This document discusses various techniques for scaling and measurement in marketing research. It describes four primary scales of measurement - nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales - and explains their characteristics. Comparative scaling techniques like paired comparisons and rank ordering are discussed as well as non-comparative techniques. Specific scaling approaches covered include Likert scales, semantic differentials, Stapel scales, and graphic rating scales. The document emphasizes that proper measurement and scaling are important aspects of the overall marketing research process.
There are two main types of attitude scales: single item scales and multi-item scales. Single item scales measure attitude using a single question or statement, while multi-item scales are needed when attitude cannot be fully captured by one question. Examples of single item scales include itemized category scales, rank order scales, and comparative scales. Multi-item scales include semantic differential scales, staple scales, and Likert scales, which measure attitude using several questions or statements rated on a numeric scale.
Attitude measurement and scaling techniquesCharu Rastogi
This document discusses various techniques for measuring consumer attitudes, including non-structured methods like in-depth interviews and focus groups, as well as structured methods like scales. It describes several types of scales such as graphic rating scales, semantic differential scales, Thurstone scales, and Likert scales. Additionally, it covers multidimensional scaling as a technique to analyze consumer perceptions of products or brands based on multiple attributes simultaneously. The goal of these various attitude measurement methods is to better understand consumers' beliefs, feelings, and likelihood of purchasing particular products or services.
This document discusses measurement and scaling techniques used in research. It begins by defining measurement and scaling, and describes four levels of measurement scales: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. It then explains different scaling techniques, including comparative techniques like paired comparison scales and rank order scales, as well as non-comparative techniques like Likert scales. The document provides examples to illustrate each scaling technique and discusses how to select the appropriate technique for a given research problem.
The document discusses the meaning, objectives, characteristics, types, and steps of research. It defines research as a systematic, directed search for knowledge. The main objectives of research are to gain new insights or accurately describe characteristics. Research is characterized by careful investigation and testing of conclusions. The main types discussed are descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, and qualitative research. Key steps include formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Research design involves determining what, why, where, when of a study. It is important for testing hypotheses and controlling for extraneous variables.
This document provides information about rating scales. It defines rating scales as techniques where observers categorize objects, events, or people on a continuum represented by a series of numbers. It discusses different types of rating scales including numerical, graphic, percentage, standard, scales of cumulated points, and forced choice scales. It also outlines important considerations for properly constructing rating scales such as clearly defining traits and scale intervals.
The document discusses several foundations and theories of organizational development, including:
1) Planned change theories like Lewin's 3-stage model of unfreezing, changing, and refreezing as well as Burke-Litwin models of first and second order change.
2) Systems theory which views organizations as open systems that take in inputs, transform them, and produce outputs.
3) Participation and empowerment strategies that involve enabling and engaging employees in the change process.
4) Normative-reeducative strategies that aim to change organizational culture through education rather than coercion.
This document discusses various techniques for scaling and measurement in marketing research. It describes four primary scales of measurement - nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales - and explains their characteristics. Comparative scaling techniques like paired comparisons and rank ordering are discussed as well as non-comparative techniques. Specific scaling approaches covered include Likert scales, semantic differentials, Stapel scales, and graphic rating scales. The document emphasizes that proper measurement and scaling are important aspects of the overall marketing research process.
There are two main types of attitude scales: single item scales and multi-item scales. Single item scales measure attitude using a single question or statement, while multi-item scales are needed when attitude cannot be fully captured by one question. Examples of single item scales include itemized category scales, rank order scales, and comparative scales. Multi-item scales include semantic differential scales, staple scales, and Likert scales, which measure attitude using several questions or statements rated on a numeric scale.
Attitude measurement and scaling techniquesCharu Rastogi
This document discusses various techniques for measuring consumer attitudes, including non-structured methods like in-depth interviews and focus groups, as well as structured methods like scales. It describes several types of scales such as graphic rating scales, semantic differential scales, Thurstone scales, and Likert scales. Additionally, it covers multidimensional scaling as a technique to analyze consumer perceptions of products or brands based on multiple attributes simultaneously. The goal of these various attitude measurement methods is to better understand consumers' beliefs, feelings, and likelihood of purchasing particular products or services.
This document discusses measurement and scaling techniques used in research. It begins by defining measurement and scaling, and describes four levels of measurement scales: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. It then explains different scaling techniques, including comparative techniques like paired comparison scales and rank order scales, as well as non-comparative techniques like Likert scales. The document provides examples to illustrate each scaling technique and discusses how to select the appropriate technique for a given research problem.
