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Crop Science_LEA.pptx
- 1. CROP SCIENCE LEA REVIEW Preparedby: Mr. AngelitoT.Villarosa
- 2. 1.What is thepopulation density of corn in a hectare if the distance of planting is 75 cm x 33 cm with 2 plants per hill? a) 53,333 b) 80,808 c ) 66,666 d ) 75,048
- 3. 2.The leading agriculturalexport crops in the Philippines is a) Banana b) Sugarcane c ) Abaca d ) Coconut
- 4. 3.Tomatoes come inabundance at certain times of the year. How can the supply be assured? a) Encourage preservation of tomatoes b) Plant during rainy season c) Use substitute to tomato d) Avoid using tomatoes
- 5. 4.The Main locationof the Bureau of Postharvest Research and Extension is located in a) Nueva Ecija b. Davao c) Laguna d) Bicol
- 6. 5.The meristem responsiblefor stem elongation for crop plants is defined as a. Apical b. Lateral c. Intercalary d. Meristem
- 7. 6. Nearly allgrasses exhibit the following type of seedling emergence a. Epigeal b. Mesogeal c. Cotylegeal d. Hypogeal
- 8. 7. A botanicalpesticide locally known as “ tubli” is a bushy leguminous vine usually found growing near river banks a. Derris b. Neem tree c. Marigold d. Chrysanthemum
- 9. 8. C3 plantshave a) Only one CO2 fixation pathway b)Two CO2 fixation pathways separated in space c)Two CO2 fixation pathways separated in time d)Three CO2 fixation pathway
- 10. C3, C4, andCAM Plants Calvin & Benson Hatch, Slack, Kortshak, & Burr Ranson andThomas CO2 fixed as 3C PGA CO2 fixed as 4C OAA CO2 fixed as 4C organic acid Typical leaf with palisade & spongy & meso. Kranz anatomy lacking palisade cells Succulent plant with thick cuticle and waxy leaves Stomata open during daytime Stomata open during daytime Stomata open during night time Enzyme – Rubisco Enzyme – PEP-ase Enzyme – PEP-ase Most energy efficient method ½ way between these two Best water conservation Most plants Tropical grasses like corn, sugarcane Succulents, pineapple, agave
- 12. 9.This phytohormone isalso called ripening hormone a) IAA b) Gibberelin c) Cytokinin d) Ethylene
- 14. 10.This light reactionphase of photosynthesis takes place in a) Chloroplasts b) Stroma c)Thylakoid lamellae d) Chlorophyll molecules
- 15. 11. Rice isclassified as C3 species because its first stable product of photosynthesis is a 3-carbon compound known as a) Pyruvic acid b) 3- phosphoglyceric acid c) Oxaloacetic acid d) 3- phosphoglyceraldehyde C3 Plants The first compound formed after CO2 fixation in C3 plants is a 3-carbon molecule, 3-PGA C4 Plants The first compound formed after CO2 fixation in C4 plants is a 4-carbon molecule, oxaloacetate CAM Plants CO2 fixation occurs at night because the stomates are close during the day the first compound formed is oxaloacetate (4- carbon compound) Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, also known as triose phosphate or 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde and abbreviated as G3P,
- 16. 12.Transpiration is avery useful process in plants because it is a) Involved in heat exchange between the leaves and the air b) Essential in the distribution of essential elements in plants c) Important in water and nutrient utilization d) Needed in solubilizing compounds Plant transpiration provides evaporative cooling, forming a major component of the leaf energy balance.Transpiration also provides the driving force for transport of water and nutrients from roots to shoots.
- 17. 13. Certain plantorgans move when exposed to water stress a)To maintain high leaf water potential b)To maximize photosynthetic activity c)To optimize translocation during the day d)To balance their temperature with the surrounding air
- 18. 14. Both photosynthesisand respiration are influenced by a) Relative humidity and CO2 concentration b) Oxygen concentration c)Temperature and CO2 concentration d)Temperature and Relative Humidity
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- 20. 15. Solutes moveinto and out of the vacuole resulting in a) Loss of cell turgor b) Change un cell volume c) Cell growth d) Regulation of osmotic potential of the cystosol Osmosis is a passive transport system, meaning it requires no energy. It causes water to move in and out of cells depending on the solute concentration of the surrounding environment.
