good reason”?

Identifying Premises and
Conclusions
This tutorial will give you
practice in
distinguishing premises
from
conclusions.

1. No one under eighteen-years-old can vote.
2. Jen is under eighteen-years-old.
3. Therefore, Jen cannot vote.
Arguments are composed of one or more premises
and a conclusion. Premises are statements offered
as reasons for accepting another statement.
A conclusion is a statement supported by reasons.
In this example, statements 1 and 2 are premises,
and statement 3 is the conclusion.

Distinguishing premises from conclusions
is a skill that requires both practice and
close attention to the nuances of language.
Here are some tips that will help you
separate premises from
conclusions:
1. Look for premise indicators--words like
because, since, for, and given
that--that provide clues when premises are
being offered.
2. Look for conclusion indicators--words like
therefore, thus, hence, and
so--that provide clues when conclusion
indicators are being offered.

3. If the passage contains no indicator
words, try these two strategies:
a. Ask yourself, "What claim is the writer
or speaker trying to prove?"
That claim will be the conclusion.
b. Try putting the word "therefore" before
each of the statements in turn. The
statement it fits best will be the
conclusion.

Examples of arguments,
premise, reasoning, conclusion

We have good reason to believe that people
will exist in the future and that they will be
similar enough to us that we can have a
good idea of what their well-being requires.
Knowing this and knowing that our present
actions can influence their future well-being,
it is reasonable to conclude that future
people must be given some ethical
consideration by presently living human
beings.
(Joseph R. DesJardins, Environmental)
Ethics: An Introduction to

Premise 1: We have good reason to believe
that people will exist in the future and
that they will be similar enough to us that
we can have a good idea of what their
well-being requires.
Premise 2: We know that our present
actions can influence future peoples' well-
being.
Conclusion: Future people must be given
some ethical consideration by presently
living human beings.

In this passage, the conclusion indicator
"it is reasonable to conclude that" helps
us identify the conclusion.
Notice that the second premise has been
restated in order to make it a complete
sentence.
(Environmental Philosophy, 3rd ed., 2001)

• It´s Relevant
• It´s Certain
• It´s Pertinent / Related To The Conclusion.
• It Comes From A Credible Source.
• Does It Require An Expertise To Validate?
• It Fits Well With Our Other Beliefs.
What makes a reason, a good reason?

HEAVY IMPACT
An Impact Analysis is meant to provide a better overall
understanding of the change request and system and
reveal potential issues before taking any action.

For example, let us assume a change of supplier
of raw materials in order to curtail company
expenses is not justified because the low quality
of raw materials used by Bangla operators
resulted in the damage of the output product.
The procurement department
changed a supplier of lower
quality raw materials.
AN IMPACT
The low quality of raw
materials used by Bangla
operators resulted in the
damage of the output
product.

AN IMPACT
will affect manager’s health
& wellness
Your financial security,
Your psychological well-being,
Your family financial budget,
Your guilty conscience for disappointing the organization.
Define A Good Problem Statement
Method of solving
Group discussion, brainstorming, group counseling,
Cause & Effect Analysis, Root Cause Analysis (RCA),
Tools for solving problem
AN IMPACT

FORCE-FIELD ANALYSIS
Driving Force 1
Driving Force 2
Driving Force 3
Restraining Force 1
Restraining Force 3
Restraining Force 2
CURRENT
STATE
DESIRED
STATE
Restraining Force
Driving Force

A Good Problem Statement
WHO?
WHY?
The Board of Directors elected me to
become production manager .
ASSIGNMENT 1
Your company plans to bring 100
operator workers in from Bangladesh.
These workers are unable to speak
neither English nor Bahasa Malaysia.
In the recent production meeting, a local
supervisor highlighted there would be a high
possibility of production problems due to
miscommunication with those Bangladeshi
workers.

A Good Problem Statement
HOW?
ASSIGNMENT 1
In the recent production meeting, a local
supervisor highlighted there would be a high
possibility of production problems due to
miscommunication with those Bangladeshi
workers
WHAT?

ASSIGNMENT QUESTION
QUESTION 1: ESSAY (40 MARKS)
PART 1: ESSAY (30%)
Assuming you are a production manager in
a semiconductor manufacturing company in
Penang. Due to the ease of the COVID-19
movement order, the border is now open for
foreign workers to work in Malaysia in the
manu-facturing sector. Your company plans
to bring 100 operator workers in from
Bangladesh. These workers are unable to
speak neither English nor Bahasa Malaysia.
.

