They were dualisms between positivism and hermeneutics; between collectivism and individualism; structure and agency; reason and cause; mind and body; fact and value.
Critical realism principles include philosophical under-labouring, seriousness, immanent critique, philosophy as presupposition, and enhanced reflexivity. Critical realism assumes an ontologically structured and changing reality. It posits three domains: the empirical (experiences), actual (events), and real (underlying mechanisms). Critical realism combines ontological realism about an independent world, epistemological relativity of knowledge, and judgemental rationality in evaluating theories about the world.
Slide for the IoE Critical Realism Reading Group - Critical Realism and Drama...Gary Hawke
Gary’s work as a dramatherapist is an attempt to establish the connection between Integral Theories Integral Life Practice and the Work-ins of metaReality as a practice application for personal and cultural emancipation, with the aim of proposing a possible version of Volume Four of The Philosophy of metaReality: Work In: The Manual.
Exploring the real_in_a_theraputic_enounterGary Hawke
This document discusses how Basic Critical Realism (BCR) can help in therapeutic encounters. It provides an overview of background reading on BCR and the self. As an example, it analyzes a moment in a therapeutic session where the client feels their partner is distancing themselves. Using BCR, the therapist explores the client's imagined reasons for this and helps identify the real generative mechanisms, like intra-personal conflict, driving the client's emotions. BCR allows considering mental health issues as having real causes and complex ontologies, while examining clients' perspectives through explanatory critique and the RRREIC schema to understand component causes.
Critical realism is a philosophical approach to social science based on philosophy of science, ontology, and epistemology. It focuses on developing theoretical explanations for observable phenomena in the social world. Critical realism believes there is an unobservable real world that causes observable events. It views reality as having four modes: material, ideal, social, and artifact. Critical realism holds that our knowledge is fallible but there is an objective reality we can know, even if imperfectly. It can be applied to both social science and natural science to analyze how social structures and human actions continuously change over time.
Critical realism is the concept which is being constructed by well known British philosopher Bhaskar Roy. He says that world poses two reality i.e. social reality and the other is the natural reality which is the pioneer of the structures which constructs the social reality. Those underline mechanism which operates in this structure if could be comprehended then the objectivity of any event can be derived to the human kind (Bhaskar, 1989
An Analysis of the Phenomena That Have Led Some Philosophers to Introduce the...inventionjournals
The standpoint that all observable phenomena in the universe are fitting inestimable material for science if they are studied by the scientific method is basically positivistic. All things and facts which can be immediately learned by observation, together with their relationship and uniformities which is discoverable by reason without exceeding the limit of empirical observation, are designated as positivism. In positivism the belief in the sensory observation of empirical phenomena, that is empiricism – therefore plays a predominant part. Methodologically therefore positivism is in controversial opposition to the metaphysical abstraction of traditional of traditional philosophy. The term metaphysical is applied to everything that aims to go beyond the sphere of empiricism and seek the hidden essence of phenomena or the ultimate cause of things
This document summarizes a study that administered a survey to pre-service art educators to examine their ambiguity tolerance ideation (ATI) regarding controversial topics. The survey measured constructs like ATI, appropriateness of topics, and exposure to terms like disability, feminism, etc. It found no statistically significant differences between groups due to small sample sizes. It concluded that more questions, larger sample sizes, and opposing question phrasing would be needed to draw valid conclusions about pre-service art educators' ambiguity tolerance regarding controversial topics.
The document summarizes ten research perspectives: postpositivism, pragmatism, constructivism, critical theory, interpretivism, race/gender/ethnicity theories, queer theory, critical race theory, and art-based research. These perspectives differ in their views of truth, from postpositivism's view that absolute truths cannot be known, to pragmatism focusing on practical consequences, to constructivism believing truth is subjective. Critical theory and interpretivism both emphasize power relations and critique of ideologies. Race/gender/ethnicity, queer theory and critical race theory acknowledge marginalization but differ in their specific focuses. Art-based research uses art to communicate research findings.
Critical realism principles include philosophical under-labouring, seriousness, immanent critique, philosophy as presupposition, and enhanced reflexivity. Critical realism assumes an ontologically structured and changing reality. It posits three domains: the empirical (experiences), actual (events), and real (underlying mechanisms). Critical realism combines ontological realism about an independent world, epistemological relativity of knowledge, and judgemental rationality in evaluating theories about the world.
Slide for the IoE Critical Realism Reading Group - Critical Realism and Drama...Gary Hawke
Gary’s work as a dramatherapist is an attempt to establish the connection between Integral Theories Integral Life Practice and the Work-ins of metaReality as a practice application for personal and cultural emancipation, with the aim of proposing a possible version of Volume Four of The Philosophy of metaReality: Work In: The Manual.
Exploring the real_in_a_theraputic_enounterGary Hawke
This document discusses how Basic Critical Realism (BCR) can help in therapeutic encounters. It provides an overview of background reading on BCR and the self. As an example, it analyzes a moment in a therapeutic session where the client feels their partner is distancing themselves. Using BCR, the therapist explores the client's imagined reasons for this and helps identify the real generative mechanisms, like intra-personal conflict, driving the client's emotions. BCR allows considering mental health issues as having real causes and complex ontologies, while examining clients' perspectives through explanatory critique and the RRREIC schema to understand component causes.
Critical realism is a philosophical approach to social science based on philosophy of science, ontology, and epistemology. It focuses on developing theoretical explanations for observable phenomena in the social world. Critical realism believes there is an unobservable real world that causes observable events. It views reality as having four modes: material, ideal, social, and artifact. Critical realism holds that our knowledge is fallible but there is an objective reality we can know, even if imperfectly. It can be applied to both social science and natural science to analyze how social structures and human actions continuously change over time.
