Credit rating, it's historical perspective, Indian perspective, process of credit rating, communicating of credit rating, Top credit rating agencies, rating symbols have described.
CREDIT RATING - P. SAI PRATHYUSHA (PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY)SaiLakshmi115
Introduction # origin # meaning and definition # importance # indications of the assigned ratings # factors affecting assigned ratings # nature of credit rating # instruments of credit ratings # rating other than debt instruments # advantages and disadvantages of credit rating
CREDIT RATING - P. SAI PRATHYUSHA (PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY)SaiLakshmi115
Introduction # origin # meaning and definition # importance # indications of the assigned ratings # factors affecting assigned ratings # nature of credit rating # instruments of credit ratings # rating other than debt instruments # advantages and disadvantages of credit rating
This presentation is on Credit rating agencies in India. here I presents it's origin, importants, benefits, objectives, need and about different rating agencies.
Credit rating is an analysis of the credit risks associated with a financial instrument or a financial entity. It is a rating given to a particular entity based on the credentials and the extent to which the financial statements of the entity are sound, in terms of borrowing and lending that has been done in the past.
Credit Rating has become an important aspect when we talk of Finance these days; what are the major Credit rating agencies in India and other International companies in same business are mentioned here. The process followed by these companies are also touched upon this presentation
Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino CaucusDanay Escanaverino
Unlock the potential of Latino Buying Power with this in-depth SlideShare presentation. Explore how the Latino consumer market is transforming the American economy, driven by their significant buying power, entrepreneurial contributions, and growing influence across various sectors.
**Key Sections Covered:**
1. **Economic Impact:** Understand the profound economic impact of Latino consumers on the U.S. economy. Discover how their increasing purchasing power is fueling growth in key industries and contributing to national economic prosperity.
2. **Buying Power:** Dive into detailed analyses of Latino buying power, including its growth trends, key drivers, and projections for the future. Learn how this influential group’s spending habits are shaping market dynamics and creating opportunities for businesses.
3. **Entrepreneurial Contributions:** Explore the entrepreneurial spirit within the Latino community. Examine how Latino-owned businesses are thriving and contributing to job creation, innovation, and economic diversification.
4. **Workforce Statistics:** Gain insights into the role of Latino workers in the American labor market. Review statistics on employment rates, occupational distribution, and the economic contributions of Latino professionals across various industries.
5. **Media Consumption:** Understand the media consumption habits of Latino audiences. Discover their preferences for digital platforms, television, radio, and social media. Learn how these consumption patterns are influencing advertising strategies and media content.
6. **Education:** Examine the educational achievements and challenges within the Latino community. Review statistics on enrollment, graduation rates, and fields of study. Understand the implications of education on economic mobility and workforce readiness.
7. **Home Ownership:** Explore trends in Latino home ownership. Understand the factors driving home buying decisions, the challenges faced by Latino homeowners, and the impact of home ownership on community stability and economic growth.
This SlideShare provides valuable insights for marketers, business owners, policymakers, and anyone interested in the economic influence of the Latino community. By understanding the various facets of Latino buying power, you can effectively engage with this dynamic and growing market segment.
Equip yourself with the knowledge to leverage Latino buying power, tap into their entrepreneurial spirit, and connect with their unique cultural and consumer preferences. Drive your business success by embracing the economic potential of Latino consumers.
**Keywords:** Latino buying power, economic impact, entrepreneurial contributions, workforce statistics, media consumption, education, home ownership, Latino market, Hispanic buying power, Latino purchasing power.
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This presentation is on Credit rating agencies in India. here I presents it's origin, importants, benefits, objectives, need and about different rating agencies.
Credit rating is an analysis of the credit risks associated with a financial instrument or a financial entity. It is a rating given to a particular entity based on the credentials and the extent to which the financial statements of the entity are sound, in terms of borrowing and lending that has been done in the past.
Credit Rating has become an important aspect when we talk of Finance these days; what are the major Credit rating agencies in India and other International companies in same business are mentioned here. The process followed by these companies are also touched upon this presentation
Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino CaucusDanay Escanaverino
Unlock the potential of Latino Buying Power with this in-depth SlideShare presentation. Explore how the Latino consumer market is transforming the American economy, driven by their significant buying power, entrepreneurial contributions, and growing influence across various sectors.