In the recent production meeting, a
local supervisor highlighted there
would be a high possibility of
production problems due to
miscommunication with those
Bangladeshi workers. You need to
analyse the supervisor’s concerns
as soon as possible because it is
involved the quality of the product

Based on the above case, apply your
critical thinking skills and problem-solving
by writing an essay on identifying the root
cause and offering suggestions for
improvement. Your essay should include the
following components:
1. Introduction
2. Identify the issue(s)/problem(s) of the case
3. Analyse and propose a solution
4. Conclusion
5. References

Your company plans to bring 100 operator
workers in from Bangladesh. These workers are
unable to speak neither English nor Bahasa
Malaysia
In the recent production meeting, a local supervisor
highlighted there would be a high possibility of
production problems due to miscommunication
with those Bangladeshi workers. You need to
analyse the supervisor’s concerns as soon as
possible because it is involved the quality of the
product

PREMISE 1
Your company plans to bring 100 operator
workers in from Bangladesh. These workers
are unable to speak neither English nor
Bahasa Malaysia
PREMISE 2
LOCAL SUPERVISOR MEETINGVIEWS
There would be a high possibility of production
problems due to miscommunication with those
Bangladeshi workers
Assignment question 1………contd.

CONCLUSION
The production manager has to consider the
supervisor’s concern as soon as possible
because it is involved the quality of the product
about the possibility of production problems as a
result of language barriers and miscommunication
with those Bangladeshi workers.
Assignment question 1………contd.

1. Are the reasons acceptable (true, valid,
factual, etc.)?
2. Does the reasoning support its conclusion
3. Are there other relevant considerations
/arguments?
4. What is your overall evaluation on this
topic?
If we were to evaluate this systematically,
we need to ask the following questions:

3. Questions on the jurisdiction the source offers
or can offer in support of the claim.
 Is the claim based on primary and
secondary sources?
 Is the claim based on direct or on
circumstantial evidence?
 Is the claim based on direct reference to
credibility considerations?

What do
you
Know?
What can you
Conclude?
What clues
did you
find?
What can
you infer?

Inferences are the ones that we use in order to
move on from reasons to conclusions. This can
be seen in the following example.
Some people have solved their own
unemployment problem by either looking for a
job or by willingness to work for less. So all the
unemployed could do the same.
EVALUATING INFERENCES

unemployment problem by either looking
for a job or by willingness to work for
less. So all the unemployed could do the
same.

All 100 Bangla
workers have
skilled work
experience with
the cables
Mujabib is a
Bangla who works
in the firm as
operator
Mujabib can work
with the cables
Disciplinary action is strictly
imposed on any Bangla employee
who is reckless and not
comforming to SOP
All Workers Are
Subjected To Supervision
Premise 1
Premise 2
DEDUCTIVE LOGIC INDUCTIVE LOGIC
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
ALL 100 Bangla workers
follow SOP under closed
observa-tion and
supervision

DEDUCTIVE INDUCTIVE
EVALUATIVE
QUESTIONS

IDENTIFYING REASON
&
CONCLUSION
TOPIC 3

By the end of this topic, you should be
able to:
1.Determine if reasoning is present in an
argument;
2.Identify words used in the language of
reasoning;
3.Use the Thinking Map to analyse and
evaluate arguments;
4.Apply tests to evaluate the validity and
acceptability of claims; and
5.Identify assumptions and evaluate
inferences in an argument

WHAT IS MY
ARGUMENT?
STUDENT’S CASE STUDY

I should obtain good
grade.That test was
unfair.
My Health and Stressed Condition.
Expctations of the test questions is
different from what I thought.
It’s Open Book
Tests.
[ study very,
Very hard

True
Conclusion
False
Conclusion
The test was unfair.
Situation Study
hard, smart study
Situation study very,
very hard.
Some Success, Some
Failure.
Some Success,
Some Failure.
The test was
a little unfair.
Premise

The production manager has to consider the
supervisor’s concern as soon as possible because
it is involved the quality of the product due to the
possibility of production problems as a result of
language barriers and miscommunication with
those Bangladeshi workers
PROBLEM STATEMENT

COGENT = PPERSUASIVE / FORCEFU / LOGICALL
=
UNSOUND =UNRELIABLE / ILLOGICAL
SOUND = COMPLETE / THOURUGH

Difference
Between Inductive & Deductive
Reasoning
Reasoning in artificial intelligence
has two important forms, Inductive
reasoning, and Deductive
reasoning. Both reasoning forms
have premises and conclusions, but
both reasoning are contradictory to
each other..

Following is a list for comparison between
inductive and deductive reasoning:
•Deductive reasoning uses available facts,
information, or knowledge to deduce a valid
conclusion, whereas inductive reasoning
involves making a generalization from specific
facts, and observations.
•Deductive reasoning uses a top-down
approach, whereas inductive reasoning uses a
bottom-up approach.

