Please write your answers in the spaces following the questions. You may use your text book for this exam. But please work individually. It is due on Monday the last day of class. Name 1) According to the Environmental Science text, the underlying issue underlying all environmental problems is: a) the rapid growth in human population b) the refusal of developing nations to stop using CFCs c) the Greenhouse Effect d) contaminated soil and drinking water e) our generation does not have a global perspective on environmental problems and how to solve them Answer 2) List the six unifying themes in environmental science introduced in the first chapter of the textbook. a) b) c) d) e) f) 3) One distinction between (A) science and (B) religion, ethics, and morals is that scientific statements are: a) disprovable b) universally accepted c) inference d) deductive e) numerical Answer 4) Like the Scientific Method, the process of making decisions can be presented as a series of steps. List these steps, as enumerated in the textbook. a) b) c) d) e) 5) The flooding disaster of the Missouri River is a good example of a) a materially closed system b) a human attempt to control a natural ecological system c) misuse of the carrying capacity of the environment d) overpopulation of an environment e) a natural fixed ecological system Answer 6) The growth rate at which the amount increases at a constant rate for a fixed unit of time is called: a) linear growth b) negative feedback c) exponential growth d) positive feedback e) equilibrium Answer 7) Which of the following examples describes the maximum number of a particular species that an environment can support without degrading the environment? a) demographic transition b) replacement fertility curve c) logistic growth curve d) sustainability e) carrying capacity Answer 8) Which of the following examples describes the movement of a nation from a high population growth to a low population growth? a) demographic transition b) replacement fertility curve c) logistic growth curve d) sustainability e) carrying capacity Answer 9) An ecological community is: a) a set of interacting species that occur in the same place b) a system of interdependent living and nonliving components in a given area over a given period of time c) a system based on the living environment d) the smallest group that has all characteristics necessary to sustain life e) the total physical and chemical environment of a continent Answer 10) The most basic processes in an ecosystem are: a) photosynthesis and respiration b) transport and storage of food c) trophic chains and storage of food d) flow of energy and cycling of chemical elements e) waste decomposition and cycling of energy Answer 11) The reservoirs and pathways that any chemical element follows through the Earth’s system is called the: a) carbon cycle b) nitrogen cycle c) hydrologic cycle d) geological cycle e) biogeochemical cycle Answe.

1. Please write your answers in the spaces following the questions.
You may use your text book for this exam. But please work
individually.
It is due on Monday the last day of class.
Name
1) According to the Environmental Science text, the underlying
issue underlying all environmental problems is:
a) the rapid growth in human population
b) the refusal of developing nations to stop using CFCs
c) the Greenhouse Effect
d) contaminated soil and drinking water
e) our generation does not have a global perspective on
environmental problems and how to solve them
Answer
2) List the six unifying themes in environmental science
introduced in the first chapter of the textbook.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
3) One distinction between (A) science and (B) religion, ethics,
and morals is that scientific statements are:
a) disprovable
b) universally accepted
c) inference
d) deductive
e) numerical

2. Answer
4) Like the Scientific Method, the process of making decisions
can be presented as a series of steps. List these steps, as
enumerated in the textbook.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
5)
The flooding disaster of the Missouri River is a good example
of
a) a materially closed system
b) a human attempt to control a natural ecological system
c) misuse of the carrying capacity of the environment
d) overpopulation of an environment
e) a natural fixed ecological system
Answer
6) The growth rate at which the amount increases at a constant
rate for a fixed unit of time is called:
a) linear growth
b) negative feedback
c) exponential growth
d) positive feedback
e) equilibrium
Answer
7) Which of the following examples describes the maximum
number of a particular species that an environment can support
without degrading the environment?
a) demographic transition
b) replacement fertility curve
c) logistic growth curve
d) sustainability
e) carrying capacity
Answer

3. 8) Which of the following examples describes the movement of
a nation from a high population growth to a low population
growth?
a) demographic transition
b) replacement fertility curve
c) logistic growth curve
d) sustainability
e) carrying capacity
Answer
9) An ecological community is:
a) a set of interacting species that occur in the same place
b) a system of interdependent living and nonliving components
in a given area over a given period of time
c) a system based on the living environment
d) the smallest group that has all characteristics necessary to
sustain life
e) the total physical and chemical environment of a continent
Answer
10)
The most basic processes in an ecosystem are:
a) photosynthesis and respiration
b) transport and storage of food
c) trophic chains and storage of food
d) flow of energy and cycling of chemical elements
e) waste decomposition and cycling of energy
Answer
11) The reservoirs and pathways that any chemical element
follows through the Earth’s system is called the:
a) carbon cycle
b) nitrogen cycle
c) hydrologic cycle
d) geological cycle
e) biogeochemical cycle
Answer
12) What substance that has major impact on global climate is
recycled through the carbonate-silicate cycle?