**Key Sections Covered:**
1. **Economic Impact:** Understand the profound economic impact of Latino consumers on the U.S. economy. Discover how their increasing purchasing power is fueling growth in key industries and contributing to national economic prosperity.
2. **Buying Power:** Dive into detailed analyses of Latino buying power, including its growth trends, key drivers, and projections for the future. Learn how this influential group’s spending habits are shaping market dynamics and creating opportunities for businesses.
3. **Entrepreneurial Contributions:** Explore the entrepreneurial spirit within the Latino community. Examine how Latino-owned businesses are thriving and contributing to job creation, innovation, and economic diversification.
4. **Workforce Statistics:** Gain insights into the role of Latino workers in the American labor market. Review statistics on employment rates, occupational distribution, and the economic contributions of Latino professionals across various industries.
5. **Media Consumption:** Understand the media consumption habits of Latino audiences. Discover their preferences for digital platforms, television, radio, and social media. Learn how these consumption patterns are influencing advertising strategies and media content.
6. **Education:** Examine the educational achievements and challenges within the Latino community. Review statistics on enrollment, graduation rates, and fields of study. Understand the implications of education on economic mobility and workforce readiness.
7. **Home Ownership:** Explore trends in Latino home ownership. Understand the factors driving home buying decisions, the challenges faced by Latino homeowners, and the impact of home ownership on community stability and economic growth.
This SlideShare provides valuable insights for marketers, business owners, policymakers, and anyone interested in the economic influence of the Latino community. By understanding the various facets of Latino buying power, you can effectively engage with this dynamic and growing market segment.
Equip yourself with the knowledge to leverage Latino buying power, tap into their entrepreneurial spirit, and connect with their unique cultural and consumer preferences. Drive your business success by embracing the economic potential of Latino consumers.
**Keywords:** Latino buying power, economic impact, entrepreneurial contributions, workforce statistics, media consumption, education, home ownership, Latino market, Hispanic buying power, Latino purchasing power.
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how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
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US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
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Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell my pi coins for cash in a pi APPDOT TECH
You can't sell your pi coins in the pi network app. because it is not listed yet on any exchange.
The only way you can sell is by trading your pi coins with an investor (a person looking forward to hold massive amounts of pi coins before mainnet launch) .
You don't need to meet the investor directly all the trades are done with a pi vendor/merchant (a person that buys the pi coins from miners and resell it to investors)
I Will leave The telegram contact of my personal pi vendor, if you are finding a legitimate one.
@Pi_vendor_247
#pi network
#pi coins
#money
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
2. CONTENTS:
INTRODUCTION
A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF CREDIT RATING
CREDIT RATING: INDIAN PERSPECTIVE
SCOPE OF CREDIT RATING
PROCESS OF CREDIT RATING
COMMUNICATING OF CREDIT RATING
SEBI (CREDIT RATING AGENCIES) REGULATIONS, 1999
CREDIT RATING AGENCIES IN INDIA
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CREDIT RATING
3. CREDIT RATING:
Credit rating involves analysis and assessment of companies and governments that
issue the financial securities.
The rating agencies evaluate the issuer and the securities and assign a rating or
grade according to the degree of relative credit worthiness of the issuer .
The securities with higher credit rating command lower interest rate than the
securities with lower credit rating.
Information asymmetry between the investors and the issuer of securities is the
driving force behind credit rating.
The rating of debt securities ranges from “AAA” to “D” with some variation in
notation by each agency.
4. A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF CREDIT RATING:
Before 19th century, business was mostly local and the business transactions , particularly
borrowing and lending, took place between people who knew each other.
As economies opened up around the world, the scale and geographical scope of business
transactions expanded.
In the later part of 19th century, large scale railroad development under the auspices of the
private companies in the united states had created a rapidly growing bond market.
It was the time that Moody initiated agency bond ratings in the United States in 1914 by
setting up Moody’s Investor’s Service –the 1st rating agency in the world.
Moody’s Investor’s Service started as one man crusade to provide knowledge to the ordinary
investing public and later developed into formidable global rating agency .
John Knowles Fitch founded Fitch Publishing Company in 1913, which was published financial
statistics in The Fitch Stock and Bond Manual and The Fitch Bond Book in 1924.
