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CrosthwaiteEyre210110
1. Final Presentation
Chatham House – 21 January 2010
23 June 2000
Eyre
1 consulting
Biomass estimations through remote sensing
-
The value of the third dimension to mapping
York Timbers Plantation - Mauchsberg
Chatham House – Illegal Logging Meeting 20th– 21st January 2010
20th–
Eyre
2 consulting
Presentation Overview
• Why we need to consider new sources of data
• Satellite sensors and Forest Area and Area
Change mapping
• Satellite sensors and Forest Biometric data
• Conclusion and discussion
Chatham House – Illegal Logging Meeting 20th– 21st January 2010
20th–
Contact: Eyre Consulting Ltd +44 1264 356 900
charles.eyre@sarmap.ch Page 1
2. Final Presentation
Chatham House – 21 January 2010
23 June 2000
Eyre
3 consulting
What’s the problem the way things are?
• In July 2007 the Norwegian Government stated
“Today there is no international or national
certification that can guarantee in a reliable
manner that imported wood is legally and
sustainably logged”.
• Certification requires sound, defensible and
accurate geospatial data on certified forests
• Can the latest spaceborne remote sensing
technologies improve the forest monitoring
system?
Chatham House – Illegal Logging Meeting 20th– 21st January 2010
20th–
Eyre
4 consulting
Certification – Sources of Data Error and Uncertainty
• Sampling
• Measurement
• Temporal
• Mapping
• Extrapolation
Chatham House – Illegal Logging Meeting 20th– 21st January 2010
20th–
Contact: Eyre Consulting Ltd +44 1264 356 900
charles.eyre@sarmap.ch Page 2
3. Final Presentation
Chatham House – 21 January 2010
23 June 2000
Eyre
5 consulting
Forest Management Plan – Forest data requirements
• AREA MAPPING AND AREA CHANGE MAPPING
– Base maps of forest and non forest areas
– Monitoring and updating system for change detection
– Compartment structure and areas
– Non Forest inventories of socially and environmentally
important assets
• FOREST INVENTORIES for Growth and Yield Models
and Forest Management Information Systems
– Forest biometrics – DBH, Tree Height, Trees/ha
– Forest quality - species, stem quality and structure
– Age class
Chatham House – Illegal Logging Meeting 20th– 21st January 2010
20th–
Eyre
6 consulting
European Space Agency – 2009 Funded project
Objective
• To demonstrate how spaceborne remote sensing could
provide an operationally robust, integrated source of data
on:
–Forest area and forest area changes
–Biometric data to establish timber volume
Operational variables
– Topography – mountainous and flat country
– Age class
– Management activities (e.g. pruning and thinning)
– Three species of pine
– Across winter (dry) and summer (wet)
– Across and within compartments
Chatham House – Illegal Logging Meeting 20th– 21st January 2010
20th–
Contact: Eyre Consulting Ltd +44 1264 356 900
charles.eyre@sarmap.ch Page 3
4. Final Presentation
Chatham House – 21 January 2010
23 June 2000
Eyre
7 consulting
York Timbers - compartment planning and management –
350
Timber Volume (m3)
Removal
60m3
Harvest
175 350m3
Removal
160 45m3
Years
3 5 7 10 15 20 24 - 25
1st Thinning 2nd Thinning Final enumeration Harvest
Planting 2nd
Pruning • Reduction to • Reduction to 450/ha •Harvest planning starts
1000trees 3m PLUS every 7th row
650 trees /ha
/ha •intensity 5% minimum
• 5% sample • 10 spatial OR 1 plot/ha
1st 3nd • 20 weaker trees
Pruning Pruning
1.5m 5m
Current standard enumerations Stem Count
Chatham House – Illegal Logging Meeting 20th– 21st January 2010
20th–
Eyre
8 consulting
Project Sensors , Products, Software and Output
• Sensors
– ALOS PALSAR - 15m resolution
– SPOT-5 resolution 10m multi-spectral enhanced to 2.5m panchromatic
• Processing software
– SARscape™
– OPTICALscape™
• Product format
– Map Resolution approximately 1 : 50,000
– WGS-84 geodetic system, Universal Transfer Mercator projection
– Standard GEOTIF and .kml (Google Earth )
• GIS integration includes following informational layers:
– Vector format: Estate boundaries, Compartments, Roads, etc
Chatham House – Illegal Logging Meeting 20th– 21st January 2010
20th–
Contact: Eyre Consulting Ltd +44 1264 356 900
