Very nice and easy to understand

1. CREATIVITY : MEANING , NATURE
AND ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES
SUBMITTED TO : DR. PRADEEP KUMAR
DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY
ANKITA DAYAL(220317)

2. Meaning
“Creativity is the ability to produce work that is both novel (i.e.
original, unexpected) and appropriate (i.e. useful, adaptive,
concerning task constraints)”- Sternberg and Lubart et al., 1996
,1999.
 Creativity is relevant, and it is important at both the individual (e.g.
Solving problems on the job, in daily life) and societal (new
scientific findings, new movements in art, new inventions, new
social programs) levels for a wide range of task domains.
 Acc to Guilford(1957) divergent production abilites (eg. Fluency,
Flexibility, Originality, and Elaboration) is important to
creativity
 Guilford called cognition were related to intelligence.

3. Cont……
 Guilford & Christensen(1973), associated divergent thinking with
creativity and innovation.
 Several key traits:
1. Fluency( ability to produce a great no of ideas or problem
solutions.
2. Flexibility( ability to simultaneously propose a variety of
approaches to a specific problem.
3. Originality (to produce new , original ideas)
4. Elaboration(ability to systematise and organize the details of an
ideas and carry it out)

4. Creativity as a neglected research
topic
 First half of 20th century , Guilford(1950) in his APA presidential address pay
attention what he found to be neglected but extremely important attributes
namely CREATIVITY.
 Less than 0.2% of the entries in psychological abstract upto 1950 focused on
creativity, and 0.5% from 1975 to 1994.
 In introductory psychology textbooks as another index, we can find that
creativity barely covered.
 In terms of academic positions, departments are typically not organized into a
division for the study of creativity (like cognitive, social and clinical).
 In 1955,APA begun to give this domain some attention by sponsoring a
conference on creativity (APA Monitor in August 1995).

5. 6 Road blocks to understand creativity
Mystical approaches Pragmatic approaches
 Study of creativity has always been
tinged - some might say tainted – with
association to mystical beliefs.
 Earliest account of creativity were based
on divine intervention.
 Creative person was seen as an empty
vessel that a divine being would fill with
inspiration, then pour out the inspired
ideas , forming an other worldly product.
 This approach have probably made it
harder for scientific psychologists.
 Concerned primarily with developing
creativity and secondarily with
understanding it but almost not at all
with testing the validity of their ideas
about it.
 Edward D Bono (1971, 1985, 1992)
using a tool PMI (pluses, minuses and
interesting), word po derived from
hypothesis, suppose, possible in
poetry, to provoke rather than judge
ideas.
 Thinking hats (individuals
metaphorically wear different hats).

6. Continued pragmatic approach
Thinking hat tool Gordon (1961)
 White hat – database thinking
 Red hat – intuitive thinking
 Black hat – critical thinking
 Green hat – generative thinking
 Osborn (1953) developed the technique
of brain storming to encourage people to
solve problem creatively by seeking many
possible solution is an atmosphere that is
constructive rather than critical and
inhibitory.
 Method called synectics (stimulate
creative thinking which primarily
involves analogies).
 Adams andVon Oech (1974, 19866 ,
1983) people often contruct a series of
false belief that interfere with creative
functioning.
 Von Oech suggest that we need to
adopt the roles of explorer, artist ,
judge and warrior in order to foster
our creative productivity.

7. Conti…..
Psychodynamic (conscious reality and
unconscious drives) Cognitive approach
 Psychometric approach
 Guilford proposed creativity could be
studied in everyday subjects and with
a psychometric approach using a
paper pen tasks.
 Guilford’s work , Torrence (1974)
developed theTTCT consist of several
relatively simple , verbal and figural
tasks.
 Mental representation and process
underline creative thoughts.
 Study of human subject with
computer stimulation (work of Finke,
Ward, Smith,1992).
 Finke (Geneplore model two phase
generative (mental representation )
and exploratory (properties come up
with creative ideas).

8. conti…
Social personality Confluence approach
 Personality variables, motivational
variables (socio-cultural environment
as a source of creativity )
 Some researchers noted that certain
personality traits often characterize
creative people.
 Level of explicit theories Amabile
(1983) creativity as the confluence of
intrinsic motivation, domain relevant
knowledge and abilities creativity
relevant skills.
 Sternberg and Lubart (investment
theory of creativity , creative people
are ones who are willing and able to
buy low and sell high).

9. The four or six P’s of Creativity
1. Process (which type of mental functioning take place in the brain)
2. Product (Any thing which is observable and measurable, like
invention in domain of technology, literature, fine arts etc.)
3. Person (Personality)-traits or factors of personality-openness,
curiosity
4. Press (place)-environmental factors, individual/collectivist culture
5. Persuasion (capacity to change the thinking of other persons)
6. Potential (having certain types of potentialities)

10. Process
Divergent thinking is popular measure Mental mechanisms (attention, imagination, symbolic) Conscious
process, Unconscious process, mental function work in controlled process or chance, open-
minded,Becoming sensitive to problems (we feel some thing)knowledge is there, why something is
happening, Law of Newton),try to search) (dissonance, discord),Identifying the difficulties, Searching
for solutions, Making guess, making hypotheses,Testing and retesting hypotheses, tension&
performance, Unorganized chaos and the drive to higher levels of organization Transformations ,
Internal representation by forming analogies and conceptual gaps

11. Product
1. Focuses on products (ideas, tv, recipes)
2. Products can be counted, are objective and available for viewing or
judging (art and craft, to make toys, designing on clothes)
3. Works of arts (painting, cartoons, play, drama)
4. Inventions (mobile phone, vaccine of corona, large number of
doctors are involved)
5. Publications (articles, books,)
6. Musical composition (lyrics and music, voices of different actors
and actress)
7. Also includes behaviors (gestures), performances, ideas etc.

12. Person (personality)
 Studies on mathematicians, architects, writers etc.
 Intrinsic motivation (two types of motivation; relationship with creativity; we
are motivated by external stimuli or internal; certificate)
 Teaching, business, technology, mechanical aptitude, cooking.
 Imaginative, sensitive, high on aesthetic values, decorated room.
 Autonomy (freedom always enhance the performance and facilitate the
creative behaviour)
 Striving for self-actualization (acquire everything what do you want on the basis
of your capabilities; Maslow)
 High valuation of aesthetic qualities in experience
 Attraction to complexity
 High energy
 Self-confidence (it facilitates all kinds of behaviours)

13. Press (pressures )
 Total complex situation (investigated by studies)
 May natural (without manipulation) or typical environment (controlled)
 Opportunities for exploration and independent work (enhance the creative
behaviour; self study, step by step task to students)
 Favorable environment (school and family environment, department of
education can play vital role)
 Indifferent and hostile conditions may inhibit (conditions are not favorable)
 General contributions and resources (proper instructions, technologies etc)
available to individuals within the fields
 Special effects of a particular field (e.g. music, painting etc.)
 Social and historical contexts (deficiency leads to innovation, industrial
revolution, just imagine we are in the best conditions in the world; natural
difficulties)

14. CONT……
Persuasion Potential
 1. Creative people change the way
others think (have influence on
individual eg. teacher)
 2. To do change the environment to
their presence in environment.
 3. Related with social perspective
(have influence on society, group etc)
 1. Creativity personality (have some
capabilities )
 2.Reflect through educational
opportunities (need to create the
learning/educational environment)

15. Thank You