5. John Knowles Fitch founded Fitch Publishing Company in 1913, which was
published financial statistics in The Fitch Stock and Bond Manual and The Fitch
Bond Book in 1924.
For the 1st time, Fitch Publishing Company introduced the “AAA” to “D” rating
scale.
All these rating agencies did not operate under the issuer pay model.
But it was realised in the 1970’s that the issuers of the securities would get
substantial benefits from the rating of capital issues.
6. CREDIT RATING: THE INDIAN PERSPECTIVE
Economic liberalization gave rise to several opportunities for investment. Companies
have undertaken fund rising programs on a large scale.
At the same time , business risks have increased with the liberalization of the
economy.
The industrial policy of the government has increased rapid industrialization , which
has resulted in a phenomenal increase in the no. of investors and the amount of
funds mobilized.
The no. of companies tapping the capital market directly has also increased.
But the investors have realised that the company’s name and size are no longer a
sufficient guarantee of timely payment of interest and the principal amount.
It is in this context that policy makers thought of introducing the credit rating system
in India.
7. Accordingly, the Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India Ltd
[ICICI] and Unit Trust of India [UTI] promoted the first rating agency called the
Credit Rating Information Services Of India Ltd[CRISIL] , in 1988.
With the integration of financial markets all over the world credit ratings have
become more important.
8. SCOPE OF CREDIT RATING
Conventionally , credit rating is done for the following securities:
Bonds
Commercial paper
Fixed deposits
Fully convertible debentures to be convertor before 18 months the issue.
Partly convertible debentures maturing before the 18th month of issue.
Preference shares
The scope the credit rating has widened to encompass the rating of companies
engaged in the services sector.
9. THE PROCESS OF CREDIT RATING
Different credit rating agencies adopt different rating process depending on
the nature of instrument , the credit rating agency itself and the methodology
used.
1. The rating process begins at the request of the company .
2. On the receipt of the request from the company the company the credit
rating agency constitutes different teams to carry out the assignments.
3. The teams obtained the required data from the company and make
suitable analyses in order to draw meaningful conclusions.
4. Various factors that could affect the credit worthiness of the issues of the
securities are analysed
However ,the following are the basic and broad aspects that covered in any
evaluation process:
Background and history, Management, Business analysis and Financial
analysis.
10. COMMUNICATING THE RATING
The rating assigned to a particular issue communicated to the client
along with a detailed rationale.
The rating agency may share with the company management the
broad reasons for the rating it has assigned.
Only ratings accepted by the clients are published and then
monitored on a continuous basis over the life of the instrument.
Once a rating is assigned and published , the rating agency keeps the
rating under surveillance until the security is fully repaid.
During the review the rating may be retained, upgraded or
downgraded based on the changed prospects of the issuer.
The change in rating indicates a change in risk associated with the
instrument.
11. RATING PROCESS:
ISSUER Credit Rating Agency
Request for rating
Rating team assigned. team collates
Signs rating agreement, information; conducts preliminary analysis
provides information
and rating fee
interaction with management
analysis presented to the committee
ratings issued and communicated to the issuer
12. SEBI (CREIDT RATING AGENCIES) Regulations , 1999
According to this, any organization proposing to commence any activity as a credit rating
agency shall restore with SEBI.
The organization shall make an application to SEBI for the grant of a certificate of
registration for the purpose.
The applicant shall also fulfil certain eligibility conditions. The important one’s are
mentioned below:
1. The applicant is set up and registered as a company under the Companies Act , 1956.
2. The applicant has minimum net worth of INR 5crore.
3. The applicant has adequate infrastructure to enable it to provide rating services in
accordance with the provisions of the SEBI Act and the relevant regulations.
4. The applicant and the promoters of the applicant have professional competence,
financial soundness and a general reputation of fairness and integrity in business
transactions to the satisfaction of SEBI.
13. SEBI on being satisfied that the applicant is eligible for the grant of certificate of
registration , shall grant the certificate subject to the condition that credit rating agency
shall comply with provisions of SEBI Act.
The period of validity of the certificate of registration shall be 3 years.
Every credit rating agency shall enter into a written agreement with each client whose
securities it proposes to rate.