Deductive Reasoning
begins with
a general
conclusion and
arrives at
a specific
logical
confirmation
of valid factual
conclusion
Theory
Hypothesis
Comfirmation
Observation

•In Deductive Reasoning, the conclusions
are certain, whereas, in Inductive reasoning,
the conclusions are probabilistic.
•Deductive arguments can be valid or
invalid, which means if premises are true, the
conclusion must be true, whereas inductive
argument can be strong or weak, which means
conclusion may be false even if premises are
true.
•Deductive reasoning moves from
generalized statement to a valid conclusion,
whereas Inductive reasoning moves from
specific observation to a generalization

FTA PROCESS
• Step 1: Define the fault condition, and write down the top level
failure.
• Step 2: Using technical information and professional
judgments, determine the possible reasons for the failure to
occur.
• Step 3: Continue to break down each element with additional
gates to lower levels. Consider the relationships between the
elements to help you decide whether to use an "and" or an "or"
logic gate.
• Step 4: Finalize and review the complete diagram. The chain
can only be terminated in a basic fault: human, hardware or
software.
• Step 5: If possible, evaluate the probability of occurrence for
each of the lowest level elements and calculate the statistical
probabilities from the bottom up.

DMAIC - RCA PROCESS (ILLUSTRATION)
DEFINE, MEASURE, ANALYZE, IMPPROVE, CONTROL,
(D) (M) (A) ( I ) (C )
WHAT IS THE
PROBLEM?
HOW BIG IS THE
PROBLEM?
UNDERSTAND
THE PROBLEM?
SOLVE THE
PROBLEM?
MAINTAIN THE
GAIN PEFORMANCE

5-STEP DMAIC RCA PROCESS
• Step 1: Define (What problem needs to be solved?)
• Step 2: Measure (collect data and evidence to determine
the scope and magnitude of the problem)
• Step 3: Analyze (Identify and classify the root cause/s of
the problem)
• Step 4: Improve (What are the countermeasures/solution
to solve the problem?)
• Step 5: Control (Evaluate the effectiveness, impact and
sustainability of the implemented solution)

STEP 1: DEFINE
• Objective: Identify and define the problem
• Specify the nature, the magnitude, the location/ sand the
timing of events
• Use integrated methodology (quantitative and qualitative
techniques)
Brainstorming
Fishbone Diagram or FTA Diagram
• Outcome: Definition of a well-formulated Problem
Statement

C.T.W.O.E.
Who are the customer beneficiaries
of the business process and how
does the issue affect them?
Who is involved in the situation ?
What is the transformation that lies
at the heart of the system ?
What is the big picture and what are
the wider impacts of the issue ?
What are the constraints that will
impact the solution and its success ?
C
A
T
W
A
O
E
Customers
Actors
Transformation
World View
Owner
Environmental
Constraints
Who owns the process of situation
being investigated and what role will
they play in the situation

High Scope-
Low
Significance
(MODERATE
PRIORITY)
High Scope-
High
Significance
(HIGH
PRIORITY)
Low Scope-
Low
Significance
(LOW
PRIORITY)
Low Scope-
High
Significance
(MODERATE
PRIORITY)
SCOPE-SIGNIFICANCE MATRIX

STEP 2. DATA COLLECTION METHODS
AND SOURCES OF DATA
• The two (2) categories of data collection methods:
Quantitative – numeric e.g. statistics
Qualitative – subjective e.g. surveys and focus groups
• The predominant
sources of data:
Electronic
Documentary
Experimental
Human

DATA COLLECTION PROCESS
• Step 1: Develop a Data Collection
plan/strategy
• Step 2: Data Collection
• Step 3: Data Collation
• Step 4: Data Analysis
• Step 5: Data Interpretation
• Step 6: Data Verification
• Step 7: Publication

STEP 3: ANALYZE
• Objective: To identify the root cause/s of the
problem
• Preferred tool:
• 5-Why Analysis
Underlying dentification and classification of the
cause that must be addressed to alleviate/remedy
the problem.
• Outcome:
Symptons : Evident That Problem Exist

5-WHY ANALYSIS TEMPLATE
Answer what caused
the specific situation
Answer why the
problem was’nt
detected
Answer what
system(s) failed
Should be at the
root cause near 5th
question

STEP 4 - IMPLEMENTATION
ACTION PLAN
OBJECTIVE
(What need to be
done)+
RESOURCES NEEDED
(Money/ Time/
People
Measurement
of Task
Completion
Target
Date
STATUS
ACTION PLAN
GOAL
Today’s Date : Goal Completion Date:
Possible Diffculties:

STEP 4: IMPLEMENT
• Identify countermeasures/solutions for the problem
(by means of creative and analytical thinking)
• Evaluate the proposed solutions (by means of a
Decision Matrix) focused on the following criteria:
 Viability / practicality / capability /possibilty
 Feasibility
 Sustainability - sustainability
The ability to be maintained at a certain rate
or level."the sustainability of economic
growth“. Apply Risk Mitigation techniques:
 FMEA
 Impact Analysis
 Force-field Analysis
• Implement the solution (by means of an Action Plan)

STEP 5: CONTROL
• OBJECTIVE:Evaluate the effectiveness, impact and
sustainability of the implemented solution
• Management Tools:
Observe
Monitor
Evaluate
Review
Amend
Fixing the
Standards
Measuring
The actual
performances
Comparison
Corrective
Action
Follow-up CONTROL
PROCESS

Claim, Evidence, and
Reasoning
Reading and Writing Argument

COGENT = PPERSUASIVE / FORCEFUL / LOGICAL
= convincing / clear / logical / rational
UNSOUND =UNRELIABLE / ILLOGICAL
SOUND = COMPLETE / THOURUGH

Difference
Between Inductive & Deductive
Reasoning
Reasoning in artificial intelligence has
two important forms, Inductive
reasoning, and Deductive reasoning.
Both reasoning forms have premises
and conclusions, but both reasoning
are contradictory to each other..

Following is a list for comparison between
inductive and deductive reasoning:
•Deductive reasoning uses available facts,
information, or knowledge to deduce a valid
conclusion, whereas inductive reasoning
involves making a generalization from specific
facts, and observations.
•Deductive reasoning uses a top-down
approach, whereas inductive reasoning
uses a bottom-up approach.

•In Deductive Reasoning, the conclusions
are certain, whereas, in Inductive reasoning,
the conclusions are probabilistic.
•Deductive arguments can be valid or
invalid, which means if premises are true, the
conclusion must be true, whereas inductive
argument can be strong or weak, which
means conclusion may be false even if
premises are true.
•Deductive reasoning moves from
generalized statement to a valid conclusion,
whereas Inductive reasoning moves from
specific observation to a generalization

All 100 Bangla
workers have
skilled work
experience with
the cables
Mujabib is a
Bangla who works
in the firm as
operator
Mujabib can work
with the cables
A strict employment disciplinary
action is imposed on any Bangla
employee who is reckless.
Is reckless & indifference.
All Workers Are
Subjected To
Supervision
Premise 1
Premise 2
DEDUCTIVE LOGIC INDUCTIVE LOGIC
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
ALL 100 Bangla
workers follow SOP
under closed
supervision

Look carefully at this photo. What do you observe?
Write down your observations in box one on
our graphic organizer.

Boardcof
Directors
Production
manager
Executive
Meeting
rs
100
Bangla
Workers
Local
Supervisor
Unskilled
Operators
Language &
Communication
Barriers

Language &
Communication
Barriers

Observation Claim
Evidence Reasoning

Observation Claim
Evidence Reasoning
What do you observe
in the photo
what claim can you
make about this
photograph
What did you observe in
this photograph that
supports your claim?
What evidence makes
you reasonably believe
your claim is true?

Box 1
Observations:
What did you
observe in the
photo?
Create a Graphic Organizer
Box 2
Claim :
After looking for
patterns in your
observations, what
claim can you make
about this
photograph?

Part 2 of Graphic Organizer
Evidence:
What did you
observe in this
photograph that
supports your
claim?
Reasoning:
What evidence
makes you
reasonably believe
your claim is true?

Claim
Your claim is the statement that
answers your original question.
●The claim is usually one sentence in
length.
●It must be accurate, specific, and
completely answer the question.

Look carefully at this photo. What do you
observe? Write down your observations in
box one on our graphic organizer.

Evidence
The evidence is all of the data that
supports your claim.
●Evidence must be sufficient and
relevant to your claim. Not all data is
considered evidence!
●It is important to have numerous
pieces of evidence in order to prove
your claim!

Reasoning
Reasoning is the explanation that connects
your claim to the evidence that supports it.
●It shows a detailed understanding of the
text
●It shows why the data you chose counts as
evidence.
●The reasoning should usually be at least a
few sentences in length.

Summarize Your Thinking
On the back of your paper write a summary
paragraph that includes
1. Your claim
I think the cat is going (up/down) because...
2. Two pieces of evidence that support your claim.
Two things I saw in the photo are...
3. Reasoning statement
Why the evidence is reasonable and
supports your claim:
I know this because...

ANALYZING ARGUMENT WITH EULER DIAGRAMS
Using Euler diagrams to determine validity
Is the following argument valid?
Some students study very hard.
I am a student.
I study days and night.
The diagram shows that “I”
can be inside the region
for “study very hard” or
outside it. The
argument is invalid.
Students.
Students
Study
Very
Hard
“I” ?