4. Answer
13) What does the “tragedy of the commons” lead to?
a) indirect costs
b) policy instruments
c) marginal costs
d) overexploitation of resources
e) direct costs
Answer
14) In the field of environmental economics, the central
characteristic of an “externality” is that it is:
a) intangible
b) overt
c) damaging to the environment
d) expensive
e) based on factors outside the ecosystem
Answer
15)
What is biological diversity?
a) the relative abundance of all species on Earth
b) the adaptation of living things to their environment
c) the variety of life forms on earth
d) the environmental variability of species
e) the complexity of life forms on earth
Answer
16) Humans have, and have had in the past, great influence on
the biological diversity in their surrounding environment as a
result of:
a) hunting
b) habitat destruction
c) introduction of non-native species
d) pollution of the environment
e) all of the above
Answer
17) Providing assistance to the recovery of an ecosystem that
has been damaged is referred to as:

5. a) diversity reconstruction
b) ecological restoration
c) applied ecology
d) applied succession
e) natural reconstruction
Answer
18) Which of the following changes to an ecosystem is
considered unnatural?
a) wildfire
b) introduction of an exotic species
c) flooding
d) windstorms
e) all of the above are considered natural
Answer
19) Which of the following exotic species has become
established in the Florida Everglades?
a) grizzly bears
b) mountain goats
c) cobras
d) bison
e) pythons
Answer
20)
Which of the following terms refers to the accumulation of a
substance in living tissue as it moves through the food web?
a) dose response
b) synergism
c) particulates
d) threshold
e) biomagnification
Answer
21) The word “toxic” refers to materials that are:
a) poisonous
b) retained in tissue by biomagnification
c) a form of synergism with other chemicals

6. d) increasing the risk of cancer
e) all of the above
Answer
22) List the four general steps involved in the process of risk
assessment.
a)
b)
c)
d)
23) What is the relationship between farming and ecological
succession?
a) farming keeps the land in a late successional stage
b) farming abbreviates succession, skipping the middle stage
c) farming promotes the premature change to late successional
stage
d) farming keeps the land in an early successional stage
e) land succession is a process in natural ecosystems, and crop
land cannot be discussed in the same terms
Answer
24) According to the Environmental Science text, what is the
key to food production in the future?
a) increased usage of fertilizers
b) increased food production per unit area
c) increased water availability
d) conversion of forests to crop lands
e) introduction of macronutrients to the soil
Answer
25) Define an “agricultural limiting factor”?
a)
26)
The problem of deforestation is especially severe in:
a) poor nations of the humid tropics
b) developed countries

7. c) the homes of colonial New England
d) during the Industrial Revolution
e) wealthy ski communities of the U.S. West
Answer
27) List three factors that affect the productivity of a forest.
a)
b)
c)
28) Modern conflicts about forests center upon which of the
following questions?
a) What role do forests play in our global environment, such as
climate?
b) Can a forest be managed sustainably?
c) Should a forest be used only as a resource to provide
materials for people and civilization?
d) all of the above
e) a and b only
Answer
29) Which of the following are the three main energy sources
used in the U.S?
a) petroleum, coal, and nuclear
b) wood, petroleum, and nuclear
c) hydroelectric, natural gas, and coal
d) coal, gasoline, and nuclear
e) petroleum, natural gas, and coal
Answer
30) The majority of Earth’s energy input comes from:
a) geothermal heat from the Earth’s interior
b) the Earth’s albedo
c) sunlight
d) combustion of fossil fuels
e) photolysis of ozone in the stratosphere
Answer
31) Name three renewable energy resources.
a)

8. b)
c)
32)
All of the following correctly describe fossil fuels except:
a) it is a form of stored solar energy
b) it created from incomplete biological decomposition of dead
organic matter
c) it comprises long-term energy reserves
d) it is a renewable energy resource
e) it is organic material, dead and buried
Answer
33) One problem with petroleum as an energy source is that the
resource is not distributed evenly throughout the Earth. The
largest proven reserves of oil are located in:
a) the North Sea
b) the Gulf of Mexico
c) South America
d) the Middle East
e) the Far East and Australia
Answer
34) Today, the most abundant economic fossil fuel resource is:
a) oil
b) gas
c) coal
d) oil shale
e) hydroelectric
Answer
35) Which of the following terms refers to energy produced
from any source other than fossil fuels?
a) power tower
b) alternative energy
c) fuel cell
d) biofuel
e) renewable energy
Answer