- 21. 16. Nutrient availabilityin the soil is largely dependent on a) pH and moisture content b) Structure and bulk density c)Water holding capacity d) Color and temperature
- 22. 17. Pineapple a) Fixesatmospheric CO2 during the day b) Fixes atmospheric CO2 during the night through the C3 pathway c) Decarboxylates malate in its cytosol during the night d) Produces malate during the night through the C4 pathway Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) • they open their stomates at night to absorb CO2, and close them during the day to reduce transpiration • they fix CO2 into 4-carbon acids, oxaloacetate, using PEP CARBOXYLASE, at night when stomates are open • the 4-carbon acid (malate) formed is temporarily stored in the vacuole at night. During the day, malate returns to the chloroplast where it is decarboxylated and the CO2 moves into the C3 cycle while PEP is release
- 23. 18. Adjustments ofmodern crop production system to achieve sustainability should be a) Holistic in approach b) Fragmentary to be effective c) Fast and problem specific d) Precise and profit oriented
- 24. 19.The features ofa sustainable crop production are a) Ecologically safe, highly productive and profitable b) Economically viable moderate crop productivity, and environmentally safe c) Ecologically safe, economically viable, an socially acceptable d) Environmentally sound, economically viable and low input requirement
- 25. 20. A crucialcomponent of sustainable crop production system which can be achieved through crop polyculture a) Crop-animal integration b) Crop intensification c) Plant diversity d) Genetic contamination
- 26. 21. Planting ofmultiple varieties of different crops in a farm is called a) Intercropping b) Intraspecific diversity c) Interspecific diversity d) Biodiversity
- 27. 22. Monocultures ofa crop variety in large scale over an interrupted period promotes a) Crop yield stability b) Build up of insect pests and diseases c) Genetic purity and stability d) Soil fertility and productivity
- 28. 23. A cropproduction system is considered sustainable when a) Renewable resources are conserved and crop productivity is stable b) External inputs are absolutely required to maintain crop yield c) Non-renewable resources are well managed d) Management of the agroecosystem remains the same over time
- 29. 24.The process bywhich cells become specialized into different types with different function. a. Development b. Growth c. Differentiation d. Morphogenesis
- 30. 25. Sustainability ofcrop production is highlyspecific due to a) Crop genetic potential instability b) Crop diversity and management capability c) Agroclimatic and socioeconomic variability d) Geographic and demographic factors
- 31. 26. Based onthe frameworks of sustainable crop production, the indicators of the performance of an agroecosystem are a) Sustainability, productivity and level of external inputs b) Productivity, stability and sustainability c) Social acceptability, ecological soundness and cost of production d) Economic viability, conservation of resources and scale of adaptation
- 32. 27. An exampleof an economically feasible water-conserving irrigation method that could substantially reduce the water requirement of lowland rice is a) Drip irrigation b) Intermittent flooding c) Overhead irrigation d) Gravity irrigation
- 33. 28.The type ofcrop to be grown and appropriate tillage practices is largely determine by this land attributes a)Topography b) Structure c )Type d ) Depth
- 34. 29. A climaticelement that determines crop growth and yield be affecting various enzymes involved in dry matter production is a) Solar radiation b) Precipitation c )Wind speed d )Temperature
- 35. 30.The adverse effectof global warming on crop productivity is expected to be worse in the a)Temperate climate areas b) Sub-tropics areas c)Tropics d) High elevation areas
- 36. 31.The physiological responseof crops to drought is usually similar to their response to a) Low solar radiation b) Low temperature c ) Soil salinity d ) Acidity
- 37. 32. Given favorableenvironment, superior crop potential and adequate production inputs, crop yield would largely depend on a)The management capability of the farmers b) Market demand c) Competition among farmers d) Availability of postharvest facilities
- 38. 33.The relatively highfrequency of rainfall on the windward side of a mountain range is attributed to a) Orographic effects b)Warm temperature c)Variable wind speed d) Constant relative humidity The orographic effect occurs when air masses are forced to flow over high topography. As air rises over mountains, it cools and water vapor condenses. As a result, it is common for rain to be concentrated on the windward side of mountains, and for rainfall to increase with elevation in the direction of storm tracks.