Claims
Reasons
Conclusion
Premise
(Assumption)
Logical
Logical
Using Euler Diagrams
Euler diagrams are closely related to Venn
diagrams and depending on the sets in
question, can look identical.

Initial reason
Initial reason
Initial reason
Objection
Initial reason
Intermediate
Conclusion
Counter
Argument
Conclusion
Initial reason
Initial reason
Initial reason
Intermediate
Conclusion
Counter
Argument
Using Tree Diagram

Bangla employees may
seem to work hard but
they are unskilled
operators
Supervisors are permissible
and less reprimanding
because of language barriers
and miscommunications
Whatever The Risk The
Importing of 100 Bangla
Workers must prevailed
and
Justified since the
modern development is
at stake
An employment disciplinary
action is strictly imposed on any
Bangla employee who is
reckless.
Doing comprehensive research or
overview on each part of the Bangla
workers is a long time research with big
finance capital.
Take a closer look at the
attitudes & performance of
employers regarding the
intake of Bangla operators.
The intake of
100 unskilled
Bangla
operators
has to be
suspended
temporarily
Objection
Conclusion
Initial reason
Initial reason
Initial reason
Intermediate
Conclusion
Counter Argument

Pekerja kelihatan bekerja
keras tetapi mereka adalah
pengendali yang tidak
mahir
Pengawas adalah kurang
ambil kira dan kurang
menegur kerana halangan
komunikasi dan bahasa.
Walau apa pun adanya
risiko pengambilan 100
orang pekerja Bangla tetapi
diutamakan dan dikira wajar
demi pembangunan negara.
Satu tindakan disiplin pekerjaan
dikenakan ke atas mana-mana
pekerja yang berpoya-poya.
Keperluan untuk melakukan
penyelidikan atau tinjauan
menyeluruh pada setiap
bahagian pekerja Bangla dan
pengurusan baru adalah
mahal dan mengambil masa
yang panjang.
Lihat dengan lebih dekat
sikap & prestasi majikan
berhubung 100 orang
Bangla sebagai pekerja
baru.
Pengambilan 100
orang pekerja
Bangla harus
ditang-guhkan.

STAKEHOLDERS
ANGRY
CEO
EXECUTIVES
BANGLA
WORKERS
Customer Service
Department demand
Corrective Action Request
(SCAR)

Diandaikan pihak pembekal baru
membekalkan bahan mentah yang
berkualiti rendah sehingga mudah
rosak bila dikerjakan oleh pekerja
Bangla yang berkemahiran rendah.
Bahan mentah yang
berkualiti rendah mudah
rosak bila dikerjakan oleh
pekerja Bangla berke-
mahiran rendah.
Kerja Ke Atas Bahan
Mentah Yang Berkualiti
Rendah Oleh Pekerja
Bangla Menyebabkan
Produk Tidak Berkualiti
Merekabentuk
Alternatif Bahan
Mentah Yang Tahan
Lasak

a) Claims and
reason or a premise are different words for
the same thing).
inferences (Membuat Andaian) from the
information given.

Pihak syarikat kurang prihatin tentang peng-
gunaan bahan mentah yang berkualiti rendah oleh
para pekerja Bangla sehingga mengakibatkan
kerosakan pada produk keluaran syarikat.
CLAIM / PREMISE / PERNYATAAN MASALAH / PROBLEM
STATEMENT
The company is less concerned about the
use of low quality of raw materials by
Bangla workers resulting in damage to the
company's products.

argument. How?
By analyzing its logic and evidence; in simple
terms, logic refers to the relationship
between reasons or premises in an
argument;
By applying lateral thinking find a way how
those reasons are combined to reach a
conclusion.

a) Claims and
Reason or a premise are different words for
the same thing).
inferences (Membuat Andaian) from the
information given.

argument. How?
By analyzing its logic and evidence; in simple
terms, logic refers to the relation-ship
between reasons or premises in an
argument;
How those reasons are combined to reach a
conclusion.

“Analyzing” means "to take apart" (literally: "to
dissolve"), to identify and label those parts, and
to examine the relationship between the different
parts.
This is as true of arguments as it is of
“psychoanalysis” or simply analyzing why your car
won’t start or why there is defect in the product.