The document discusses the meaning, objectives, characteristics, types, and steps of research. It defines research as a systematic, directed search for knowledge. The main objectives of research are to gain new insights or accurately describe characteristics. Research is characterized by careful investigation and testing of conclusions. The main types discussed are descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, and qualitative research. Key steps include formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Research design involves determining what, why, where, when of a study. It is important for testing hypotheses and controlling for extraneous variables.
This document provides information about rating scales. It defines rating scales as techniques where observers categorize objects, events, or people on a continuum represented by a series of numbers. It discusses different types of rating scales including numerical, graphic, percentage, standard, scales of cumulated points, and forced choice scales. It also outlines important considerations for properly constructing rating scales such as clearly defining traits and scale intervals.
The document discusses several foundations and theories of organizational development, including:
1) Planned change theories like Lewin's 3-stage model of unfreezing, changing, and refreezing as well as Burke-Litwin models of first and second order change.
2) Systems theory which views organizations as open systems that take in inputs, transform them, and produce outputs.
3) Participation and empowerment strategies that involve enabling and engaging employees in the change process.
4) Normative-reeducative strategies that aim to change organizational culture through education rather than coercion.
Transitional Care for Pediatric Patients with Neuromuscular Diseases: A Healt...HTAi Bilbao 2012
Transitional Care for Pediatric Patients with Neuromuscular Diseases: A Health Technology Assessment
Jackie Tran, MD
University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, USA
HTAi 9th Annual Meeting, Bilbao
Integrated Care for a Patient Centered System
25 June, 2012
Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Report: Interventions to increase particip...HTAi Bilbao 2012
The document summarizes a Health Technology Assessment report on interventions to increase participation in organized cancer screening programs. It found that mail and phone recalls, as well as having a general practitioner's signature on the invitation letter, consistently increased participation. Fixed appointments also increased participation compared to open invitations. Self-sampling for HPV testing increased participation in non-responders relative to standard recall letters. The report evaluated interventions' efficacy, cost-effectiveness, organizational impact, and social/ethical issues.
The use of ‘colloquial evidence’ in HTA: the experience of NICE HTAi Bilbao 2012
The document summarizes a presentation given at the HTAi Annual Meeting about the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence's (NICE) use of "colloquial evidence" in developing clinical guidance. It defines colloquial evidence, explores how NICE utilizes it alongside scientific evidence at different stages of the guidance process, and discusses developing better methods for identifying and critically appraising colloquial evidence. The presentation aims to map NICE's use of colloquial evidence to an existing conceptual framework and identify variations across NICE centers.
Social values international programme: integrating research and policy to ens...HTAi Bilbao 2012
Social values international programme: integrating research and policy to ensure fair allocation of health care resources .
HTAi Conference 2012 Panel Session
Joint chairs
Professor Peter Littlejohns and Professor Albert Weale
Challenges in commissioning research on what works in integrated careHTAi Bilbao 2012
This document discusses challenges in commissioning research on integrated care and how new studies are tackling these challenges. Integrated care research is complex due to the interplay of context, mechanisms and outcomes, and difficulty tracking activity and costs across settings. New studies are using more robust methods like difference-in-difference analysis across multiple sites and person-linked data to better understand costs and impacts. They are also considering generalizability and using mixed methods to understand how micro-level integrated care can be supported at higher levels.
Building a portfolio of research findings for use by healthcare managers and ...HTAi Bilbao 2012
The document summarizes research conducted by the NIHR Health Services and Delivery Research programme on integrated care. It outlines several research projects funded through specific calls on integrated care between 2009-2011, including evaluations of case management initiatives, self-care support, and virtual wards. The research aims to identify healthcare managers' needs and generate evidence to improve services. The programme commissions applied health research to benefit the NHS based on both need and scientific merit.
This document summarizes a study exploring methods for assessing international use of UK-funded health technology assessments (HTAs). The study reviewed literature on impact assessment models and explored bibliometrics, website analytics, and citations in HTA reports. Bibliometric analysis found low international academic impact. Website analytics revealed most non-UK visits were for systematic reviews. Citations in HTA reports provided some evidence of international uptake. The study recommends a multidimensional model and further research using case studies to explore nature of HTA use internationally.
EVALUATION OF PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS INFLUENCING HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONAL ACCEPT...HTAi Bilbao 2012
EVALUATION OF PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS INFLUENCING HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONAL ACCEPTANCE OF TELEMONITORING FOR CHRONIC PATIENTS
Estibalitz Orruño1, Marie-Pierre Gagnon2-3, José Asua4, Eva Reviriego1
1 Basque Office for Health Technology Assessment (Osteba), Department of Health and Consumer Affairs, Basque Government, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
2 Faculty of Nursing Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
3 Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada.