charles.eyre@sarmap.ch Page 4
5. Final Presentation
Chatham House – 21 January 2010
23 June 2000
Eyre
9 consulting
A few basics: Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) in forestry
Reflected Solar Energy
Roughness and Moisture
Chatham House – Illegal Logging Meeting 20th– 21st January 2010
20th–
Eyre
10 consulting
Mapping Forest area and Forest area changes
PALSAR HH / HV Optical HR / VHR
Basic Processing Basic Processing
Ortho-rectified Knowledge based Ortho-rectified
TOA Reflectances Classifiers TOA Reflectances
Land Cover Mapv
Land Cover Maps
Land Cover Change Map
Chatham House – Illegal Logging Meeting 20th– 21st January 2010
20th–
Contact: Eyre Consulting Ltd +44 1264 356 900
charles.eyre@sarmap.ch Page 5
6. Final Presentation
Chatham House – 21 January 2010
23 June 2000
Eyre
11 consulting
Mauchsberg – Land Cover Map
SPOT
4m
York Timbers Plantation - Mauchsberg
Chatham House – Illegal Logging Meeting 20th– 21st January 2010
20th–
Eyre
12 consulting
Jessievale – Optical and Palsar overlays
SPOT
PALSAR
Chatham House – Illegal Logging Meeting 20th– 21st January 2010
20th–
Contact: Eyre Consulting Ltd +44 1264 356 900
charles.eyre@sarmap.ch Page 6
7. Final Presentation
Chatham House – 21 January 2010
23 June 2000
Eyre
13 consulting
Forest area mapping – Compatment level forest map
map
Palsar 4 m Classification –Aug 09
SPOT 15m classification May 09
Chatham House – Illegal Logging Meeting 20th– 21st January 2010
20th–
Eyre
14 consulting
Compartment area and forest areas
ompar
PALSAR-1, 18 August 2008
SPOT-5, 29 May 2008
Chatham House – Illegal Logging Meeting 20th– 21st January 2010
20th–
Contact: Eyre Consulting Ltd +44 1264 356 900
charles.eyre@sarmap.ch Page 7
8. Final Presentation
Chatham House – 21 January 2010
23 June 2000
Eyre
15 consulting
Jessievale – Multi-temporal PALSAR HH/HV
Multi-
Land Cover Change Map
Jessievale 13 Aug 2008
Jessievale 11 Aug 2007
Chatham House – Illegal Logging Meeting 20th– 21st January 2010
20th–
Eyre
16 consulting
Additional Product – Forest Burnt Area and Re-growth 2003-2006
Re- 2003-
SPOT4 2003
Burnt area and
severity map 2003
PALSAR 2006
Re-growth 2006
Burnt Area
Chatham House – Illegal Logging Meeting 20th– 21st January 2010
20th–
Contact: Eyre Consulting Ltd +44 1264 356 900
charles.eyre@sarmap.ch Page 8
9. Final Presentation
Chatham House – 21 January 2010
23 June 2000
Eyre
17 consulting
Mapping Forest area and Forest Area changes
Service Purpose or benefit
Operational overview
Forest area map and area Verification of planned and unplanned forest area changes
change maps Valuation of new assets
Data infilling on non enumerated compartments
Compartment level Mapping net planted areas
mapping and monitoring Homogeneity - optimising field enumeration programme
Basic mapping
Conservation and Natural
Land cover classification (e.g. Grassland / Bare soil / Scrubland)
Areas mapping
Changes detection
Assessment of water reserves for fire fighting
Open water areas
Environmental assessments
Mapping and change detection
Human Settlements
Impact detection
Confirm preparedness for fire season
Fire protection and damage
Post fire damage and liability assessment
assessment
Re-establishment assessment
Chatham House – Illegal Logging Meeting 20th– 21st January 2010
20th–
Eyre
18 consulting
The Third Dimension - Measurement of Timber Volume
SAR - Penetration versus signal Frequency
Chatham House – Illegal Logging Meeting 20th– 21st January 2010
20th–
Contact: Eyre Consulting Ltd +44 1264 356 900
charles.eyre@sarmap.ch Page 9
10. Final Presentation
Chatham House – 21 January 2010
23 June 2000
Eyre
19 consulting
The Third Dimension - Measurement of Timber Volume
• The proposition was that:
– Tree Height (TH) and Diameter Breast Height
(DBH) could be correlated with the Palsar signal
backscatter. If so, we could calibrate the
geolocated field measurements of these biophysical
parameters with the relevant EO measurement
– Having calibrated the EO image, it should be
possible to then estimate the basal area and timber
volume for the whole compartment without
employing the extrapolation process
• We could then estimate biophysical parameters