REPORT OF BENCHMARKING FROM
A SEMICONDUCTOR MANUFACTURING
COMPANY IN KLANG.
Semiconductor manufacturing company in Klang.
brought 200 operators from Bangladesh three months
ago. Recently they received some complaints from the
customer service department about the defects of the
products. The root cause of the problem was the
company hired 200 unskilled Bangla workers
without any training program. The Bangla
workers were directed to manipulate the
raw materials to increase production. The end
result was the company received complaints of
damaged products.
Evident 1

Based on the above case and report,
on identifying the root cause and
offering suggestions for improvement,
the production manager has to extend
the matter to the board of directors as
evident to support the claim.
Evident 1

1) Identify the claim: what is the single unifying idea the
argument wants you to believe?
2) Separate the reasons from and the other elements of the
argument (such as appeals or demands to other Line /
Link of Argument)
3) Separate the reasons from each other
4) Identify and state the Implicit or hidden reason behind
each of these explicit or clear reasons (this is the hard
part)
To analyze an argument we:

5) Identify the evidence necessary to
prove each reason and evaluate whether or
not the argument has adequately
presented that evidence.
6) Examine the logic used to connect all
these elements to the claim.

Your conclusion and reasoning should be clear
and unambiguous.
Always check for the sound reasons.
Could the reason(s) be true
(or otherwise acceptable) and
the conclusion false (or
otherwise unacceptable) at
the same time?

Bangla Employees seem
to work hard but they are
unskilled operators
Supervisors are
permissible and less
reprimanding as a
result of language
barriers
Whatever the risk the
hiring of 100 Bangla
Workers must prevailed
and justified for the sake
of modern development.
An employment disciplinary
action is imposed on any
employee who is reckless.
The need to do expensive
comprehensive research or
overview on each profile of the
Bangla workers
Take a closer look at the
attitudes & performance of
employers regarding the
change of new operators from
Bangladesh.
The supply
of the new
low quality
products
Objection
Conclusion
Initial reason
Initial reason
Initial reason
Intermediate
Conclusion
Counter
Argument

The utilisation of such phrases always indicate the
occurrence of a conclusion to an argument.
Structure of arguments : Reasons
Arguments are set of statements containing reasons
supporting a conclusion.
Conclusions are the primary claims of arguments; the
claims we are trying to get others accept.
Reasons are the supporting claims. They support the
conclusions. So, both conclusions and reasons are types
of claims.

The structure of the reasoning will lead to the
making of the conclusion indicators because they
signal the presence of a conclusion, for which
Young Ali was
confident to
sacrifice his life
He even broke
and cut the
killer’s hand
He managed
to defend
his brother
He was swift and
skillful with the
Rambo knife
Eventually, Despite
Ali was a brave boy
and as well skillful
with the Rambo
knife, he dared to
sacrifice his life to
defend his family.
Conclusion
Reasoning

The structure of the reasoning will lead to
the making of the conclusion indicators
because they signal the presence of a
conclusion, for which reasons have been
presented.
Young Ali was
confident to
sacrifice his life
He even broke
and cut the
killer’s hand
He managed
to defend
his brother
He was swift
with the Rambo
knife
In Conclusion,
despite Ali was
just a brave boy
at an early age,
he had shown
the sign of a
legendary hero.
False conclusion
Reasoning

Mewajarkan kepercayaan/ memperlihatkan……
• Boleh disimpulkan bahawa…………….
• Dari mana kita boleh membuat kesimpulan…
• Justeru / ia menunjukkan bahawa…….
• Mesti…..

• It´s Relevant
• It´s Certain
• It´s Pertinent / Related To The
Conclusion.
• It Comes From A Credible Source.
• Does It Require An Expertise To Validate?
• It Fits Well With Our Other Beliefs.
What makes a reason, a good reason?

Analysis
1. What is/are the main conclusion(s)?
(May be stated or unstated;) may be in the forms
of recommendations, or explanations and so on.
The presence of conclusion indicator words such
as
[Aim: It helps in organising your thinking about a
piece of reasoning if you know what the author is
trying to persuade and/or convince you of
Table 3.1: Thinking Map – Skillful Analysis and
Evaluation of Arguments

Walaupun pekerja Bangla
kelihatan bekerja keras tetapi
mereka adalah pengendali
yang tidak mahir & tidak
dapat menyesuaikan bekerja
dalam masa yang singkat.
Penyelia kurang ambil kira
dan kurang menegur akibat
halangan bahasa &
kesukaran berkomuni-kasi.
Walau apa pun adanya risiko
pengimportan 100 Orang
Pekerja Bangla tetapi ia
mesti diutama-kan juga dan
dikira wajar atas dasar
pembangunan negara yang
pesat.
Satu tindakan disiplin
pekerjaan dikenakan ke atas
mana-mana pekerja yang
berpoya-poya atau yang
menimbulkan jenayah sosial
di tempat kerja..
Keperluan untuk melakukan
penyelidikan atau tinjauan
menyeluruh pada setiap
bahagian pekerja bangla dan
pembekal baru adalah sangat
mahal.
Rasional sikap & nilai kerja
majikan yang
mengutamakan pekerja
asing dari pekerja
tempatan
The recruitment
of 100 Bangla
workers is not
profitable at all.
Using Tree Diagram