- 39. 34.The yield ofvarious filed crops exposed to unreliable water supply usually drops significantly when droughts occur during a) Early vegetative stage b) Mid-reproductive stage c) Flowering stage d) Mid- vegetative stage
- 40. 35. Rainfall datathat are most meaningful in formulating appropriate cropping calendars are a) Annual rainfall data b) Monthly rainfall data c)Weekly rainfall data d) Semi-annual rainfall data
- 41. 36. Calculate thenumber of guava seedlings needed to establish a 0.09 hectare (could be 1 ha) (30m x 30m) field using a quincunx system of planting which spacing of 120 cm between rows and 120 cm between hills. a) 1201 b) 1102 c) 1020 d) 1212
- 42. 37. Large-scale deforestationwould eventually lead to global warming due to a) Reduction of vegetative cover of the earth b) Reduction of sink for carbon dioxide c) Direct exposure of forest soil to solar radiation d) Rapid drying of the soil Deforestation is a direct contributor to the greenhouse effect and global warming2. Deforestation in tropical rainforests adds more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere than the sum total of cars and trucks on the world’s roads. Deforestation and forest degradation accounts for 11 per cent of carbon emissions.
- 43. 38. Crops thatare likely to show significant reduction of biomass when exposed to heat stress are a) Subtropical species b)Tropical species c)Temperate species d) Desert species
- 44. 39. Plants thatgrow relatively well under drought condition usually have a) Long diagravitropic roots b) Short orthogravitropic roots c) Long orthogravitropic roots d) Short diagravitropic roots
- 45. 40. Gene recombinationoccur as a result of a)Vegetative propagation b) Clonal propagation c) Self-pollination of a pureline d) Sexual reproduction Genetic recombination is a programmed feature of meiosis in most sexual organisms, where it ensures the proper segregation of chromosomes. Genetic recombination refers to the rearrangement of DNA sequences by the breakage and rejoining of chromosomes or chromosome segments.
- 46. 41. In rice,the best time of the day to conduct emasculation is a) In the morning b) In the afternoon c ) At noon time d) Anytime of the day
- 47. 42. Seeds whichcan be dried to a low moisture level but cannot tolerate low temperature like coffee and papaya are considered a) Recalcitrant b) Orthodox c ) Intermediate d ) Heterotic Species Seed Behaviour Orthodox seed Orthodox seeds tolerate maturation drying and can remain viable for years. Medium-lived seeds (1-15 years). Long-lived seeds (> 15 years) Recalcitrant seed Recalcitrant seeds do not tolerate maturation drying and are short-lived seeds can display orthodox or recalcitrant seed behavior. Intermediate seed Intermediate seeds tend to age faster than orthodox seeds and may have only a 5 year lifespan when stored at -20°C.They have greatest longevity when dried between 45 and 65% RH.
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- 50. 43.Which of thefollowing is optional requirement for favorable seed germination? a) Favorable temperature b) 20% oxygen concentration c) Light d) Proper amount of water
- 51. 44. Certified seedis produced from a) Breeder seed b) Registered seed c) Foundation seed d) Good seed
- 52. 45. Seeds offruit trees such as durian, mango, and coconut are examples of a) Orthodox seeds b) Recalcitrant seeds c) Intermediate seeds d) Dormant seeds
- 53. 46. Farmers arenot advised to save seeds from hybrid cultivars for planting the following season because of a) Seeds will not germinate b) Seeds will be susceptible to pests c)Yield reduction due to segregation d)Weight of seeds reduced
- 54. 47. Seeds germinationindicated the quality of seeds. Germination percentage is reduced when one of the following conditions occurs a) Seeds are germinated under dark conditions b) Seeds germinate in paper boxes c) Seeds are pre-germinated in water and then sown in the field d) Seeds are germinated in moist paper towels in the cabinet
- 55. 48. Grafting isdone to a) Accelerate crop improvement work by grafting seedling onto shoots of full grown trees b) Reproduction of true to type clones c) Produce diseased free plants by budding indexed tissues onto test tube grown seedlings d) All of the above
- 56. 49.Techniques of layeringdiffer and maybe applied depending on the tree species. What technique is used when the base of stem attached to the trunk is slowly covered with soil a)Trench layering b) Mound layering c) Serpentine layering d) Air layering Trench Layering Serpentine Layering
- 57. 50. One applicationof grafting is in top working which is done to a) Rejuvenate the plants b) Repair damage tissues in plants c) Control diseases d) Change existing variety of plants
- 58. 51.Tissue culture isbased on totipotency.This phenomenon refers to : a) Ability of the cells to differentiate to produce a plant b) Ability of the cells to produce hormones c) Ability of the cell to divide d) Ability of the cell to be cultured Totipotency is the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all of the differentiated cells in an organism. Spores and zygotes are examples of totipotent cells. - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_potency