4 Direction of Knowledge Management and Evaluation, Department of Health and Consumer Affairs, Basque Government, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
The document discusses improving opportunities for patient and consumer engagement in health technology assessment (HTA) in Australia. It notes that while mechanisms exist for patient input, the overall HTA process is not well understood, advocacy groups are under-resourced, and the timeline for submissions is short. It proposes the formation of HTA_AUS, a coalition of interested parties including patient groups, government, industry and others, to address this issue and develop practical solutions like supporting patient submissions and extending deadlines. The coalition aims to increase awareness, education and support for patient engagement in HTA.
METHODS, MATHEMATICAL MODELS, DATA QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND RESULT INTERPRETATI...HTAi Bilbao 2012
METHODS, MATHEMATICAL MODELS, DATA QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND RESULT INTERPRETATION: SOLUTIONS DEVELOPED IN THE IFEDH FRAMEWORK
G. Zauner
dwh Simulation Services
Vienna , Austria
How to promote the prescription of evidence-based non-pharmacological treatme...HTAi Bilbao 2012
How to promote the prescription of evidence-based non-pharmacological treatments in France?
HTAi 2012, Bilbao
Clémence Thébaut, Olivier Scemama, Françoise Hamers, Catherine Rumeau-Pichon
Department of economic and public health evaluation
The application of Health Technology Assessment in the field of biologics: an...HTAi Bilbao 2012
This document provides a health technology assessment of etanercept for treating rheumatoid arthritis. It includes 7 chapters that evaluate the epidemiology and burden of RA, biologic drugs for RA including etanercept, the economic impacts, organizational implications, and ethical considerations of using etanercept. The assessment finds that etanercept improves quality of life when combined with methotrexate compared to methotrexate alone, and has a cost-effectiveness ratio of €25,130 per quality-adjusted life year gained, making it a reasonable treatment option.
Hospital-based HTA: does it impact on medical technologies’ expenditure and c...HTAi Bilbao 2012
This document summarizes a study on hospital-based health technology assessment (HB HTA) in Italy. The study aimed to assess the diffusion of HB HTA, its impact on hospital decisions, and potential factors influencing its effectiveness. A survey found that almost half of hospitals have an HTA commission. While few clear impacts were identified, some relationships were found between HTA characteristics and resource use. Future research should evaluate additional outcomes to better understand HB HTA's effects and inform its adoption.
Measuring the Gap between Demand and Access in the Brazilian Public Health Ca...HTAi Bilbao 2012
This document reviews the gap between demand and access to medicines in Brazil's public health care system. It finds that while over 70% of medical consultations are publicly funded, around 70% of medicines are privately purchased due to high prices and limited availability in public pharmacies. This shifts the financial burden to users and disproportionately harms those who cannot afford treatment, increasing inequality. The document calls for improvements in budget forecasting, health planning, and data collection to better measure and address variations in access to medicines across regions and types of treatments.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Transitional Care for Pediatric Patients with Neuromuscular Diseases: A Healt...HTAi Bilbao 2012
Transitional Care for Pediatric Patients with Neuromuscular Diseases: A Health Technology Assessment
Jackie Tran, MD
University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, USA
HTAi 9th Annual Meeting, Bilbao
Integrated Care for a Patient Centered System
25 June, 2012
Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Report: Interventions to increase particip...HTAi Bilbao 2012
The document summarizes a Health Technology Assessment report on interventions to increase participation in organized cancer screening programs. It found that mail and phone recalls, as well as having a general practitioner's signature on the invitation letter, consistently increased participation. Fixed appointments also increased participation compared to open invitations. Self-sampling for HPV testing increased participation in non-responders relative to standard recall letters. The report evaluated interventions' efficacy, cost-effectiveness, organizational impact, and social/ethical issues.
The use of ‘colloquial evidence’ in HTA: the experience of NICE HTAi Bilbao 2012
The document summarizes a presentation given at the HTAi Annual Meeting about the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence's (NICE) use of "colloquial evidence" in developing clinical guidance. It defines colloquial evidence, explores how NICE utilizes it alongside scientific evidence at different stages of the guidance process, and discusses developing better methods for identifying and critically appraising colloquial evidence. The presentation aims to map NICE's use of colloquial evidence to an existing conceptual framework and identify variations across NICE centers.
Social values international programme: integrating research and policy to ens...HTAi Bilbao 2012
Social values international programme: integrating research and policy to ensure fair allocation of health care resources .