Although Bangla operators
seem to work hard but they
are unskilled operators &
cannot adapt to work in a
short time
Supervisors are permissible
and less reprimanding
because of language barriers
The intake of 100 Bangla
Workers should be
prioritized and considered
appropriate on the basis of
rapid national development.
The disciplinary board show
slow action of punishment
imposed on any employee who
is reckless.
The need to do comprehensive
research or overview on each
part of the bangla operators are
highly expensive.
Rational attitudes & work
values of employers who
prioritize foreign workers over
local workers
The
Recruitment
Of 100
Bangla
Workers Is
Not
Profitable At
All.
Objection
Conclusion
Initial reason
Initial reason
Initial reason
Intermediate
Conclusion
Counter
Argument

2. What are the reasons (data, evidence, etc)
and their structure?
3. What is assumed (that is, implicit or taken for
granted, perhaps in the context)?
4. Clarify the meaning (by the terms, claims or
arguments) which needs it.
Analysis

Evaluation
5. (a) Are the reasons acceptable to you?
(These include explicit reasons and unstated
assumptions – these may also involve
evaluating factual claims, definitions and value
judgments and judging the credibility of the
source.)
Does the reasoning support its conclusion(s)?
(For example, is the supporting argument
strong as beyond reasonable doubt or weak)?
(b) Are there other relevant considerations
/arguments which strengthen or weaken the
case?
6. What is your overall evaluation based on what you
have obtained above?

Your conclusion and reasoning should be clear
and unambiguous.
Always check for the sound reasons.
Could the reason(s) be true (or otherwise
acceptable) and the conclusion false (or
otherwise unacceptable) at the same time?

1. Are the reasons acceptable (true, valid,
factual, etc.)?
2. Does the reasoning support its conclusion
3. Are there other relevant considerations /
arguments?
4. What is your overall evaluation on this
topic?
If we were to evaluate this systematically,
we need to ask the following questions:

Questions on the jurisdiction the source offers
or can offer in support of the claim.
Is the claim based on primary and
secondary sources?
Is the claim based on direct or on
circumstantial evidence?
Is the claim based on direct reference to
credibility considerations?

3.7
JUDGING CREDIBILITY OF SOURCES
(a) The sources reputation for `
reliability;
(b) Whether the source has a vested
interest;
(c) Whether there is corroboration
or validation of the claim from
independent sources

(a) Person/source whose credibility we
intend to judge;
(b) Circumstances/contexts in which the
claim is made that affect its credibility;
(c) Justification the source offers or can
offer in support of the claim which affects
its credibility;
(d) Nature of the claim which influences its
credibility; and
(e) Whether there is corroboration/validation
from other sources.
JUDGING CREDIBILITY OF SOURCES

Inferences are the ones that we use in
order to move on from reasons to
conclusions. This can be seen in the
following example.
unemployment problem by either looking for a
job or by willingness to work for less. So all the
unemployed could do the same.
EVALUATING INFERENCES

The fundamental idea is that the reason(s) do
not make you accept the conclusion, and if you
can think of other ways in which the reasons
can be proven to be true and the conclusion
false simultaneously, then the inference is false.

BAHASA PENAAKULAN
. Antara perkataan dan frasa yang digunakan bagi
menunjukkan dakwaan itu adalah kesimpulan bagi
sebab yang telah dikemukakan adalah:
• Oleh sebab itu….
• Oleh itu…..
• Jadi…..
• Maka……
• Oleh yang demikian……..
• Yang membuktikan bahawa……..
INDICATORS (PENUNJUK)

Mewajarkan kepercayaan/ memperlihatkan…….
•Boleh disimpulkan bahawa…………….
•Dari mana kita boleh membuat kesimpulan…….
•Justeru / ia menunjukkan bahawa…….
•Mesti…..
INDICATORS (PENUNJUK)
(Kesimpulan)

The effect of
combination reasons
that of using unskilled
Bangla workers with
communication
barriers
=
+
The
Company’s
Product
Ouput Of
Lower
Quality
At the same time, the
company having
though challenge to
overcome language
barriers among
Bangla workers. .
Premise
Premise
inference
conclusion

The risk and effect of
combination reasons
of hiring unskilled
Bangla workers with
language and
communication
barriers
+
At the same time, the
company has to face the
challenge of organizing
language and
communication program.
=
The
Company’s
Product
Ouput Of
Lower Quality
=
+

Claim, Evidence, and
Reasoning
Reading and Writing Argument Text

What is an Argument?
An argument presents
logical reasons and
evidence to support a
viewpoint.