- 59. 52. Cropping systemmust be appropriately designed to achieved the following a) Enrich the soil with organic matter b) Improve nutritional status of plants c) Improved soil structure d) Improve soil irrigation and drainage e) All of the above
- 60. 53. Multiple croppingis the planting of more crops per unit area.What advantages can be achieved through multiple cropping a) Increase yield per unit area b) Enhance biodiversity c) Increases use of efficiency for nutrients and water d) Less incidence of pests and diseases
- 61. 54. Calculate thenumber of abaca seedlings needed to establish a 1.15 hectare field using a triangular system of planting with spacing 8.5 between rows and 8.5 between hills a) 183.81 b) 183.79 c) 183.82 d) 183.80
- 62. 55. In leavesof many plants a) N is higher than P than K b) K is higher than P than N c) K is higher than N than P d) N is higher than K than P
- 63. 56. Mulching isthe practice of placing biodegradable or non- biodegradable materials on soil surface to achieved the following but one purpose a) Conserve soil moisture b) Maintain soil temperature c) Control weeds d) Improve soil depth Soil depth defines the root space and the volume of the soil from where the plants fulfil their water nutrient demands. - esdac.jrc.Europa.eu
- 64. 57.Transpiration in plantsincreases the loss of water from the soil to the plant to the a) Atmospheric temperature is high b) Atmospheric relative humidity is low c)Wind velocity is high d) All of the above
- 65. 58.Water utilization atlower depths can be achieved under the following conditions a) Plants has more lateral roots b) Plants has deeper roots c) Growing environment is suitable to the plants d)The soil is terraced to conserve soil moisture
- 66. 59.To induce floweringof citrus by irrigation, the plant should be a) Irrigated continuously b) Subject to water stress and not irrigated c) Subject to water stress and irrigate d) Do not subject to water stress
- 67. 60. Gravimetric methodis the determination of water by a) Allowing water to flow to a gravimetric meter b) Getting fresh weight of water c) Measuring the amount of water leached from the soil d) Getting the dry weight and fresh weight of soil and getting percentage water therefrom
- 68. 61. Surface irrigationis typified by furrow irrigation. For water to be uniformly distributed in the field, the furrow should be a)Wide and long b) Narrow and long c) narrow & straight d) wide and short
- 69. 62. Drainage canbe achieved by a) Raising the beds up to 30 cm b) Cultivation c) Subsoiling d) All of the above
- 70. 63. Poorly drainedsoil result in a) Increase ethylene content in the leaf resulting to yellowing and defoliation b) Increase incidence of root diseases c) Increase rooting intensity d) All of the above
- 71. 64. At highertemperature , the tendency of the plant is to produce poor size fruits because of the a) Fruit cannot get nutrients from the soil b) Fruit is scanscald c) Fruit matures even before it reaches full size d) Fruit is affected by insect pests which occurs at higher temperature
- 72. 65. At lowlight intensity a) Leaf tends to become thick b) Leaf tends to become thin c) Leaf tends to become more green d) Leaf tends to bend
- 73. 66. Coronas climatic classificationis based on a) Amount of rainfall b) Distribution of rainfall c) Length of rainy days d) Light intensity and rainfall This system of climate classification was devised by Fr. J. Corona in 1920 (Lantican 2001) and is based on average monthly rainfall.
- 74. Type I Two pronouncedseasons, dry from November to April, and wet during the rest of the year.The maximum rain period is from June to September. Regions withType I climate: Ilocos Region, the western part of Mountain Province, the western part of Nueva Ecija, Central Luzon, Metro Manila, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas,Tarlac, Pampanga, Bulacan, Bataan, Zambales, Occidental Mindoro, southern parts of Antique and Iloilo, northwestern part of Palawan, and the southern parts of Negros Oriental and Negros Occidental).
- 75. Type II No dryseason with a very pronounced maximum rain period from December to February.There is not a single dry month. Minimum monthly rainfall occurs during the period from March to May. Regions withType II climate: northern part of Kalinga Apayao, northwestern part of Cagayan, the western part of Quezon Province, Polillo Island, Bicol Region, northeastern Samar, Southern Leyte, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Agusan del Sur, Agusan del Norte, and Misamis Occidental.
- 76. Type III No verypronounced maximum rain period, with a short dry season lasting only from one to three months, either during the period from December to February or from March to May. This climate type resembles type I since it has a short dry season. Regions withType III climate: northeastern part of Ilocos Norte, Kalinga-Apayao, Cagayan, Mountain Province, western part of Isabela, eastern part of Nueva Viscaya, Bulacan, eastern parts of Laguna and Batangas,Oriental Mindoro, Romblon, Marinduque, Aklan, Capiz, northern parts of Antique and Iloilo, Negros Occidental, Siquijor, Zamboanga del Sur, Basilan, Lanao del Sur, Bukidnon, Misamis Oriental, western part of Agusan del Sur, Lanao del Sur, Bukidnon, Misamis Oriental, western part of Agusan del Sur, and eastern Maguindanao.