Critical realism is the concept which is being constructed by well known British philosopher Bhaskar Roy. He says that world poses two reality i.e. social reality and the other is the natural reality which is the pioneer of the structures which constructs the social reality. Those underline mechanism which operates in this structure if could be comprehended then the objectivity of any event can be derived to the human kind (Bhaskar, 1989
An Analysis of the Phenomena That Have Led Some Philosophers to Introduce the...inventionjournals
The standpoint that all observable phenomena in the universe are fitting inestimable material for science if they are studied by the scientific method is basically positivistic. All things and facts which can be immediately learned by observation, together with their relationship and uniformities which is discoverable by reason without exceeding the limit of empirical observation, are designated as positivism. In positivism the belief in the sensory observation of empirical phenomena, that is empiricism – therefore plays a predominant part. Methodologically therefore positivism is in controversial opposition to the metaphysical abstraction of traditional of traditional philosophy. The term metaphysical is applied to everything that aims to go beyond the sphere of empiricism and seek the hidden essence of phenomena or the ultimate cause of things
This document summarizes a study that administered a survey to pre-service art educators to examine their ambiguity tolerance ideation (ATI) regarding controversial topics. The survey measured constructs like ATI, appropriateness of topics, and exposure to terms like disability, feminism, etc. It found no statistically significant differences between groups due to small sample sizes. It concluded that more questions, larger sample sizes, and opposing question phrasing would be needed to draw valid conclusions about pre-service art educators' ambiguity tolerance regarding controversial topics.
The document summarizes ten research perspectives: postpositivism, pragmatism, constructivism, critical theory, interpretivism, race/gender/ethnicity theories, queer theory, critical race theory, and art-based research. These perspectives differ in their views of truth, from postpositivism's view that absolute truths cannot be known, to pragmatism focusing on practical consequences, to constructivism believing truth is subjective. Critical theory and interpretivism both emphasize power relations and critique of ideologies. Race/gender/ethnicity, queer theory and critical race theory acknowledge marginalization but differ in their specific focuses. Art-based research uses art to communicate research findings.
Theory of Social Change and Approach to InquiryKyle Guzik
1. The document discusses the author's theory of social change, which draws on the Hegelian dialectic model of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. The author analyzes Auguste Comte's positivism as an example of this dialectical process at work.
2. While the author takes an objectivist, naturalistic epistemological approach, they acknowledge criticisms of scientism leveled at empiricism. The author argues their view is consistent with psychophysical reductionism and does not require mind-body dualism like religious views.
3. The author concludes different fields like anthropology, psychology, and physics can be viewed as having different levels of resolution within a reductionist methodology for understanding social change
This summary provides an overview of the document in 3 sentences:
The document is a manifesto that remixes quotes and ideas from a variety of philosophical, scientific, and artistic sources to explore concepts related to reality, knowledge, time, dimensionality, and remix culture. It uses extensive quoting and recontextualizing of ideas to mimic how conceptual associations can be remixed through the rearrangement of found objects and ideas. The manifesto comments on the quotes included to relate them to postmodern theory, conceptual art, and the author's interest in using remix as a means to continue modern projects of reason and progress while avoiding nihilism.
This document discusses the field of art education cognitive research (AECR). It provides historical context, noting influences from John Dewey's work on experience and cognition, as well as Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. AECR examines how art education relates to disciplines like neuroeducation and mind brain educational science. The document explores goals of inquiry within art education, such as how artmaking can produce knowledge, and debates around defining knowledge production. It also analyzes the epistemological paradigms commonly used in AECR, such as arts-based educational research.
Inquiry, Social Change, Implications for Art EducationKyle Guzik
1. The document discusses the Hegelian dialectic and how it can be used to understand social change through a thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. It also discusses how positivism developed from this dialectic approach.
2. It examines the author's objectivist epistemological approach and how it relates to theories of social change like the Hegelian dialectic and positivism. It acknowledges criticisms of objectivism but argues it is still a useful approach.
3. The author advocates for a psychophysical reductionist perspective to understand social and psychological phenomena through physical evidence and ultimately links them to fundamental physics.
This document discusses the author's theory of social change and approach to inquiry. It begins by examining the Hegelian dialectic model of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis as a way to understand social events and cultural responses. The author then discusses how figures like Hegel and Comte proposed universalist explanations for linking consciousness and the natural world through reason, which some critique as a form of secular religion or scientism. The author proposes using objectivist epistemology and psychophysical reductionism in their approach, while acknowledging potential contradictions. The document concludes by discussing the importance of the scientific method, literature review, and constructing trustworthy and authentic research questions for a planned dissertation on art education.
Dialectic Approach in the Psychology by Jose RP in Psychology and Psychothera...CrimsonpublishersPPrs
Dialectic Approach in the Psychology by Jose RP in Psychology and Psychotherapy Research Study: Crimson Publishers_Journal of Psychology and Psychotherapy
This document provides an overview of a pneumatological philosophical theology perspective. It emphasizes nonhierarchical approaches that complement institutional church models. It describes reality as being inspired by the Spirit in all areas of life, including history, culture, society, economics, and politics. Truth claims are examined based on their context and relationship to other claims, with some possessing more negotiated meaning than others. Relational norms that foster unity and intimacy are discussed as engaging the participatory imagination more than conceptual reasoning.
The document discusses a pneumatological philosophical theology perspective for interreligious dialogue. Some key points:
1) It embraces Christological and pneumatological approaches from various Catholic traditions while emphasizing non-hierarchical models of faith practice.
2) It describes reality and human experiences using categories like intraobjective identity and intersubjective intimacy to analyze relationships.