HTAi Conference 2012 Panel Session
Joint chairs
Professor Peter Littlejohns and Professor Albert Weale
Challenges in commissioning research on what works in integrated careHTAi Bilbao 2012
This document discusses challenges in commissioning research on integrated care and how new studies are tackling these challenges. Integrated care research is complex due to the interplay of context, mechanisms and outcomes, and difficulty tracking activity and costs across settings. New studies are using more robust methods like difference-in-difference analysis across multiple sites and person-linked data to better understand costs and impacts. They are also considering generalizability and using mixed methods to understand how micro-level integrated care can be supported at higher levels.
Building a portfolio of research findings for use by healthcare managers and ...HTAi Bilbao 2012
The document summarizes research conducted by the NIHR Health Services and Delivery Research programme on integrated care. It outlines several research projects funded through specific calls on integrated care between 2009-2011, including evaluations of case management initiatives, self-care support, and virtual wards. The research aims to identify healthcare managers' needs and generate evidence to improve services. The programme commissions applied health research to benefit the NHS based on both need and scientific merit.
This document summarizes a study exploring methods for assessing international use of UK-funded health technology assessments (HTAs). The study reviewed literature on impact assessment models and explored bibliometrics, website analytics, and citations in HTA reports. Bibliometric analysis found low international academic impact. Website analytics revealed most non-UK visits were for systematic reviews. Citations in HTA reports provided some evidence of international uptake. The study recommends a multidimensional model and further research using case studies to explore nature of HTA use internationally.
EVALUATION OF PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS INFLUENCING HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONAL ACCEPT...HTAi Bilbao 2012
EVALUATION OF PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS INFLUENCING HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONAL ACCEPTANCE OF TELEMONITORING FOR CHRONIC PATIENTS
Estibalitz Orruño1, Marie-Pierre Gagnon2-3, José Asua4, Eva Reviriego1
1 Basque Office for Health Technology Assessment (Osteba), Department of Health and Consumer Affairs, Basque Government, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
2 Faculty of Nursing Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
3 Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada.
4 Direction of Knowledge Management and Evaluation, Department of Health and Consumer Affairs, Basque Government, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
The document discusses improving opportunities for patient and consumer engagement in health technology assessment (HTA) in Australia. It notes that while mechanisms exist for patient input, the overall HTA process is not well understood, advocacy groups are under-resourced, and the timeline for submissions is short. It proposes the formation of HTA_AUS, a coalition of interested parties including patient groups, government, industry and others, to address this issue and develop practical solutions like supporting patient submissions and extending deadlines. The coalition aims to increase awareness, education and support for patient engagement in HTA.
METHODS, MATHEMATICAL MODELS, DATA QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND RESULT INTERPRETATI...HTAi Bilbao 2012
METHODS, MATHEMATICAL MODELS, DATA QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND RESULT INTERPRETATION: SOLUTIONS DEVELOPED IN THE IFEDH FRAMEWORK
G. Zauner
dwh Simulation Services
Vienna , Austria
How to promote the prescription of evidence-based non-pharmacological treatme...HTAi Bilbao 2012
How to promote the prescription of evidence-based non-pharmacological treatments in France?
HTAi 2012, Bilbao
Clémence Thébaut, Olivier Scemama, Françoise Hamers, Catherine Rumeau-Pichon
Department of economic and public health evaluation
The application of Health Technology Assessment in the field of biologics: an...HTAi Bilbao 2012
This document provides a health technology assessment of etanercept for treating rheumatoid arthritis. It includes 7 chapters that evaluate the epidemiology and burden of RA, biologic drugs for RA including etanercept, the economic impacts, organizational implications, and ethical considerations of using etanercept. The assessment finds that etanercept improves quality of life when combined with methotrexate compared to methotrexate alone, and has a cost-effectiveness ratio of €25,130 per quality-adjusted life year gained, making it a reasonable treatment option.
Hospital-based HTA: does it impact on medical technologies’ expenditure and c...HTAi Bilbao 2012
This document summarizes a study on hospital-based health technology assessment (HB HTA) in Italy. The study aimed to assess the diffusion of HB HTA, its impact on hospital decisions, and potential factors influencing its effectiveness. A survey found that almost half of hospitals have an HTA commission. While few clear impacts were identified, some relationships were found between HTA characteristics and resource use. Future research should evaluate additional outcomes to better understand HB HTA's effects and inform its adoption.
Measuring the Gap between Demand and Access in the Brazilian Public Health Ca...HTAi Bilbao 2012
This document reviews the gap between demand and access to medicines in Brazil's public health care system. It finds that while over 70% of medical consultations are publicly funded, around 70% of medicines are privately purchased due to high prices and limited availability in public pharmacies. This shifts the financial burden to users and disproportionately harms those who cannot afford treatment, increasing inequality. The document calls for improvements in budget forecasting, health planning, and data collection to better measure and address variations in access to medicines across regions and types of treatments.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html