9. 36) Wind power is used for all of the following except:
a) to pump water
b) to grind grain
c) to propel ships
d) to generate electricity
e) all of the above utilize wind power
Answer
37)
Photovoltaic systems utilize solar energy by:
a) heating water with solar radiation
b) mirrors focus sunlight on a central collector unit
c) generating electricity directly from sunlight
d) heating water which runs a steam turbine
e) electrolyzing water into its component hydrogen and oxygen
Answer
38) A model that tracks the rates of input, output, and storage of
water in a region or in a water system is termed:
a) an overdraft
b) a water budget
c) influent streams
d) a variable-source approach
e) wetlands
Answer
39) In the United States, the single sector which consumes the
greatest portion of water supplies is:
a) agriculture
b) municipal water use
c) hydro-electric power plants
d) waste disposal
e) industry
Answer
40) What portion of the Earth’s water is contained in the
oceans?
a) 80%
b) 85%
c) 90%

10. d) 95%
e) more than 95%
Answer
41) The best definition of the term "water pollution" is:
a) release of primary treated sewage into natural waters
b) water unsuitable for human consumption
c) overdrafting in coastal areas
d) uncontrolled dumping of toxic industrial waste
e) degradation of water quality
Answer
42)
According to the Environmental Science text, what is the most
critical water pollution problem in the world?
a) lack of clean, disease-free drinking water
b) thermal pollution
c) municipal sewage
d) sediment polluted waters
e) industrial effluent
Answer
43) When nitrogen and phosphorus are added to a body of
water, they alter its natural condition because they:
a) tend to cause eutrophication
b) lead to greater biological diversity
c) are an additional food source
d) kill algae, the base of the fresh water food chain
e) cause a long-term increase in fish populations
Answer
44) The carbon-dioxide content in the Earth’s atmosphere
before 1500 A.D. was between 200 and 300 ppm. The carbon
dioxide content today is about 450 ppm. Which single historical
development can be blamed for this increase?
a) the invention of agriculture
b) the Industrial Revolution
c) the American Revolution
d) splitting of the atom
e) the election of George Bush

11. Answer
45) During the last two million years or so, the climate of the
Earth has:
a) been very nearly constant
b) swung sharply both up and down in temperature
c) slowly decreased in humidity
d) slowly increased in temperature
e) seen a steady decrease in precipitation worldwide
Answer
46) Name three adverse effects of global warming?
a)
b)
c)
47)
General class of pollution that characterizes urban areas with
frequent, strong sunshine:
a) atmospheric inversion
b) fugitive sources
c) photochemical smog
d) primary pollutants
e) buffers
Answer
48) Discomfort, symptoms, or disease reported by many
occupants of the same structure:
a) formaldehyde
b) sick building syndrome
c) chimney effect
d) black lung disease
e) radon
Answer
49) Tall smokestacks on power plants were designed to:
a) allow exhaust to cool before entering the atmosphere
b) disperse pollutants, so they wouldn’t cause harmful effects in
the immediate area
c) trap sulfur emissions

12. d) augment the chimney effect in the area around the plant
e) inhibit the reactions that form sulfuric acid
Answer
50) The phenomenon in which city centers are hotter on average
than surrounding areas is called:
a) green belt
b) heat island
c) situation
d) fall line
e) site
Answer
51) Urbanization has what effect on the local hydrologic
system?
a) increased storm runoff
b) increased lag time to flood peaks
c) increased infiltration
d) increased transpiration
e) diminished flood peaks
Answer
52)
The location of cities is influenced by two factors: “site” and
“situation”. Situation refers to:
a) political and diplomatic issues that affect the location
b) physical and environmental characteristics of the location
c) military considerations – how defensible the location is
d) the relationship between that location and surrounding areas
e) the risk of natural catastrophe at that location
Answer
53) Which of the following qualities would you expect to find
in “Ecotopia,” a future community in which the environment,
human societies and individuals are treated well?
a) pollution would be maximized
b) all living resources would be sustainable
c) harvests of resources would not be sustainable
d) growth of the human population would be the same as today
e) wilderness for everyone’s recreational opportunities would be