3) It sees all of reality as engaged in a journey inspired by the Holy Spirit, with culture, history, society, economics and politics manifesting varying degrees of cooperation with the Spirit.
This document contains two responses from "Johnboy" discussing an integral approach. In the first response, Johnboy argues that for optimal human value realization, an interplay of all levels and quadrants is required at all times when realizing a value, not just at certain moments. Johnboy provides an example comparing different types of knowledge and questions.
In the second response, Johnboy further discusses distinguishing epistemology from ontology regarding nondual experiences. Johnboy argues the experiences speak more to perception and practical implications than theoretical understanding. Johnboy also discusses issues with mixing metaphysics and theology, and suggests focusing more on existential questions than definitive answers.
This document provides an overview of critical theories and power in organizational contexts. It discusses key concepts in critical theory like emancipation of the oppressed. It also summarizes different traditions of social research like positivism, interpretivism, and critical realism. The document then examines several critical theories of power, including Weber's three component theory of stratification and power, Foucault's theory of power/knowledge, and Parsons' variable sum concept of power. Finally, it discusses sources of power in organizations and concludes by reflecting on critical theory's aims and ability to critique and transform society.
Philosophical Ethics
Historically, the ethics of peoples has been based on religion. Not surprisingly, morals differ from person to person and place to place because different cultures have different religions.
If there is to be a philosophical basis for how we ought to lead our lives and seek the good life, then this basis probably cannot be founded on religious tenets of God’s existence. As we have seen, both a priori and a posteriori proofs for God’s existence are not philosophically well developed enough to be reliable for further inferences.
Varieties of Determinism
Determinism (hard or scientific): the philosophical view that all events (including mental events) have a cause. In other words, all states of affairs, both physical and mental, are conditioned by their causes and are describable by scientific law.
Determinism (soft): the philosophical view that all physical events are caused but mental processes are uncaused. Choices have only to do with mental processes and have no actual effect in the external world—a view often held by Stoics.
Predeterminism: the philosophical and theological view that combines God with determinism. On this doctrine events throughout eternity have been foreordained by some supernatural power in a causal sequence.
Fatalism: the philosophical and sometimes theological doctrine that specific events are fixed in advance (either by God or by some unknown means) although there might be some free play in minor events.
Predestination: the theological doctrine that all events are made to happen by God and not by causality in nature. In a sense, the world is being continuously created, and each moment is a miracle (i.e., not explainable by the of laws of nature).
Soren Kierkegaard, Journals, 1837
“It is so impossible for the world to exist without God that if God could forget it it would instantly cease to be.”
Indeterminism: The philosophical doctrine that denies determinism is true More specifically, not all events (either mental or physical) are determined by past events. There is a certain amount of free play between events, possibly due to chance, free choice, or chaos. Some events are caused, and some events are not caused.
Free will: the philosophical and theological doctrine that some of our choices are uncaused and effective. Free will results from the absence of causes, conditions, or other necessary determinations of choice or behavior. The usual definition of this term in philosophy is not affirmative but negative.
This document discusses the naturalization of the soul from ancient Greek philosophy to modern theories. It summarizes three ancient Greek views: Plato's view of an immortal soul in an ideal realm, Aristotle's view of a changeless dimension within material objects, and the atomists' view of temporary configurations of atoms. It notes that today most accept a materialist view and naturalization of the soul. It raises questions about whether science can fully explain personal identity and persistence. It discusses challenges of ensuring stability of personal identity and outlines the history of naturalizing the soul from Descartes to modern philosophers who argue selves may not ultimately exist or are real brain activities rather than souls.
This document summarizes a paper by M. Rosalyn Karin-D'Arcy on the modern role of Morgan's Canon in comparative psychology. It begins by providing background on Morgan's Canon and clarifying how it differs from Occam's Razor and other philosophical principles. It then discusses how Morgan's Canon has been misunderstood and misapplied in modern comparative psychology research. Finally, it examines alternative strategies such as appeals to simplicity and human analogy that are sometimes used instead of Morgan's Canon when attributing mental states to animals.
There are three main types of monism: idealism, neutral monism, and materialism. Idealism holds that everything is mental or composed of mental realities. Neutral monism says there is an underlying substance that mental and physical things are expressions of. Materialism holds that the physical world and laws of physics govern all things. Reductionism believes mental events correspond directly to brain events, while eliminativism believes folk psychology concepts like beliefs do not truly exist.
We here try to apply the concept of Possible/Parallel Worlds from Logic, which came to our knowledge through the hands of Graham Priest, and through a French movie, to Psychiatry. We think this concept is ideal because we can make use of mathematical elements to draw theories of control, and diagnosis, and therefore also therapeutic theories. We will make use of the new model of psyche proposed by us to expand on a few items. Perhaps the best use of this paper is empowering the professionals of Psychiatry, and Psychology by providing new tools for their studies, and work. The main focus is the human psyche. In order to explain the World of God, Inner Reality, and Outer Reality, which are divisions that are obtained from applying the concept of parallel worlds to the studies on the human psyche, we end up paying a light, and perhaps, an enlightening, visit to the concepts of schizophrenia, autism, Down Syndrome, and psychopathy.
Planetary dynamics from images for venus planet @ universal fame .Deepak Somaji-Sawant
This document provides an overview of Spiral Dynamics, which proposes that human societies and cultures progress through stages of development analogous to the evolution of consciousness. It describes the 8 stages proposed by Spiral Dynamics, comparing each stage to a chakra or core worldview. The document also discusses the philosophical and psychological influences on Spiral Dynamics, such as Clare Graves, Ken Wilber, and developmental psychology. It argues that Spiral Dynamics integrates ancient concepts like the chakras with modern theories of cultural and historical development.