Production
Manager
EXECUTIVE
MEETING
Board of Directors
Language & Communication
Barriers
Unskilled
Workers
Proposition of
Intake of100 Bangla
Workers
Local Superviser

1. Your claim
I think the cat is going (up/down) because...
2.Two pieces of evidence that support your claim.
Two things I saw in the photo are...

ASSIGNMENT QUESTION
QUESTION 1: ESSAY (40 MARKS)
PART 1: ESSAY (30%)
Assuming you are a production manager in
a semiconductor manufacturing company in
Penang. Due to the ease of the COVID-19
movement order, the border is now open for
foreign workers to work in Malaysia in the
manufacturing sector. Your company plans
to bring 100 operator workers in from
Bangladesh. These workers are unable to
speak neither English nor Bahasa Malaysia.
.

Your claim is the statement that
answers your original question.
EXAMPLE :
In consideration to the views made by
the local supervisor that the hiring of
100 Bangla operators will have high
impact on the quality of production due
to miscommunication and language
barriers with those Bangladeshi
workers .

Evidence
●Benchmarking reports on Bangla
operators from other companies in
Malaysia are quite relevant.
●Reports from company representatives
on each profile Bangla operator on work
skills and experience, health, physical
fitness and level of education

Evidence …….contd
●Benchmarking reports on Bangla
operators from other companies in
Malaysia
●Reports from company representatives
on each profile Bangla operator on work
skills and experience, health, physical
fitness and level of education

 Number of Bangla Workers.
 Work Permit
 Bonus And Incentive
 Records Of Mischievous or
Good Behavior
 Job Satisfaction And Stress
 Personality

 Bahasa dan Komunikasi
 Keperluan program latihan yang
bersepadu
 Kesihatan dan Vaksinasi
 Temuduga Semula
 Tenaga Kerja Mahir
 Kebajikan Sosial
 Kemudahan Tempat Tinggal
 Dokumen visa Pekerja dan
 Pendaftaran
Problem of Intake Of 100
Bangla Workers
PERTIMBANGKAN:

Fikirkan Pekerja Bangla Dari Aspek :
 Bahasa &
Kom’ikasi
 Gaji & Bonus
 Kemudahan
 Nilai Kerja
 Kebajikan
 Lain-lain
 Karakter
 Pengalaman Kerja
 Inspirasi Kerja
 Komitmen Kerja
 Semangat Kerja
Berkumpulan

 Kerosakan barangan yg akan berlaku
 Pengawasan Pekerja-pekerja
 Barangan diterima berkeadaan rosak
 Kerja-kerja vs barangan vs pekerja
Periksa:

FACE THE
SITUATION AND
LISTEN WITH
FULL EMPATHY
MOCK THEM
IGNORE THEM
KOMUNIKASI &
PENYELESAIAN
MASALAH
SENT THEM BACK TO
BANGLADESH
FACING
REALITY
(FIGHT
For
Kaizen)
IGNORE
THE
REALITY
(Flight
Showing
Spirit-
lessness)
FULL STRATEGY LESS STRATEGY

PEOPLE
4 Pillars of Supply Chain Strategy
(SISTEM)
(PROSES)
(PERLAKSANAAN)
(PEKERJA)
4 TUNJANG STRATEGI RANTAI BEKALAN

Planning may be defined as follows:
Planning is the process by which the
managers of an organisation set objectives,
make an overall assessment of the future,
and chart the courses of action with a view
to achieving the organisational goals.
Planning

Nature and Characteristic of Planning

1. Your claim
I think the company ...
2.Two pieces of evidence that support your claim.
Two things based on the research on websites
and interviews...

May you understand better to make
your assignments/

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1XI6RqfqpKjxiv6XYU
SWG91gPmySmB9FU/view?usp=sharing
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1q5EsBTwnbi2hUT
MrjAsZ_VtmbQAL-rI7/view?usp=sharing
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1q5EsBTwnbi2hUT
MrjAsZ_VtmbQAL-rI7/view?usp=sharing
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1RBnAkCtKcM9yRp
ps4mYiLeLN--hk7--u/view

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1akNQExR7p8zWq5IkRg
1MnrpTHcOQ5oA/view?usp=sharing
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1mfHGc0R_clVq6Ib_
ts4773U7EfWGb3xh/view

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SYED HUSSIN BIN JAAFAR TUTOR shussinjaafar@oum.edu.my 1 hr 45 min 9:27 PM 11:12 PM
2022-06-10 21:01 uff-qhbn-pud - Attendance Report SBFS 1103

IDENTIFYING REASONS AND CONCLUSION JUNE 10 2022.pdf

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