13. limited
Answer
54) The oil spill that occurred in the Gulf of Mexico on April
20, 2010 is noteworthy because:
a) it was America’s biggest coastal oil spill to date
b) it was so quickly contained
c) it lasted for approximately one year
d) nearly all of the spilled oil was quickly siphoned off the
surface
e) it occurred in a very shallow area of the Gulf
Answer
55) In 1991, the Protocol of Madrid was established to:
a) protect the resources of the coastline of Spain against
development
b) protect the resources of Europe against development
c) protect large carnivores in Africa against poaching
d) protect the resources of the Arctic against development
e) protect the resources of Antarctica against development
Answer
1. Customized products that are more extensive than standard
products do not provide customer value.
T F
2. A value chain is different from a supply chain in that it
provides additional value on purchases to the company
only.
T F
3. Manufacturing strategies include all of the following except:
a. ___ Build to Order
b. ___ Purchase for Resale
c. ___ Build to Forecast

14. d. ___ Engineer to Order
e. ___ Assemble to Order
4. Vendor managed inventory implies that the:
a. ___ Vendor manages their own warehouse
b. ___ Vendor manages inventory in their plant for customers
c. ___ Vendor manages the procurement of raw materials to
produce products for customers
d. ___ Vendor manages the customer’s inventories
e. ___ Vendor manages a customer’s warehouse
5. Of the following cultural challenges, which doe not below?
a. ___ Climate
b. ___ Topography
c. ___ Inflation
d. ___ Natural Resources
e. ___ All are important
6. Of the following cultural challenges, which does not belong?
a. ___ Religion
b. ___ Language
c. ___ Race
d. ___ Deflation
e. ___ They all belong
7. The following are infrastructure factors except:
a. ___ Railroads
b. ___ Ports

15. c. ___ Bridges
d. ___ Roads
e. ___ Space Station
8. Of the following economic challenges, which one is the least
common?
a. ___ Balance of payments
b. ___ Inflation
c. ___ Deflation
d. ___ Employment
e. ___ Religion
9. Distribution strategies include the following except:
a. ___ In-house transportation
b. ___ Direct investments
c. ___ Direct sales
d. ___ Wholesalers and distributors
e. ___ Third party providers
10. Which of the following are commonly used hedging
strategies?
a. ___ Forward market
b. ___ Money market
c. ___ Currency options
d. ___ A & B
e. ___ All of the above
f. ___ none of the above
11. Which of the following are commonly used inventory
management models?
a. ___ Economic Order Quantity (EOQ)
b. ___ Just In Time (JIT)

16. c. ___ Kanban
d. ___ Two bin
e. ___ Materials Requirements Planning ( MRP)
f. ___ B & D
g. ___ All of the above
12. The following are all common forecasting techniques
except:
a. ___ Exponential smoothing
b. ___ Trend extrapolation
c. ___ Simulations
d. ___ Regression analysis
e. ___ Black Sholes model
13. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is used to:
a. ___ Convert one’s data format to another
b. ___ Withdraw cash from an Automated Teller Machine
(ATM)
c. ___ Transmit orders electronically
d. ___ Send money orders internationally
e. ___ Send wire transfers
14. Global positioning satellite systems are used to:
a. ___ Position the globe
b. ___ Track moving vehicles
c. ___ Communicate orders
d. ___ Locate customers
e. ___ Locate warehouse inventory
15. Lack of connectivity is also described as “denial of service”

17. T F
16. Point of Sale terminals refer to mechanical cash registers.
T F
17. The following are contemporary trends in global value chain
management:
a. ___ Automation
b. ___ Virtual integration
c. ___ Disintermediation
d. ___ Differentiation
e. ___ Voice over Internet Protocol
18. Comprehensive web services related to global value chain
management include all of the following except:
a. ___ Teleconferencing
b. ___ Virtual integration
c. ___ Internet
d. ___ Electronic markets
e. ___ Voice over Internet Protocol
19. The following are contemporary issues in value chain
mangement except:
a. ___ Trust between global value chain partners
b. ___ Resolution
c. ___ Identity theft

18. d. ___ Reliability
e. ___ Security
20. All of the following enhances the global value chain except:
a. ___ Process versus function
b. ___ Customer centered versus supplier centered
c. ___ Bonus plans for executives
d. ___ Execution versus planning
___ Vendor Managed Inventory