This document provides an overview of a philosophical theology approach called pneumatological philosophy. Some key points:
- It takes an incarnational, liturgical, and sacramental perspective that emphasizes nonhierarchical vehicles for faith alongside institutional models.
- It describes reality's "givens," values/products, and processes using manufacturing and natural process metaphors to explore relationships, truths, beauties, goods, and freedoms.
- It suggests society's culture, history, institutions, economy, and politics can manifest a "pneumatological consensus" by how well they sanctify, orient, empower, heal, and save people.
A Brief Introduction to The Philosophy of metaRealityGary Hawke
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the author's methodological journey and critiques of empirical approaches. Some key points:
- The author is from a humanities background but works with technology and has been influenced by various methodological approaches.
- Empiricism and positivism do not account for social and political factors. Paradigm shifts in science show understanding does not come just from gradual truth discovery.
- Cybernetics provides alternative ways to conceptualize information and self-reference that are helpful for understanding lived experience.
- Phenomenology, grounded theory, and action research were also influential but lack strong methods for cumulative results.
- Empirical approaches are advocated for by policymakers but may not always provide
Theory of Social Change and Approach to InquiryKyle Guzik
1. The document discusses the author's theory of social change, which draws on the Hegelian dialectic model of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. The author analyzes Auguste Comte's positivism as an example of this dialectical process at work.
2. While the author takes an objectivist, naturalistic epistemological approach, they acknowledge criticisms of scientism leveled at empiricism. The author argues their view is consistent with psychophysical reductionism and does not require mind-body dualism like religious views.
3. The author concludes different fields like anthropology, psychology, and physics can be viewed as having different levels of resolution within a reductionist methodology for understanding social change
This summary provides an overview of the document in 3 sentences:
The document is a manifesto that remixes quotes and ideas from a variety of philosophical, scientific, and artistic sources to explore concepts related to reality, knowledge, time, dimensionality, and remix culture. It uses extensive quoting and recontextualizing of ideas to mimic how conceptual associations can be remixed through the rearrangement of found objects and ideas. The manifesto comments on the quotes included to relate them to postmodern theory, conceptual art, and the author's interest in using remix as a means to continue modern projects of reason and progress while avoiding nihilism.
This document discusses the field of art education cognitive research (AECR). It provides historical context, noting influences from John Dewey's work on experience and cognition, as well as Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences. AECR examines how art education relates to disciplines like neuroeducation and mind brain educational science. The document explores goals of inquiry within art education, such as how artmaking can produce knowledge, and debates around defining knowledge production. It also analyzes the epistemological paradigms commonly used in AECR, such as arts-based educational research.
Inquiry, Social Change, Implications for Art EducationKyle Guzik
1. The document discusses the Hegelian dialectic and how it can be used to understand social change through a thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. It also discusses how positivism developed from this dialectic approach.
2. It examines the author's objectivist epistemological approach and how it relates to theories of social change like the Hegelian dialectic and positivism. It acknowledges criticisms of objectivism but argues it is still a useful approach.
3. The author advocates for a psychophysical reductionist perspective to understand social and psychological phenomena through physical evidence and ultimately links them to fundamental physics.
This document discusses the author's theory of social change and approach to inquiry. It begins by examining the Hegelian dialectic model of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis as a way to understand social events and cultural responses. The author then discusses how figures like Hegel and Comte proposed universalist explanations for linking consciousness and the natural world through reason, which some critique as a form of secular religion or scientism. The author proposes using objectivist epistemology and psychophysical reductionism in their approach, while acknowledging potential contradictions. The document concludes by discussing the importance of the scientific method, literature review, and constructing trustworthy and authentic research questions for a planned dissertation on art education.
Dialectic Approach in the Psychology by Jose RP in Psychology and Psychothera...CrimsonpublishersPPrs
Dialectic Approach in the Psychology by Jose RP in Psychology and Psychotherapy Research Study: Crimson Publishers_Journal of Psychology and Psychotherapy
This document provides an overview of a pneumatological philosophical theology perspective. It emphasizes nonhierarchical approaches that complement institutional church models. It describes reality as being inspired by the Spirit in all areas of life, including history, culture, society, economics, and politics. Truth claims are examined based on their context and relationship to other claims, with some possessing more negotiated meaning than others. Relational norms that foster unity and intimacy are discussed as engaging the participatory imagination more than conceptual reasoning.
The document discusses a pneumatological philosophical theology perspective for interreligious dialogue. Some key points:
1) It embraces Christological and pneumatological approaches from various Catholic traditions while emphasizing non-hierarchical models of faith practice.
2) It describes reality and human experiences using categories like intraobjective identity and intersubjective intimacy to analyze relationships.
3) It sees all of reality as engaged in a journey inspired by the Holy Spirit, with culture, history, society, economics and politics manifesting varying degrees of cooperation with the Spirit.
This document contains two responses from "Johnboy" discussing an integral approach. In the first response, Johnboy argues that for optimal human value realization, an interplay of all levels and quadrants is required at all times when realizing a value, not just at certain moments. Johnboy provides an example comparing different types of knowledge and questions.
In the second response, Johnboy further discusses distinguishing epistemology from ontology regarding nondual experiences. Johnboy argues the experiences speak more to perception and practical implications than theoretical understanding. Johnboy also discusses issues with mixing metaphysics and theology, and suggests focusing more on existential questions than definitive answers.
This document provides an overview of critical theories and power in organizational contexts. It discusses key concepts in critical theory like emancipation of the oppressed. It also summarizes different traditions of social research like positivism, interpretivism, and critical realism. The document then examines several critical theories of power, including Weber's three component theory of stratification and power, Foucault's theory of power/knowledge, and Parsons' variable sum concept of power. Finally, it discusses sources of power in organizations and concludes by reflecting on critical theory's aims and ability to critique and transform society.