Every credit rating agency shall make the definitions of the concerned rating, along with
the symbol, and the state that the ratings do not constitute recommendations to buy , hold
or sell any security.
Every credit rating agency shall specify the rating process and file a copy of the same with
SEBI for record.
SEBI may appoint one or more persons as inspecting officers to undertake inspection of the
books of the account , records and documents of the credit rating agency.
A credit rating agency shall fulfil its obligations in a prompt ethical and professional
manner.
In the essence , the SEBI regulations and guidelines mainly focus on the protection of the
interest of investors.
14. CREDIT RATING AGENCIES IN INDIA
1. Credit Rating Information Services of India Limited (CRISIL)
2. Investment Information and Credit Rating Agency of India Limited (ICRA)
3. Credit Analysis and Research Limited (CARE)
4. Fitch India Limited
5. Brickwork Ratings India Pvt Limited
6. SME Rating Agency of India Limited
15. Rating India Ratings&
research
CRISIL Brickwork Ratings CARE ICRA
Highest safety: Lowest
risk of turning into a
defaulter
IND AAA CRISII AAA BWR AAA CARE AAA ICRA AAA
Highest safety: very low
credit risk
IND AA CRISIL BBB BWR AA CARE AA ICRA A
Low risk IND A CRISIL A BWR A CARE A ICRA A
Moderate safety:
moderate credit risk
IND BBB CRISIL BBB BWR BBB CARE BBB ICRA BBB
Moderate risk: moderate
risk of default
IND BB CRISIL BB BWR BB CARE BB ICRA BB
High risk: very high risk
of default
IND B CRISIL B BWR B CARE B ICRA B
Very high risk: very risk
of default
IND C CRISIL C BWR C CARE C ICRA C
Default: instruments are
already in default or on
the verge of default
IND D CRISIL D BWR D CARE D ICRA D
16. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CREDIT RATING LIMITATIONS
Credit ratings are used by different groups of people and organizations. Investors ,
issuers of securities , suppliers , customers and government regulators are major
groups that use credit ratings .
The specific advantages of credit rating are as follows:
Credit rating provides investors with convenient and readily identifiable symbols
to make final distinctions of risk.
Investors can have a choice of instruments based on graded risks and related
returns.
Once an organization is assessed and given a rating by an outside agency , it will
be under continuous surveillance by that agency.
Credit rating helps investors in assessing the degree of risk involved in a borrowing
program , the issuer or borrower can raise funds with cheaper cost of capital.
The suppliers particularly use issuer credit rating to assess the general credit
worthiness of the company.
17. The credit rating enables customers to form correct opinions about the credibility of
companies and their products.
As the costs of borrowing is inversely related to the ratings received companies with
high growth potential will have greater advantages with credit rating .
By attracting investors credit rating helps companies channelize the idle savings of the
public into productive use.
18. DISADVANTAGES
There are certain bottlenecks in the effective use of rating system.
The average investor in India is not able to understand the significance of rating
because of lack of awareness.
Some times ratings may create confusion in the minds of investors when different
credit rating agencies give different ratings for same instrument.
There is no standardized fee structure .
Rating agencies assign the rating based on information obtained from the issuer and
other sources which are deemed to be accurate.
Although credit rating agencies are supposed to maintain appropriate independence
from the issuer of securities, this is generally doesn’t happen in practice.
19. CRISIL Ratings:
Long term scale- CRISIL AAA, CRISIL AA, CRISIL A, CRISIL BBB, CRISIL BB, CRISIL B, CRISIL C,
CRISIL D
Short term scale- CRISIL A1,…..,CRISIL A4, CRISIL D
Long term structured finance scale-CRISIL AAA, CRISIL AA, CRISIL A, CRISIL BBB, CRISIL BB,
CRISIL B, CRISIL C, CRISIL D
Short term finance structured scale- CRISIL A1,…..,CRISIL A4, CRISIL D
Fixed deposit scale- FAAA, FAA, FA, FB, FC, FD
NOTE: CRISIL may apply “+” or “-” signs for ratings to indicate the relative position within
the category.
20. CONCLUSION:
Credit Rating helps as a tool while taking investment decisions, but it not shows the
profitability of company. It shows how far the investments are safer or riskier.