across the whole operation using EO data only
Chatham House – Illegal Logging Meeting 20th– 21st January 2010
20th–
Eyre
20 consulting
Options for EO Calibration of biophysical functions
System calibration could use either:
1 Individual geo-located point source field data sets could be used
for inference of biophysical functions
2 Calibrated field data extrapolated to average compartment level
estimates of timber volume
BUT current standard operating practice is 2, and had to guide methodology
25 compartments
Jessievale x 30 field data sites
Calibration 51
Data Set COMPARTMENTS Biophysical
Average of biophysical functions
Mauchsberg 26 Compartments measures per compartment
x 30 field data sites
Chatham House – Illegal Logging Meeting 20th– 21st January 2010
20th–
Contact: Eyre Consulting Ltd +44 1264 356 900
charles.eyre@sarmap.ch Page 10
11. Final Presentation
Chatham House – 21 January 2010
23 June 2000
Eyre
21 consulting
Biophysical estimation
Jessievale and Estimated DBH DBH 13 August 2008
Chatham House – Illegal Logging Meeting 20th– 21st January 2010
20th–
Eyre
22 consulting
Jessievale - Estimated Timber Volume
13 August 2008
Chatham House – Illegal Logging Meeting 20th– 21st January 2010
20th–
Contact: Eyre Consulting Ltd +44 1264 356 900
charles.eyre@sarmap.ch Page 11
12. Final Presentation
Chatham House – 21 January 2010
23 June 2000
Eyre
23 consulting
Biophysical parameter correlation across both sites
(compartment level data)
Mean Tree Height (m) Diameter at Breast Height (cm)
Basal Area (m2/ha) Timber Volume (m3/ha)
Chatham House – Illegal Logging Meeting 20th– 21st January 2010
20th–
Eyre
24 consulting
Jessievale - Timber Volume per Hectare – Seasonal effect
11 February 2008 – wet season
13 August 2008 – Dry season
Timber Volume per hectare (m3/ha)
-4
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
-6
sigma 0 (dB)
-8
-10
HH polarization
-12
R2 = 0.8221
2
0.8544
-14
Chatham House – Illegal Logging Meeting 20th– 21st January 2010
20th–
Contact: Eyre Consulting Ltd +44 1264 356 900
charles.eyre@sarmap.ch Page 12
13. Final Presentation
Chatham House – 21 January 2010
23 June 2000
Eyre
25 consulting
Value of EO based Biophysical Enumeration
Service Service Applications and Benefits
Forest Management Information inputs
• Reinforce or replace field enumerating data
• Global estimation at a single point in time
• Automated data entry
• Infilling data gaps on unmeasured compartments
• Independent check field of enumeration programme
• Supplant difficult to measure biometrics such as tree height
Operational management
• Reduce costs of enumeration
Timber • Improve the enumeration programme by better targeting resource
volume • Monitor/compare compartment growth
estimation • Improve timber quality by optimising timing of pruning
• Improved estimate of biomass removal and sales revenues
• Improve mill operational efficiency
• First time inventory or assessment of acquisition targets
Forest Certification
• Data transparency
• Data independence
• CB resource management – target certification work
• Increase certifier’s independence of client’s data
Chatham House – Illegal Logging Meeting 20th– 21st January 2010
20th–
Eyre
26 consulting
In Conclusion
• Mapping service applies to any forest environment
• Biophysical estimation:
– ONLY tested and works on pine plantations
– We know species with higher biomass present a problem
with signal saturation. Maximum now expected to be
500 m3/ha
– Service not yet tested outside plantations
• Cost depend on area mapped. But – overall savings are
likely if service is integrated with changes in enumeration
programme and management systems
Chatham House – Illegal Logging Meeting 20th– 21st January 2010
20th–
Contact: Eyre Consulting Ltd +44 1264 356 900
charles.eyre@sarmap.ch Page 13
14. Final Presentation
Chatham House – 21 January 2010
23 June 2000
Eyre
27 consulting
Further information:
Charles Crosthwaite Eyre tel +44 7730 304 290
charles.eyre@sarmap.ch
Thank you
Bio
Area Time Area
change + metrics
Chatham House – Illegal Logging Meeting 20th– 21st January 2010
20th–
Contact: Eyre Consulting Ltd +44 1264 356 900
charles.eyre@sarmap.ch Page 14