Philosophical Ethics
Historically, the ethics of peoples has been based on religion. Not surprisingly, morals differ from person to person and place to place because different cultures have different religions.
If there is to be a philosophical basis for how we ought to lead our lives and seek the good life, then this basis probably cannot be founded on religious tenets of God’s existence. As we have seen, both a priori and a posteriori proofs for God’s existence are not philosophically well developed enough to be reliable for further inferences.
Varieties of Determinism
Determinism (hard or scientific): the philosophical view that all events (including mental events) have a cause. In other words, all states of affairs, both physical and mental, are conditioned by their causes and are describable by scientific law.
Determinism (soft): the philosophical view that all physical events are caused but mental processes are uncaused. Choices have only to do with mental processes and have no actual effect in the external world—a view often held by Stoics.
Predeterminism: the philosophical and theological view that combines God with determinism. On this doctrine events throughout eternity have been foreordained by some supernatural power in a causal sequence.
Fatalism: the philosophical and sometimes theological doctrine that specific events are fixed in advance (either by God or by some unknown means) although there might be some free play in minor events.
Predestination: the theological doctrine that all events are made to happen by God and not by causality in nature. In a sense, the world is being continuously created, and each moment is a miracle (i.e., not explainable by the of laws of nature).
Soren Kierkegaard, Journals, 1837
“It is so impossible for the world to exist without God that if God could forget it it would instantly cease to be.”
Indeterminism: The philosophical doctrine that denies determinism is true More specifically, not all events (either mental or physical) are determined by past events. There is a certain amount of free play between events, possibly due to chance, free choice, or chaos. Some events are caused, and some events are not caused.
Free will: the philosophical and theological doctrine that some of our choices are uncaused and effective. Free will results from the absence of causes, conditions, or other necessary determinations of choice or behavior. The usual definition of this term in philosophy is not affirmative but negative.
This document discusses the naturalization of the soul from ancient Greek philosophy to modern theories. It summarizes three ancient Greek views: Plato's view of an immortal soul in an ideal realm, Aristotle's view of a changeless dimension within material objects, and the atomists' view of temporary configurations of atoms. It notes that today most accept a materialist view and naturalization of the soul. It raises questions about whether science can fully explain personal identity and persistence. It discusses challenges of ensuring stability of personal identity and outlines the history of naturalizing the soul from Descartes to modern philosophers who argue selves may not ultimately exist or are real brain activities rather than souls.
This document summarizes a paper by M. Rosalyn Karin-D'Arcy on the modern role of Morgan's Canon in comparative psychology. It begins by providing background on Morgan's Canon and clarifying how it differs from Occam's Razor and other philosophical principles. It then discusses how Morgan's Canon has been misunderstood and misapplied in modern comparative psychology research. Finally, it examines alternative strategies such as appeals to simplicity and human analogy that are sometimes used instead of Morgan's Canon when attributing mental states to animals.
There are three main types of monism: idealism, neutral monism, and materialism. Idealism holds that everything is mental or composed of mental realities. Neutral monism says there is an underlying substance that mental and physical things are expressions of. Materialism holds that the physical world and laws of physics govern all things. Reductionism believes mental events correspond directly to brain events, while eliminativism believes folk psychology concepts like beliefs do not truly exist.
We here try to apply the concept of Possible/Parallel Worlds from Logic, which came to our knowledge through the hands of Graham Priest, and through a French movie, to Psychiatry. We think this concept is ideal because we can make use of mathematical elements to draw theories of control, and diagnosis, and therefore also therapeutic theories. We will make use of the new model of psyche proposed by us to expand on a few items. Perhaps the best use of this paper is empowering the professionals of Psychiatry, and Psychology by providing new tools for their studies, and work. The main focus is the human psyche. In order to explain the World of God, Inner Reality, and Outer Reality, which are divisions that are obtained from applying the concept of parallel worlds to the studies on the human psyche, we end up paying a light, and perhaps, an enlightening, visit to the concepts of schizophrenia, autism, Down Syndrome, and psychopathy.
Planetary dynamics from images for venus planet @ universal fame .Deepak Somaji-Sawant
This document provides an overview of Spiral Dynamics, which proposes that human societies and cultures progress through stages of development analogous to the evolution of consciousness. It describes the 8 stages proposed by Spiral Dynamics, comparing each stage to a chakra or core worldview. The document also discusses the philosophical and psychological influences on Spiral Dynamics, such as Clare Graves, Ken Wilber, and developmental psychology. It argues that Spiral Dynamics integrates ancient concepts like the chakras with modern theories of cultural and historical development.
This document provides an overview of a philosophical theology approach called pneumatological philosophy. Some key points:
- It takes an incarnational, liturgical, and sacramental perspective that emphasizes nonhierarchical vehicles for faith alongside institutional models.
- It describes reality's "givens," values/products, and processes using manufacturing and natural process metaphors to explore relationships, truths, beauties, goods, and freedoms.
- It suggests society's culture, history, institutions, economy, and politics can manifest a "pneumatological consensus" by how well they sanctify, orient, empower, heal, and save people.
A Brief Introduction to The Philosophy of metaRealityGary Hawke
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the author's methodological journey and critiques of empirical approaches. Some key points:
- The author is from a humanities background but works with technology and has been influenced by various methodological approaches.
- Empiricism and positivism do not account for social and political factors. Paradigm shifts in science show understanding does not come just from gradual truth discovery.
- Cybernetics provides alternative ways to conceptualize information and self-reference that are helpful for understanding lived experience.
- Phenomenology, grounded theory, and action research were also influential but lack strong methods for cumulative results.