- 77. Type IV Rainfall ismore or less evenly distributed throughout the year. This climate type resembles the second type more closely since it has no dry season. Regions withType IV climate: northern Kalinga-Apayao, eastern Cagayan, Isabela, Quezon Province, the western part of Bicol Region, western Samar, southeastern Masbate, northern Leyte, the northern part of Cebu, Bohol, Zamboanga del Sur, northern-eastern part of Zamboanga del Norte, Lanao del Norte, Sultan Kudarat, South Cotabato, Davao del Sur, Davao del Norte, Davao Oriental, eastern parts of Agusan del Norte, and Agusan del Sur.
- 78. 67.When climate isevenly distributed, one of the following may not be achieved a) Flowering of seasonal fruit will become erratic b) Flowering of non-seasonal fruits will continue c) Fruit quality will increase particularly of fleshy fruits d) Fruit gap along the stem of papaya will be avoided
- 79. 69.When you goaway from the equator a) Difference between day and night period increases b)Temperature is not affected c) Day length is not affected d)Temperature and daylenght variation increases
- 80. 70. All agriculturalcrops in the Philippines belongs to a) Angiospermae b) Gymnospermae c) Spermatophytes d)Thallophytes
- 81. The four divisionsof the plant kingdom are: 1. Thallophyta –algae, bacteria and fungi 2. Bryophyta –small green plants without true roots or flowers such as the mosses 3. Pteridophyta –green plants with vascular tissue, true roots, and usually distinct leaves. This group includes the psilophytes, club mosses, horsetails and ferns. 4. Spermatophyta –all seed-bearing plants that bear true flowers. Majority of the economically important plants are included in this division.
- 82. The division issubdivided into 2 groups, namely: a. gymnosperms –all plants with naked seeds like the pine trees. b. angiosperms – plants with seed enclosed in a vessel; further divided into 2 classes; 1) monocotyledon –with one cotyledon 2) dicotyledon – with two cotyledons
- 83. 71. In lowlandrice production, land preparation requires puddling the soil in order to a) Increase water percolation b) Destroy soil structure c) Modify soil texture d) Promote aeration
- 84. 72. Both moldboardplow and disc plow are used in the preparation of a) Lowland b) Upland c) Both lowland and upland d)Wetland
- 85. 73. Calculate thenumber of abaca needed to establish a 1.5 hectare field using a triangular system of planting which spacing of 8.5m between rows and 8.5m between hills. a) 183.81 b) 183.79 c) 183.82 d) 183.80
- 86. 74. Quincunx isa system of planting which is also called a) Diagonal b) Hexagonal c ) Rectangular d )Triangular
- 87. 75.Wider plant spacingis adapted when a) Soil fertility is low b) Plants have erect growth habit c) Plants have spreading growth habit d) Plants are small
- 88. 76.Which of thefollowing is not among the objectives of pruning a)To dwarfen the plants b)To maintain desired canopy shape c)To increase the volume of the canopy d)To rejuvenate an old tree
- 89. 77. A methodof harvesting in which only matured or ripe fruits or pods are harvested is called a) Stripping b)Taping c )Tuxying d ) Priming
- 90. 78.The process ofseparating cotton lint from the cotton seeds is called a) Ginning b) Degumming c ) Retting d ) Stripping
- 91. 79. Oleocellosis occurswhen citrus fruits are harvested a) Early morning b) Late morning c) Early afternoon d) Anytime of the day Oleocellosis phenomenon in citrus fruit is characterized by greenish-brown areas on an orange or yellow background of the flavedo.
- 92. 80. For longershelf life, perishables should not be stored under a) Low oxygen b) Low temperature c) Low relative humidity d) High CO2
- 93. 81.Trees propagated bysexual method are a)True-to-type b) Early bearing c)Tall and big d) Uniform
- 94. 82.Which of thefollowing does not have modified stem a) Ginger b) Pineapple c ) Banana d ) Sweet potato
- 95. 83.The organic andAgriculture Act of 2010 is ______. a) R.A 11203 b) R.A 8435 c) R.A 10601 d) R.A 10068
- 96. 84.Which type ofcutting is used for cassava and siniguelas a) Soft-wood b) Hard-wood c ) Semi-hardwood d ) Herbaceous