- Empirical approaches are advocated for by policymakers but may not always provide
Learning analytics, action science and critical realismTim Rogers
This document discusses using learning analytics, action science, and critical realism to inform educational action research. It outlines:
1) The philosophical underpinnings of critical realism and how it views the social world.
2) Action science as a meta-theory of human action that examines espoused theories versus theories-in-use.
3) How learning analytics can be used as a method in educational action research by collecting data from learning management systems, analyzing it, refining learning theories and models, and providing insights.
This document discusses paradigm shifts, which are defined as a change in one's controlling perspective that allows one to understand reality in a new way. It provides examples of biblical paradigm shifts, such as Paul going from persecuting Christians to spreading the Gospel. Characteristics of inflexible leaders who resist paradigm shifts are outlined. The document also discusses types of paradigm shifts and gives examples from history and ministry of paradigm shifts.
The document discusses three main educational paradigms: traditional, liberal/progressive, and transformative education. It provides an overview of each paradigm, including their views on knowledge, the role of the teacher and student, and dominant learning theories. For traditional education, knowledge is viewed as "truth" and learning involves memorization. For liberal/progressive education, knowledge is still viewed as truth but learning is facilitated through constructivism. Transformative education sees knowledge as socially constructed and aims to give voice to marginalized groups through critical constructivism.
This document discusses research paradigms and the logic of research. It defines key concepts like paradigm, ontology, epistemology and methodology. It outlines three main research paradigms - positivism, post-positivism, and critical theory - and how they differ in their basic beliefs and positions on practical research issues. The document also examines different logics of inquiry like induction, deduction, retroduction, and abduction; and how researchers can take a combined approach using elements of multiple strategies.
The document discusses pragmatism and realism in philosophy. Pragmatism interprets truth as whatever is useful and practical, focusing on experience and change. Key proponents were Charles Peirce, who formulated pragmatism's method, and William James, who advanced Peirce's theory of truth. Realism believes objects exist independently of perception and focuses on existence and independence of reality. Key realist proponents included Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas. Pragmatism and realism differ in their views of universals, with pragmatists taking a more practical approach and realists accepting the world as literally is.
SPECIAL ISSUE CRITICAL REALISM IN IS RESEARCHCRITICAL RE.docxsusanschei
This document provides an introduction to critical realism as a philosophy and framework for information systems research. It discusses the key concepts of critical realism such as the ontological view that an objective reality exists independently of our knowledge, and the stratified view of reality consisting of the real, actual, and empirical domains. Critical realism supports methodological pluralism using a variety of quantitative and qualitative methods to study different types of objects. The document also discusses how critical realism has been applied in social science research, focusing on the work of Margaret Archer and Tony Lawson in developing critical realist approaches within their fields.
A Critique Of The Philosophical Underpinnings Of Mainstream Social Science Re...Charlie Congdon
This document provides a critique of the philosophical underpinnings of mainstream social science research. It suggests that social science research is typically underpinned by a naïve realist ontological position, a positivist epistemological position, and a value-free axiological position. However, these positions promote a Eurocentric perspective. As an alternative, the document proposes a "muliversal" ontological position, a positivist-hermeneutic epistemological position that acknowledges the role of interpretation, and a value-laden axiological position for social science research conducted by non-Western scholars. This would help produce more context-relevant knowledge.
50 words for snow: constructing scientific phenomenaJohn Wilkins
The document discusses the construction of natural phenomena in science. It addresses questions around what phenomena are, how we identify them, and whether they are self-presenting, theory-based, or just patterns in data.
The key points are:
1) Phenomena are observable regularities with salient characteristics that recur under certain conditions.
2) Our observations and categories of phenomena are influenced by our theories and expectations, but we can also identify phenomena in the absence of theory.
3) Phenomena are patterns we discern in observational data based on prior experience with clear cases, but they need not be theory-based. Species are examples of phenomena.
Correspondence and Representation are important 'meta' concepts - yet their incommensurability aspects are revealing 'great and mighty' things which man 'knew not' of.
Incommensurability - correspondence and seeking of truthKeith Scharding
Ethics and the search for truth; bridging the conceptual gap between evolutionary thought and creation theories - presentation of the 'new metaphysics'; quantum computing and nanotechnology plus 'cosmic insights. The correspondence principle and the question of incommensurability with traditional viewpoints are referenced.
.There are different paths to reality, they are determined by the knower, being instrumental methodological study object, epistemological axis, among others. Reality presents several faces, what is observable and what is perceived sensory empirical data obtained correspond to the visible, the main thing is to discover the hidden side, which is behind the perceptible or data. Epistemology is the whole process of obtaining scientific knowledge, ranging from the pre knowledge to get to know the hidden side, one thing is what is seen and what is not, and one that is not seen, is really it is.
Incommensurability and Semiotic Representationguest5e9847
This document discusses various philosophical concepts related to truth, correspondence, representation, and meaning. It examines coherence theories of truth and justification, and explores ideas around value incommensurability, representation theory, and semiotics. Key topics covered include the relationship between truth and empirical proof or justification, the nature of representation and reality, and whether truth is determined solely by correspondence with the world.
The truth of science for justice and peace(4)merlyna
The document discusses the relationship between science, truth, justice and peace. It argues that scientific truth seeks to represent reality through observation and modeling nature's laws. While science alone does not consider ideas of justice, when viewed as a communal project, science intersects with justice through principles like equal access to knowledge and respecting human rights. Ultimately, building lasting peace requires the continuous efforts of both pursuing truth through scientific research and promoting global justice.
This document presents a 36-module model that aims to unify theories related to several unsolved problems in physics. The model categorizes variables like zero-point energy, dark matter, and expanding universe into different modules. Each module is represented as a differential system of equations with accentuation and dissipation coefficients. The goal is to build a comprehensive theoretical framework that can solve open questions by considering the relationships and interactions between physical phenomena.
A New Look At The Cosmological ArgumentAmy Cernava
This document provides an overview of Robert C. Koons' argument for a cosmological argument for God's existence. Koons presents a modal mereological framework to analyze facts and causation. He argues that Bertrand Russell's objections to the cosmological argument are outdated given developments in logic, metaphysics, and cosmology. Koons then lays out three axioms about causation and defines contingent facts. He claims the principle of universal causation - that contingent facts have causes - can be reasonably assumed as a defeasible rule, shifting the burden to skeptics to provide evidence this principle has exceptions.
The document summarizes Aristotle's doctrine of act and potency, which provides a solution to the errors of Parmenides and Heraclitus regarding change. It explains that for Aristotle, being is divided into being-in-act and being-in-potency. Change is the transition from potency to act, as when cold water is heated and undergoes a successive actualization to become hot water. While act and potency cannot be strictly defined, they are known through experience and describe as potency being a capacity for perfection, and act being the actual possession of that perfection.
This document discusses the scientific processes of analysis and synthesis. It explains that analysis is the intellectual operation that considers parts of a whole separately, while synthesis assembles separated parts back into a unified whole. The analysis and synthesis are used together in the scientific method to decompose phenomena into parts for study, and then reintegrate the parts to gain a full understanding. These processes allow scientists to better investigate the causes of complex phenomena.
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Quasi realism science as self-organizing meta-information system a defence ...Ganesh Bharate
The document discusses different philosophical positions on the nature of science - realism, anti-realism, and quasi-realism. It presents quasi-realism as viewing theoretical entities as projections rather than independent objects. It then outlines Fuchs' view of science as a self-organizing meta-information system, where scientific knowledge develops through a cyclical, dialectical process involving bottom-up emergence of theory and top-down emergence of experience. In this view, scientific truths are not absolute but are truths that develop through questioning, discourse, and conflict. Theoretical entities are seen as part of the "projected world" rather than independent objects.
This article argues against the claim that Roy Bhaskar's critical realism philosophy can provide guiding principles for social scientific research. It makes two main points:
1. Neither Bhaskar's critical realism nor any overarching philosophical ontology can provide workable guiding principles for social sciences. Bhaskar claims his philosophy helps guide empirical investigations, but the article argues it cannot guarantee success or minimize errors.
2. Guiding principles from philosophical ontologies are unnecessary for social sciences. The article questions if ontology is truly inescapable in philosophy and science, as Bhaskar suggests. It is possible to acknowledge reality exists independently of thinking about it without committing to Bhaskar's view of ontology.
The document summarizes Gregory Bateson's ideas about ecology from his book Mind and Nature. It lists 16 of Bateson's "elementary propositions" about the natural world, such as that science can disprove but not prove ideas, experience is always subjective, and patterns cannot be explained by single factors. It also summarizes Jesper Hoffmeyer's idea of a global "semiosphere" of communication through signs that organisms depend on for survival, more so than the biosphere of energy and matter.
MidTerm Exam 1Subject Differential EquationNote This e.docxARIV4
This document contains lecture materials on theory development from a course. It defines what a theory is, discusses the key components and characteristics of theories, and different forms theories can take. It also covers philosophical bases of theories and provides exercises for students to develop their own theories on a given topic.
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1. Skinner argues that mental phenomena should not be used to explain behavior because they cannot be directly observed and are therefore "inferential".
2. However, many scientific theories rely on theoretical constructs that are inferred but not directly observable, and these theories can still be tested. Explanations involving inferred mental states may be the most effective way to explain and predict human behavior.
3. Skinner also objects that mental explanations are not genuinely explanatory, are typically redundant, and invoke a "homunculus" or little person inside controlling behavior. While these are valid concerns, mental explanations need not have these flaws and may provide a useful understanding of human behavior.
Similar to Critical Realism Reading Seminar, UCL Institute of Education, Gary Hawke (20)
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
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9
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3. Bhaskar, R. And Collier, A. 1998 Introduction:
explanatory critiques, in Archer et al. (eds) 1998,
pp. 385-394.
Alderson, P. 2013 Childhoods Real and Imagined.
Routledge, pp. 57-62.
4.
5.
6. They were dualisms between positivism and hermeneutics;
between collectivism and individualism; structure and agency;
reason and cause; mind and body; fact and value.
There is a dialectical interrelation
between facts and values, in which we
are never situated in a value free
context. Values always impregnate and
imbue our social praxis and our factual
discourse, but at the same time, facts
themselves do generate evaluative
conclusions.
7. IT is often said that one cannot derive an "ought" from an "is." This
thesis, which comes from a famous passage in Hume's Treatise, while
not as clear as it might be, is at least clear in broad outline: there is a
class of statements of fact which is logically distinct from a class of
statements of value. No set of statements of fact by themselves entails
any statement of value.
8.
9. Bhaskar, R. And Collier, A. 1998 Introduction: explanatory critiques, in Archer et al. (eds) 1998, pp. 385-394.
“The starting point is
that a social science
can study both ideas,
and what those ideas
are about.”
10. “…other things being equal. It
is better that a would-be
murderer should have false
beliefs about his victim’s
whereabouts.”
Collier, A. 1998 Explanation and Emancipation, in
Archer et al. (eds) 1998, pp. 448.
“Further still, particular institutions and
false beliefs about them may be in a
functional relation, such that the false
beliefs serve to preserve the
institutions that they are about. Where
institutions oppress a substantial
number of people, they will only be
stable if protected by such false
beliefs. In such cases, to propound the
truth is not just to criticize, but to
undermine the institution.”
Collier, A. 1998 Explanation and Emancipation, in Archer et al.
(eds) 1998, pp. 446.
12. explanatory critique (EC).
CRITIQUE of a phenomenon that
follows from diagnosing that it is
part of the explanation of why a
false belief is held (cognitive EC), or
why some social or personal ill
persists…
explanatory critical theory : Dictionary of Critical Realism
13. The resulting critical naturalism, which is
grounded in the scientific realism
advanced in chapter 1, permits a
situation of conflicting schools in
contemporary social thought; a
generalised critique of fundamentalist
‘First Philosophy’; a reevaluation of the
problem of the value and a reappraisal of
the character of historical rationality. But
my main concern is to relate this
perspective to the organising theme of
this inquiry: the nature of, and prospects
for, human emancipation.
Bhaskar, R. (2009. pp 69)
Bhaskar, R. (2009). Scientific Realism and
Human Emancipation. London: Routledge
14. Realism and Social Science
(I) identifying problems – unmet needs,
suffering, false beliefs;
(II) identifying the source or cause of those
unmet needs, false beliefs, etc., such as a
particular form of domination;
(III) passing to a negative judgement of
those sources of illusion and oppression;
(IV) favouring (ceteris paribus) actions which
remove those sources.
Sayer A (2000, pp159) - Realism and Social Science SAGE Publications Ltd
15.
16. Bhaskar and critical realism argued that social
science and natural science are underpinned by an
ontology of natural necessity, which operates in
both. He defined natural necessity as ‘a necessity in
nature quite independent of human beings and their
activity’ (Bhaskar: The Possibility of Naturalism,
1998 pp10).” Haji-Abdi A pp14
Critical realism presupposes that ontology is structured,
differentiated and changing. This also involves a switch from events
to mechanisms that generate events. In other words, it puts the
emphasis on what produces events not the events themselves. To
explain the role of mechanisms, events and experiences, critical
realism posits three ontological domains: the real, the actual and the
empirical. The empirical domain relates to our direct or indirect
experience. The actual includes the events happening independently
of our experience. The real domain identifies the underlying
mechanisms that generate events that we experience. Haji-Abdi A pp14
17. At the empirical level are the
identified experiences and sensed
perceptions of knowing subjects,
who test and validate data in
replicable experiments that have
predictable results. Empirical
research may be inductive or
deductive and involves forming
generalisations or hypotheses
related to many observations of
constant conjunctions/repeated
patterns.”
18. The actual level involves the actual objects and events that
occur: many falling objects; subtle genetic changes in birds or
peas over generations. Deduction at the actual level explains
how, rather than why, objects fall or change, and it stands
only as long as there are no exceptions. The hypothesis that
all swans are white lasts until a black swan is observed, or
that all emeralds are green lasts until a blue emerald is found.
19. The real level attends to Levels 1
and 2 and to deeper, unseen
structures and mechanisms.
These generate causes and
effects, and make them available
to experience. The causes are
established,or justified, by their explanatory power. Examples
include gravity, or analysis of the emerald's molecular
structure and its refraction of light. The analysis demonstrates
that, by definition, emeralds must be green; a blue emerald
would not be an emerald.”
20. Almost all the phenomena of the world occur in open systems.
[…] A characteristic pattern for the analysis of explanation of
such phenomena was developed in basic critical realism. This
involves ‘the RRREIC schema’, where the first R or R1 stands
for the resolution of the complex event or phenomenon into its
components; the second R or R2 for the redescription of
these components in an (ideally, optimally) explanatory
significant way; the third R or R3 for the retrodiction of these
component causes to antecedently existing events or states of
affairs; E for the elimination of alternative competing
explanatory antecedents; I for the identification of the causally
efficacious or generative antecedents; and C for the iterative
correction of earlier findings in the light of an (albeit
temporarily) completed explanation or analysis. (Bhaskar et al p 3
2010)!
Bhaskar R, Frank C, Høyer G K, Næss P, and Parker J. (2010). Interdisciplinarity and Climate Change: Routledge
21. All the evidence we have for all emeralds are green is equally evidence
for the statement that all emeralds are grue, when grue means green
up to midnight tonight and blue thereafter. In fact, there is no resolution
to the problem of deduction within the existing actualist problem field
within a problem field that reduces knowledge and the world to one
level.
A Beginner’s Guide to Critical Realism By Professor Roy Bhaskar
Based on “An Introduction to Critical Realism”, a virtual classroom course hosted by Gary Hawke and led by Professor Roy
Bhaskar at the Institute of Education – May to July 2014
So if you take the statement: all emeralds are green, one of our recent
philosophers of science, Nelson Goodman, pointed out that this
statement could be true up to midnight tonight, and after midnight
tonight all emeralds could suddenly become blue.
Final Word From
Roy
22. What a critical realist scientist, or what a critical realist philosopher,
would do is to follow what a real scientist does, and after a real scientist
arrives at what looks like a meaningful regularity in, say, the laboratory,
the critical realist scientist tries to fathom out why it is that these two
predicates - being green and being an emerald - are conjoined. What is
it about emeralds that make them green? That is what the scientist
asks and the scientist goes on to investigate the nature, the intrinsic
qualities of emeralds, in virtue of which they do manifest the property of
being green. In other words, the real scientist follows critical realism in
moving towards the identification of a structure or a mechanism, which
will explain the actual regularity that is observed.
Final Word From
Roy
A Beginner’s Guide to Critical Realism By Professor Roy Bhaskar
Based on “An Introduction to Critical Realism”, a virtual classroom course hosted by Gary Hawke and led by Professor Roy
Bhaskar at the Institute of Education – May to July 2014